Index

absolute rule 36, 38-9

abstraction and abstract thought 5-6 acceptilatio 185-6

accession 150-1

accumulation, principle of 209 Accursius, Franciscus 91

acquisition: of fruits 151; of legacies 177; of ownership 149; of provincial land 154

actio (actiones): 50, 102, 11, 117-21; see also actions

actio ad exhibendum 155-6

actio ad supplendam legitimam 154

actio auctoritatis 149

actio communi dividundo 147, 199

actio conducti 198

actio confessoria 159

actio contraria 190, 192, 194, 200, 201

actio de dolo 66, 120, 194, 215

actio de in rem verso 137

actio de pauperie 211 12

actio de peculio 137

actio de pecunia constituta 202

actio de rationibus distrahendis 131

actio depositi 191

actio dotis 83

actio empti 196

actio ex stipulatu 185

actio ex testamento 176

actio exercitoria 136

actio familiae erciscundae 146

actio fiduciae 194

actio furti 137, 208 9

actio iniuriarum 213, 216

actio institoria 136

actio iudicati 123

actio legis Aquiliae 137, 210, 216

actio locati 198

actio mandati 200

actio negatoria 158

actio negotiorum gestorum 201

actio pigneraticia 192

actio praescriptis verbis 195

actio pro socio 199

actio Publiciana 156

actio quanti minoris 197

actio quod iussu 136

actio quod metus causa 214

actio redhititoria 197

actio rei uxoriae 83, 139

actio Serviana 193

actio tributoria 137

actio tutelae 131

actio venditi 196

actio vi bonorum raptorum 209 actiones adiecticiae qualitatis 137 actiones bonae fidei (actions in good

faith) 120

actiones divisoriae 119

actiones in factum 120, 182, 190, 195,

202, 210 11, 216

actiones mixtae 207

actiones poenales 206 7

actiones reipersecutoriae 207

actiones utiles 210

actions 117 21; legal actions (legis

actiones) 111; classification of 119-21; see also actio

adjudication 119

administrative law 9

adpromissio 187 8 adstipulatio 187 adultery 141 aediles 34, 51 Aeneas 23, 27 aequitas 18 19 aequum est, use of the phrase 19 agnates 167 9

agnation 129

agrarian society 174

Agustin, Antonio 96

Alaric II, king of the Visigoths 59

Alciato, Andrea 96

allied communities 42

animals, loss caused by 211-12

Anthemius, Emperor 59

Antonine Constitution see Constitutio Antoniniana

Antoninus Caracalla, Emperor see Caracalla

Antoninus Pius 134

appeals 125 apud iudicem 122-3

Aquilian stipulation 186 arbitration of disputes 124

Arcadius 40

Aristotle (and Aristotelianism)

18, 89

Atticus 40

auctoritas 17 8, 47, 149

auctoritas patrum 49

auctoritas Principis 37

auctoritas tutoris 114, 133

augury and the college of augurs 17

Augustine, St 57

Augustus, Emperor 18, 21 2, 30, 36-8, 42, 54-5, 62, 67, 132, 134, 140 1

authority in relation to power 18, 47 Azo 91

Baldus de Ubaldis 93

Bartolus of Sassoferrato 92-3

Basil, Emperor 86

Basilika, the 85 6, 96

Bassianus, Johannes 91

Belleperche, Pierre de 92

Bentham, Jeremy 99

betrothal 138

Blackstone, William 95, 104 blood relatives 168-9

Bluhme, Friedrich 82

Bologna School of Law 89

bona fides 20

Boniface VIII, Pope 94

bonorum possessio 166 7

Bracton, Henry 91, 94

Breviary of Alaric 59

Brutus, Lucius Junius 28

Brutus, Marcus lunius 64

Bulgarus 91

Byzantine Empire 40

Caligula, Emperor 55 Callistratus 57 canon law 3 4, 78, 88, 93 5 capitis deminutio 128 Capito, Ateius 16 caput 128

