Index

Accursius 426-427 actio iudicati 215-216

Publiciana 200

Rutiliana 193 actiones aediliciae 197 arbitrariae 197 bonae fidei 200, 206 civiles 197 famosae 197 fictitiae 200 honorariae 197, 200 in factum 201 in personam 192-197 in rem 192-197 perpetuae 197 populares 193 praeiudiciales 194 praetoriae 197 stricti iuris 196-197 temporales 197 utiles 195-196 actions 130, 192-194 adnotatio 351 adoption 58, 105, 250 adsertor libertatis 130 adulterium 281 advocates 212, 358-359, 369-370 aediles 92-94, 185, 256 Aelius Paetus Catus, Sextus 189 aerarium 95, 183 ager publicus 64, 165, 171 agere 190, 292 album iudicum 128 Alexius I Comnenus 399 Alfenus 193 ambitus 316, 377 Ammianus Marcellinus 12 Anatolius 382, 401, 402 annalists 10, 37 annuality principle 78, 84

antecessores 401, 402

Antioch III, king of Syria 152 Antonine emperors 241

appeal 145-146, 215, 223, 309, 312, 365-366, 372-373

appellatio ad imperatorem 312, 372- 373

aquae et ignis interdictio 147, 234-

235,314,378

Aquilius Gallus 193

arbiter 128, 136, 222

arbitration 374

arbitrium 128

archaeology 16

army 59-60, 172-174, 273-274, 325n assemblies 57-60, 102-114, 250-251 Athanasius 402

Athens 120

Attalus III, king of Pergamum 153 auctoritas, of the princeps 238 auctoritas patrum 72, 113, 182 Augustales 270

Augustus 4, 179-180, 237-241,281, 290

Authenticum 392

auxilium 62, 97, 253

Azo 426

Bacchanalian affair 73n, 148

Baldus 429

Bartolus 429

Basil I the Macedonian 404, 405

Basil II the Macedonian 398-399

Basilica 390, 405-407

Beirut 362, 363,401

bishops 328-329, 367n, 375

Bluhme 387

Bologna, law-school of 416, 424-

425

bona fides 28, 32-34, 200, 205-206

Breviarium Alar ici,

see Lex Romana Visigothorum

Brutus, Μ.

Byzantine law 399-410

sources of 399-401

Byzantium 329, 397-399

Caesar, Julius 153, 177-179 calumnia 231,317

canon law 410, 430-433

Capito, Ateius 296

Caracalla 266, 302

Carthage 151-152, 153

Cassiodorus 13

Cassius Dio 12

Cassius Longinus 297

Catilina, L.

Cato Censorius, Μ. Porcius 13, 14,

193

Cato Licinianus, Μ. Porcius 193 cautio Muciana 192

cavere 190, 292

Celsus, P. luventius 298

Celts 66

censors 71, 89-92, 254

census, process of 90-91 centumviral court 129, 194-195 cessio bonorum 217, 374

Charlemagne 413-414

Charles Martel 412

Charles VII, king of France 436

Christianity 326-329, 354-355 chrysovoullos logos 400

Cicero 13,25, 120, 179, 188 citizenship 22, 67-68, 154-155, 174, 265-266

civitas optimo iure 22-23

civitates foederatae 154, 157, 262 immunes 157, 262

liberae 157, 262 stipendiariae 157

clans, see gentes

Claudius 241,249, 251,255, 256 clientela 45-47

Clovis 411-412

Code of Justinian 9-10, 381-384

Codex Euricinianus 420

Codex Florentinus 389, 423n

Codex Gregorianus 6, 8-9, 352-353

Codex Hermogenianus 6, 8-9, 352- 353

Codex Theodosianus 6, 9, 353-354,

381

Codex vetus (of Justinian) 383 codification movement (in Europe) 443-445

coercitio 80, 222 cognitio extra ordinem 236, 307- 315,365,367-373,376 cognitor 131

coinage 16, 51, 164, 343

Collatio 7-8, 360-361

Collectio Graeca 393 collegiality, principle of 81-82 coloni 342

colonies 67-68, 142-155,262

Latin 67-68, 156

Roman 67-68, 156 comes rerum privatarum 331, 333 comes sacrarum largitionum 331, 333

comitatus 332 comitia 57-60, 102-114, 250-251

calata 58, 105

centuriata 60, 106-107, 250-251 curiata 57-59, 105-106, 250 tributa 110-112, 250-251 Commentators 428-430 commercial law 433 concilia in the provinces 261-262 concilium plebis 62, 112-115, 181- 182