Caracalla, Emperor 38, 56 7, 63, 73 Cassius Dio 38, 57

Cato the Elder 15-16, 162 cautio damni infecti 121 cautio de rato 116 cautio iudicatum solvi 116 7 cautio Muciana 65 cautio rei uxoriae 121 cautio usufructuaria 121, 158 Celsus pater 67 Celsus the Younger 6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 67,

69 70, 166 censors 34 cessio in iure: see in iure cessio Chalcedon, Council of (451 CE) 79 checks and balances 29 children approaching puberty 206 Christianity and Christianization 8, 19,

39 40, 75, 141-2 Chuzon, Antiochus 59 Cicero 6-7, 10-23, 29, 40, 48, 54, 63, 67,

112, 135, 180 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius 34-5 Citations, Law of 59 60 citizenship, Roman 41-2, 44, 56-7, 62-3 civil law 3, 9-13, 19, 22, 50-2, 78, 93-5,

120, 144, 181-2; founders of 64 civil possession 147 8 civil succession 164 classical Roman law 4 5, 17; decline

in 75

Claudius, Emperor 38, 55 Clodius 35

Codex Florentinus 89

Codex Gregorianus see Gregorian Code Codex Hermogenianus see Hermogenian

Code

Codex Iustinianus 80

Codex Secundus 89 codicils 171, 176 codification 17, 47-8, 79, 100; age of 88,

99 100 cognitio extra ordinem 124 5 cognitors 116 collatio emancipati 169 colonies 43 comitia 31 commentators (school of) 92 3

commodatum 190-1

Commodus, Emperor 38 common law 3-4, 10, 17, 45, 78, 182 communio 146-7

compulsory heirs 165 concubinage 127, 140 condemnation clauses 118

condictio 119, 120, 185, 190, 194, 200, 202, 207

conditional appointment of heirs 173 condominium 146 7

conflict of the orders 35 consensual contracts 195 7

Constantine the Great, Emperor 39, 56, 73-4, 134, 136, 141, 192

Constantine II, Emperor 39, 124

Constitutio Antoniniana (Antonine

Constitution) 13, 57

constitutional background of Roman law 27 45

constitutional law 22 constitutum possessorium 152 consuls 21, 28, 33 7 contracts 180-203; general theory of 180;

types of 183-4; unilateral and bilateral 183 4

contumelia (contumely) 212 co-ownership 146-7

Corpus Iuris 78 85, 90, 95 6

Corpus Iuris Canonici 94

Corpus Iuris Civilis 78 79

Coruncanius, Tiberius 63-4

Crassus, Lucius Licinius 65 creditors 180 1

crimes 205

Cujas, Jacques 96 culpable negligence 206 cumulative liability 206 curatorship 131 2 curiae 28

customary law 15 16, 48

damnum 209 11 debtors 180 1

decadence of Roman jurisprudence 60 decrees, imperial 56

Decretals of Gregory IX (Liber Extra) 94

Decretum Gratiani 93 default 181 delicts 183, 205 16 depositum 191 2 derectum / directum 8 dialectical method of argumentation 6 dictatorship 34 5 dies cedens 177 dies veniens 177

Digest, the 63, 81, 84, 62, 97, 102; recovery of 88-9

dignitas and degrees of dignity 18 dioceses 41-2

Diocletian, Emperor 38-42, 58, 146 discretionary clauses 118-19 disinheritance 174 divorce 139 41 dolus 215

Dominate, the 38

Domitian, Emperor 134 donation 152 3 dowry 138-40 duress 213 15

Dutch Elegant Jurisprudence 95, 97-8

Edict of Milan 39, 56

Edict of Thessalonica 40 edicts (magistrates) 50-2; (imperial) 56 Edictum perpetuum 51, 220 editio actionis 115

Elegant jurisprudence 97 elegantia (elegance) 23 emphyteusis 159 60 emptio venditio 196 English law 10, 94 5 Enlightenment thought 100 equestrian order (equites) 37, 55 equity, concept of 19 Etruscan dynasty 2 European Union 105

Eusebius of Caesarea 39-40 eviction 196 exceptio doli 118, 185 exceptio pacti 118, 202 exception clauses 117 18 execution of a judgment 123 4 exile, voluntary 22 external heirs 165 extortion 214

“extraordinary cognition” procedure 111, 124 5

Fabius Maximus, Quintus 129 family heirs 164 9, 172 3 family law 127-42 fas concept 14 fetials and fetial law 13 feudal law 88 fictions 120, 156 fideicommissum 177-8 fidepromissio 187-8

Fides (goddess) and fides 20-1

fiducia 193-4

Field, David Dudley 104

Flavius, Gnaeus 63

flexibility of Roman law 5

Florentinus 11, 21, 133, 175 foreign law 16

formalism in Roman law 5, 15 formula of the action 117-9 formulary procedure 4-5, 18, 52, 111-20, 124

Four Doctors 90-1

France 99

fraud 215

free cities 44-5

freedmen 135

freedom, concept of 21

“fruits”, acquisition of 151

fungible and nonfungible things 145 furtum 207-9; definition of 207

Gaius 12-13, 16, 20, 23, 41, 50, 53, 56-7, 71, 84, 112-14, 144, 149-50, 55, 159, 170, 172, 175, 181-5, 188-9, 193-4, 206-9, 214

Galerius, Emperor 39

Gallus, Aquilius 51, 54

Gellius, Aulus 213

Gentili, Alberico 95-7

German civil code (BGB) 101-2

German historical school 100-2

Gibbon, Edward 100

Glanvill, Ranulf de 94 global law 105 globalization 106 glosses and glossators 90-1

“good faith” actions 120

Gratian 93

Greek influence on Roman law 5-6

Gregorian Code 58

Gregory IX, Pope 94

Grotius, Hugo 7, 97-8 guardianship 130-1

Hadrian, Emperor 37-8, 51, 55, 58, 62, 69, 134

Hegel, G.WF.

heirs 164-74; appointment of 170, 173-4; substitution of 173-4; types of 164-5

Hellenization of law 75

hereditas 142

hereditas iacens 165-6

hereditatis petitio 175

Hermogenian Code 58

hire 198

historical school of jurisprudence 101 honestiores 128-9

honorary law 51

Honore, Tony 56, 74

Honorius, Emperor 40

Horace 5

Hugo, Gustav 100

humanists, legal 95-6

humanitas (humanity) 22

humiliores 128-9

hypothec 193

imperial constitutions 56-7

imperium 32-7, 56

inheritance rights 52-3, 162; see also succession, law of

in iure cessio 149

injury (iniuria) 212-13 innominate contracts 194-5

Institutes of Gaius 71-2

Institutes of Justinian 84-5 institutions, imperial 56-7 intangible things 145; inheritance of 176 intentio of a legal claim 117 interdictal protection 148

interdicts 121, 175

interdictum de superficiebus 160 interdictum quem fundum 155-6 interdictum quem usum fructum 159 interdictum quorum bonorum 175 interdictum Salvianum 193

interest rates 189-90

interests, jurisprudence of 102-3 international law 3, 105, 144 interpolations 83-4, 104-5

intestacy 163-9; Justinian’s reform of 169 Irnerius 90

Irni 44

Isidore of Seville 13-14

Italy 41-2

ius, definition and use of term 7-8

ius capiendi 172

ius civile 9-10

ius commune 88, 92, 105, 180

ius fetiale 13

ius Flavianum 63

ius gentium 12-13

ius honorarium 10

ius liberorum 133, 141, 168

ius naturale 10-11

ius praetorium 10

ius privatum 8-9

ius publicum 8-9 ius respondendi 54-5 iusiurandum in litem 119 iustitia 6-7

Jhering, Rudolph von 102-3 joinder of the issue see litis contestatio judges 114, 119-21 Julian see Julianus