New Roman">concussio 315 confession 208-209, 213, 370 consecratio 141

consilium 190

consilium principis 247-248 consistorium 248, 331-332 Constantine the Great 325, 326, 375 Constantine IX Monomachus 407-

408

Constantinople 329-330, 399

Constantius Chlorus 322, 325 constitutio Antoniniana 266-267, 280, 285, 355, 356 constitutiones 243, 283-286 consul suffectus 85n, 255 consulares iuridici 257 consuls 84-86, 254, 335 Consultatio 362

Cornelius Nepos 13 corpora 341,407

Corpus luris Canonici 393, 432 Corpus luris Civilis 10, 349, 393 corrector Italiae 258

Coruncanius, Tiberius 188 courts 194-196, 222-229, 309-312, 365-367

Crassus, M.

criminal offences, see criminal law crisis of the third century 276-278 cur a morum 91

curator bonorum 216, 374 curiae 52; see also comitia curiata curiales, see decuriones cursus honorum 77

custom 20-21, 115-116, 194, 280, 355-356, 401

damnatio memoriae 287 decemviri legibus scribundis 100, 119-120

decemviri stlitibus iudicandis 129, 195

decreta 243, 283-284, 351, 352 Decretum Gratiani 432 decuriones 262, 70, 340 defence, see exceptio defensor civitatis 337, 365 definitiones 293 delicta privata 30, 140 Delos, island of 162 deminutio capitis 91 deportatio 314, 378 diatyposes 400 dictator 97-100 dies fasti 50, 129 dies nefasti 50, 129

Digest of Justinian 9, 385-389, 423 digesta 293

dioceses 337

Diocletian 5, 321-324

Diodorus 11

Dionysiana 431

Dionysius of Halicarnassus 11, 37 diribitio 104n disputationes 293

Dorotheus 382, 401 duoviri perduellionis 54, 144

Ecloga Legum 403-404

Edict of Milan 327

Edict of Prices 15, 324, 342-343, 350

Edict of Thessalonica 328 edicta 185-188, 243, 282-283, 284, 350, 400

edictum,lang=EN-US> codification of 188, 282- 283

edictum perpetuum 88, 185, 186-187 edictum repentinum 88, 186 Edictum Theodorici 9, 381, 419 edictum tralaticium 187

education, legal 191, 296, 628-364, 381-382,390,401-402, 407- 408, 409-410, 422-430

Egypt 179, 260-261

Eisagoge 405

emperorship 242-243, 330-331 enchiridia 294

English law 433-435n

Eparchiakon Biblion 407 episcopalis audientia 375 epistulae, imperial 285 epistulae, of the jurists 293

Epitome luliani 392

Epitome Legum 407

equestrian order, see equites

equites 160-161, 172, 226, 268-269, 339

equity 32-33, 304-305

Etruscans 38-39, 40

Eusebius 12-13

evidence 137, 212-213, 233, 308, 370

exceptio 130, 203-204, 208, 308 execution 215-216, 373-374

False Decretals 431

falsum 318 familia 2, 40, 140

Farmers' Code 404

fanners 165-166, 271, 341-342, 344- 345

fas 16, 115

feudalism 414-415, 420-421

Fifty Decisions 383, 385 fiscus 249

Flavian emperors 241

Flavius, Gnaeus 189

foedus 154, 262

forced labour, sentence of 315 foreigners 23-24, 198, 262, 265 formalism 3, 198

formula 187, 200-206 formulam arbitrariam, action per 222

formulary procedure 4, 187, 188, 198-199, 206-217,306-307

Fourth Crusade 399

Fragmenta Vaticana 7, 359

Franks 411-413 freedmen 163, 272

French Civil Code 443-444

Gaius 7, 24, 193,299-300

Galerius 323, 327

Gellius, Aulus 13 gentes 42, 115, 140

German Civil Code (BGB) 445 Germanic invasions 346, 378-379, 411-412

Glossators 424-427

Glossa Ordinaria 426

Godofredus 393, 441

Gracchus, Gaius 171-172

Gracchus, Tiberius 171

Gratian 432

Greek cities in Italy 39, 66-67

Greek influence 39, 119-120, 168- 169, 356n, 389n

Gregory VII 415, 416

Grotius, Hugo 442

Hadrian 188, 257, 291

Hannibal 152

Harmenopoulos 409

Heraclius 398

Hermodorus 119

Herodotus 38

Hexabiblos 409

Historia Augusta 12

Historical School 444

Holy Roman Empire 415, 437-438 homicidium 318

Homines novi TL, 267, 268 honestiores 271, 314, 338 Humanists 440-441

humanitas 28, 34-35, 305, 400n humiliores 271-272, 314, 338, 376

lavolenus Priscus 297

imperium 54, 55, 80, 81-82, 83, 84- 86, 242

domi 84, 85

militiae 84, 86 proconsulare 239, 258, 259 maius 239, 242 imprisonment 315 infamy 91, 197,214,374 iniuria 17, 19

Institutes of Gaius, see Gaius

Institutes of Justinian 10, 24, 390-

391

interdicts 220-222

interpolations 388-389 interpretation 31-32, 125-126, 305 interrex 55

investiture contest 416-417

Imerius 392, 424 Italian allies 66-67, 154 Italian War (Social War) 154, 174- 175

Italy 66-68, 154-156,257-258 iudex 128, 134, 137,211,306 iudex pedaneus 307, 365 iudices 128-129, 224, 230, 232, 307 iudicia imperio continentia 130 legitima 130 populi \A6-\4f 223, 235-236 privata 30, 127 publica 30, 127, 225 iuridicus Aegypti 261 iuris dictio 79, 82n ius 16-20, 115, 290, 349, 357, 359 style='font-style:italic'>ius Aelianum 189 ius agendi cum populo 79 ius agendi cum senatu 79, 252 ius auxilii 62, 96, 97 ius civile 3, 22-24, 29, 349 ius civitatis 22 ius coercendi 79-80 ius commercii 22 ius commune 30 ius commune (in Europe) 430, 433, 444 ius connubii 22 ius divinum 3, 49 ius edicendi 79 ius Flavianum 189 ius gentilicium 42 ius gentium 22-24, 186, 349 ius gladii 261, 311 ius honorarium 3, 4, 5, 29, 79, 187- 188,282,289, 349 ius honorum 22 ius intercessionis 22, 62, 82, 97 ius Italicum 262, 264 ius itineris 22 ius Latii 23, 265 ius naturale 24-29 ius non scriptum 20-21 iuspraetorium 3, 88, 187 ius prehensionis 96 ius privatum 29-30 ius provocationis 22, 55

ius publicum 29-30

ius Quiritium 22

ius respondendi 5, 291

ius sacrum 49

ius scriptum 20-22 ius singulare 30-31 ius suffragii 22 ius testamenti factio 22 ius triumphandi 79

Josephus 12 judicial decisions 213-215, 309, 371- 372

Julianus, P.

jurisprudence 188-193, 289-305, 357 jurists 3, 4, 5, 31-32, 188-193, 289- 305,357-365,401-402 jurymen, see iudices

Justinian 6, 9-10, 346-347, 381-395, 397-398,411

king 53-55, 127

Labeo, Μ. Antistius 295-296 Lactantius 12 latifundia 166

Latins 37-38, 66, 67-68 Law of Citations 358,381 law-professors, see antecessores law-schools 294-296, 362-365, 401- 402, 409,416, 422-423,424- 427

lectio senatus 71, 252

legal science, see jurisprudence leges 19-20, 118, 181-184, 281-282, 349-351, see also legislation leges agrariae 165, 170-172 leges barbarorum 379

leges datae 182

leges generales 350-351, 400

leges imperfectae 183

leges luliae iudiciorum publicorum et privatorum 139, 198-199, 281 leges Liciniae Sextiae 64, 69-70, 84, 93 leges minus quam perfectae 183-184 leges perfectae 183 leges Porciae 80, 145 leges regiae 3, 116-118 leges rogatae 182 leges romanae 379 leges saturae 184 leges tabellariae 104 leges tribuniciae 96-97 legis actio per condictionem 135 per iudicis postulationem 135-

137

Leo III the Isaurian 398, 403 Leo VI the Wise 405-406 lex 19-20, 349 lex Acilia 225, 230

Aebutia 187, 199 Aelia Sentia 282 Aemilia 90, 125 Appuleia de maiestate 225-226 Aquilia 125, 184 Atinia 125, 184 Aurelia 230-231 Caecilia Didia 184