Julianus, Salvius (Julian) 15, 23, 40-1,

51, 60, 69-71 Julius Caesar 17, 34-6, 171 Jupiter 7 jurisprudence, early history of 63-4; of

concepts 102; of interests 102-3 jurisprudentia 14 jurists 4-8, 11, 14-20, 47, 54-5;

recognized and nonrecognized 54-5 justice, concept and definition of 6-7 Justinian, Emperor 7, 13, 16, 19, 21, 33,

40, 48, 56, 58, 63, 78-86, 88, 90, 94, 135, 144, 149-55, 158, 165, 169, 174-8, 180-3, 187-9, 195, 197, 207-10, 216; Justinian’s compilation 79-86

Kaser, Max 105 kings of Rome 27-9 Kroll, Wilhelm 80 Krüger, Paul 59, 80, 83 Kunkel, Wolfgang 105

Labeo, Marcus Antistius 15, 55, 67-8,

182, 210-11, 215 Lactantius 39-40 Lake Regillus, battle of 41 latent defects 197 Latin League 41-2 legacies 175-7; acquisition of 177;

definition of 175; types of 176 legal science 14-15 leges 49 legis actiones 112-13 “legitimate” trials 114 Leo, Emperor 59, 86, 185 letting and hiring 197 lex 16-17 lex Aebutia 4, 50, 111 lex Aelia Sentia 50, 53, 134, 135 lex Antonia de Termessibus 45 lex Aquilia de damno 49, 206-7, 209-11 lex Atilia 131 lex Calpurnia 112 lex Canuleia 30 lex Cincia 49, 153 lex commissoria 192, 202 lex Cornelia de edictis 20, 50

lex Cornelia de iniuriis 211, 213

lex duodecim tabularum see Twelve Tables

lex Falcidia 49, 174, 176, 178

lex Flavia municipalis 44

lex Fufia Caninia 49, 134

lex Furia testamentaria 50

lex Genucia 33

lex Hortensia 30, 32

lex Irnitana 44, 112, 114

lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis 141

lex Julia de civitate Latinis danda 42

lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus 141

lex Julia et Titia 131

lex Junia Norbana 134

lex Laetoria 132

lex Licinia Mucia 64

lex Licinia Sextia 33, 36

lex Malacitana 44

lex Papia Poppaea 141, 164-5, 177

lex Pesolania 211

lex Plautia Papiria 42

lex Publilia 32

Lex Romana Visigothorum 59

lex Salpensana 44

lex Silia 112

lex Titia 43

lex Ursonensis 43

lex Valeria Horatia 35

lex Voconia 49, 167, 176

Liber Extra (Decretals of Gregory IX) 94 liberty (libertas), 21, 30

Licinius, Emperor 39, 56 literal contracts 188 litigation 111-2 litis contestatio 122, 125

Littera Pisana 89

Livy 12, 47-8

locatio conductio 197-8

Lokin, J.H.A. 86

longi temporis praescriptio 154

loss caused by animals 211-2

loss wrongfully caused 209

Louisiana 100, 104

Lucius Julius Caesar 42

Lucrece 28-9

Luculus, Licinius 209

Maecianus 23

magistrates 32-6, 124-5; edicts of 50-1;

functions of 33-5; ius honorarium 51-2 maiestas (majesty) 30 mancipatio (mancipation) 149-50, 170 mandate (mandatum) 57, 199-200

manifest theft 208-9

Manilius, Manius 54, 64 manumission of slaves 53, 134-5 manus, establishment of 130 manus iniectio 112

Marcian (Marcianus) 51, 72, 84, 174 Marcus Aurelius, Emperor 57, 127 marital power 130, 168 marriage 127, 132, 136-7, 163; Augustan legislation on 140-1; Constantine’s legislation on 141; Justinian’s legislation on 142

Martinus 91 materfamilias status 129 metus 213-15 military assets 136 missio in bona decrees 123 missiones 121-2 Mitteis, Ludwig 105

Modestinus, Herennius 75, 137 Mommsen, Theodor 59, 82, 104 Monarchy period see kings of Rome Monophysite doctrine 79

Montesquieu, Baron 100 moral authority 17-18 mores maiorum 15-6 mos gallicus 95 mos italicus 95, 97 motherhood 133 movable and immovable things 145-6 municipia 43-4 mutuum 189-90, 201

nations, law of 11-13, 23, 88, 133, 150 natural law 10-13, 88, 98-100; see also ius naturale

natural obligations 182 natural possession 147 nefas concept 14 negotiorum gestio 201 negligent acts 213 Nero, Emperor 38 Nicomachean Ethics 18 non bis in idem 117 Novak, Maria 171

Novels of Justinian 59, 80, 85 novation 186-7; definition of 186 noxa caput sequitur 137 noxal liability 136, 206-7

obligations: law of 180-216; non-enforceable 181-2; sources of 182; types of 181-2

occupatio 150

Octavian see Augustus, Emperor Odoacer, king of Italy 40 oral legal proceedings, abolition of 111 overclaims 117

ownership 144, 146; acquisition of

149-53; as distinct from possession 147-8

pacta 202-3

pacts (as distinct from contracts) 182 see pacta paideia 22

Pandects 81; see also Digest

Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus) 9, 12, 19,

51, 56, 60, 72-3, 132 Paraphrasis, the 85-6 partnership 199 passive intransmissibility 206 paterfamilias status 129-30; unlimited

liability attached to 136 paternal power 129-30 patria potestas 129, 163 patricians 30, 36, 48 patrimonial rights 163 patrons 135

Paulus, Julius (Paul) 8, 17, 21, 56, 73-4, 139, 152, 157, 181, 202, 213-14

Pavia, Book of 89

peculium 136-7

Pedius 182

penal actions 206-7

“perfect”and “imperfect” contracts 184 “perfect”, “less than perfect” and

“imperfect” statutes 49-50 performance, liberation from obligations by means of 181 persona concept 128 personal servitudes 158 philantropia 22 pietas 23-4 pignus 192

Plato 89

Plautus 14, 180 plebeians 30, 32, 36 plebiscita (plebiscites) 16, 49 Pliny the Elder 23, 44 Pliny the Younger 56-7

Plutarch 162

Polybius 29-30

Pompey 17

Pomponius, Sextus 15, 63-4, 71 pontiffs and the Pontifical College 63 popular assemblies 31-2, 36-7, 49, 53 Populus Romanus 30 possession: concept and classification of 147-8; interdictal protection of 148-9

postulatio actionis 115 potestas 17

Pothier, Robert Joseph 99 praetorian actions 120, 210-11 praetorian agreements 203 praetorian edicts 50, 183, 205 praetorian obligations 181 2 praetorian remedies 121 2 praetorian stipulations 121 praetorian testaments and praetorian intestacy 168-71

praetors 33-4, 37, 50-2, 111, 114-24,

132 3, 148, 156 predial servitudes 156-7 prefectures 39, 41 preliminary proceedings 114 15 prescription 118 primitive legal systems 5, 9 10, 15 Principate period 36 8, 47, 51 4, 62 private law 8-10, 16; definition of 9 proconsuls 41 procreation 138 Proculians 62, 67, 69, 151, 172, 195 procurators 116 17 property law 144 60 propraetors 41 provinces 40 1 public interest 19 public law 8 9; definition of 9 Puchta, Georg Friedrich 101-2 Pufendorf, Samuel 98-9 punishment 22

quaestors 34 quasi contracts 200-1 quasi delicts 193, 216 quasi usufruct 159 querela innoficiossi testamenti 174 quiritary ownership 146 quorum bonorum interdict 175

rapina 209 real contracts 188 9 recipients of stolen goods 208 rei vindicatio 154 5 reipersecutory actions 207, 209 religious liberty 39 Remus 27 replicato procedure 118 representation in litigation 116 17 Republican period in Rome 28 30, 47, 53 res: concept of 144; classification 144 5 res publica 31

rescripts (rescripta Principum) 55-7 responsa prudentium 54

restituto in integrum 122 revenge 206

Revigny, Jacques de 92

robbery 209; see also manifest theft

Roman law: basic principles of 8; revival of 88-106; significance of 3-4; sources of 47 60; universal character of 4, 92

Roman Republic 29

Romanists 101

Rome, foundation of 27

Romulus 27

Romulus Augustus, Emperor 40

Rutilius Rufus, Publius 51

Sabinians 62, 67, 69, 151, 177, 195 Sabinus, Masurius 15, 55, 60, 67-9 sacking of Rome (390 BCE) 48 sale 196

Sallust 12

Savigny, Carl von 100 2

Scaevola, Quintus Cervidius 12, 15, 72

Scaevola, Quintus Mucius 64-6 Scheltema, Herman Jan 86

Scholl, Rudolf 80

Scialoja, Vittorio 105

Scipio Aemilianus and the Scipionic circle 6, 22

semel heres semper heres 164, 173 Senate, the 18, 28-9, 35-41, 47, 53 Senatus consulta 53

Seneca 12

Septimus Severus, Emperor 72 3 sequesters 148

servitudes 156 8; rustic and urban 157 Servius Sulpicius Rufus, 23, 63,

66, 199

Shakespeare, William 29 slavery 11, 127-8, 133-4; definition of 133 Social War 42

societas 199

Solon 5

solutio 181

solutio indebiti 201

specificatio as a means of acquisition 151 sponsio 187 8

SPQR abbreviation 17-18, 29 stipulation 184 6

Stoic philosophy 5 8, 11 substitution of heirs 173 4 succession 162-78; intestate and testamentary 163-9; universal and singular 163

Suetonius 21-2, 38

Sulla 35-6

superficies 159-60

Tacitus 12, 37, 141

Tarquin family 21, 28-9

testament: concept of 169-70; forms of 170-1

testamentary capacity 171-2 testamentary heirs 163, 165 Theodosian Code 58-60, 96

Theophilus 85-6

Thibaut, Anton 100-1

theft: 207-9

things: classification of 144-5; law of 144

Tiberius, Emperor 38, 55

Tiro, Marcus Tullius 135

Torelli, Lelio 96

torture, use of 22

traditio as a way of transfering ownership 151-2

traditio brevi manu 152

tradition, legal 15-16

Trajan, Emperor 24, 57

tribal assemblies 31-2

Tribonianism 96

tribunes 35

tributary cities 44-5

Tripertita, the 64

trust and trustworthiness 20-1, 177-8

Tryphoninus 12, 139

Tullius, Servius 28

tutela 130-3

tutors 130-3

Twelve Tables 5, 47-50, 64-5, 68, 115, 131-2, 163-4, 167-8, 207-13

Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus) 7-15,

18-20, 23, 55-7, 74, 83-4, 144, 148, 186, 210-15

ultra vires hereditatis 164

“uncertain persons” 172 undue payments 201-2

United States Constitution 9, 103-4

United States Supreme Court 104 universality of Roman law 4, 92

Urso, city of 43 usucaption 153-5 usufruct 158-9, 163; definition of 158 usus 159

usus modernus Pandectarum 97 utilitas of law 19-20

Vacarius, Magister 94

Valentinian III, Emperor 58-9

Valerius Maximus 23

Varus, Alfenus 19

Veratius, Lucius 213

verbal contacts 184-6

Vespasian, Emperor 50

vindex 115

Virgil 14, 23, 27

warfare 7, 13

Washington, George 35

Watson, Alan 83

Wieacker, Franz 105

wills 162, 169-74; military 171; purpose of 174

Windscheid, Bernhard 102

witnesses 22

women, status of 127, 131-2, 171-2, 206 writing, use of 5

Zeno of Citium 6

Zenon, Emperor 159

Zouche, Richard 95