Caelia 104

Calpurnia 159, 224 Canuleia 63, 101, 125 Cassia 104

Claudia (213 BC) 160 Claudia (first century AD) 251, 282

Cornelia de ambitu 227

Cornelia de falsis 228n, 229 Cornelia de iniuriis 228

Cornelia de iuris dictione 88

Cornelia de maiestate 227

Cornelia de provinciis ordinandis 158

Cornelia de repetundis 227

Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis

228

curiata de imperio 58 de imperio Vespasiani 14 Domitia 111

Duilia 145

Falcidia 184

Fufia Caninia 282

Gabinia 104

Hortensia 65, 113, 118, 125

Hostilia 131

lulia de adulteriis 281, 309

Lulia de ambitu 282

lulia de annona 309

lulia de maritandis ordinibus 250, 281

lulia de senato habendo 282

lulia maiestatis 227-228

Laetoria de minoribus 184 Maenia 72

Ogulnia 189

Ovinia 89

Papiria 104

Pinaria 134

Plautia Papiria 154, 156 Poetelia Papiria de nexis 64 Pompeia 231

Publilia Philonis T2., 89, 113, 125, 183

Publilia Voleronis 62, 112

Ribuaria 420

Romana canonice compta 430

Romana Burgundionum 9, 381- 381,419

Romana Visigothorum 9, 379, 418, 420

Sempronia agraria 171

Sempronia iudiciaria 172 Servilia Caepionis 226

Servilia Glauciae 226

Valeria 145-146

Valeria Horatia 63, 113, 125, 145

Villia annalis 77, 82 libertini, see freedmen libri ad Sabinum 293, 296-297 libri ad edictum 293 libri mandatorum 286 Licinius 325 literature, legal 191-193, 291-294, 356-362,401-402,410, 426 litis contestatio 209-211, 369 littera Florentina, see Codex Florentinus

Livy 11,37 Lombard law 422 Lombards 398, 411, 413, 419 lyses 400

Macedonia 152, 153 Macedonian dynasty 398 magister officiorum 331, 333 magistrates 76-101, 253-254, 335 magistrates, categories of 83-84 mancipatio 51, 122 mandata 243, 283, 286, 351, 400 Manilius Manius 193 Marius, C. 172-173 Mark Antony 178-179 Maximilian 438 Maximian 322-323 Military Code 404 Mirror of the Germans 437 Mirror of the Saxons 437 Mirror of the Swabians 70 missio in possessionem 207, 219 Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, 153, 175-176 Modestinus Herennius 303 Mommsen, Th.

natura 27-28 natural law 24-29

Natural law, school of 441-442 nefas 17

Nero 327n

nexum 122

Nicea, Council of 327-328 nobilitas 65

Nomocanons 410 nomophylax 408 nota censoria 91 notaries 370

Notitia Dignitatum 15

Novels of Justinian 9-10, 392-393 Numa Pompilius 49, 117, 143 numina 47

oath 368, 370-371

size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman">Octavian, see Augustus Odoacer 411 optimates 170 oratio principis 253, 287-288 oratores 191

Otto the Great 415

Ottoman Turks 399

Palaeologan dynasty 399,408-409 Pandectists 444-445

Pandektenrecht 444-445

Papacy 413, 425,416-417, 423 Papinianus, Aemilius 301-302 Papirius Sextus 116 parricidium 142-143 pater familias 2, 40-41,48, 117 patria potestas 40-41, 122, 125-126 patricians 2, 43-44, 61-65 patrimonium Caesaris 249, 333 patres 43-44 patronatus 45-47 patronus 45-47

Pauli Sententiae 1-3, 358, 360 Paulus, Julius 302 pax deorum 48, 49, 141 pays de coutumes 435 pays de droit ecrit 435 peculatus 225-226, 316, 377

Peira 407 perduellio 143 peregrini, see foreigners Pergamum, kingdom of 1453 Perseus, king of Macedonia 152-153 personality principle 22, 417-418, 421

Philip V, king of Macedonia 152

Plautus 13-14

plebeians 2, 43-45, 61-65, 270-271 plebiscita 65, 113-114, 118, 181-182 plebs, see plebeians

Pliny 12, 13

Plutarch 11, 37

Polybius 11

Pompey 176-177

Pomponius, Sextus 3, 299

pontifex maximus 10, 49-50 pontiffs 3, 49-50, 125-126, 188 populares 170

populus Romanus 52, 57

Posidonius 11

possessores 339, 365

Post-glossators, see Commentators potentiores 338-339, 365 potestas (of magistrates) 79 praefectus Alexandriae et Aegypti 260

praefectus annonae 246, 311 praefectus praetorio 244-245, 311, 334, 337, 366

praefectus urbi 245-246, 311, 334 praefectus vigilum 246-247, 311 praepositus sacri cubiculi 331 -332 praesumptio Muciana 192 praetor 3, 86-87, 185-188, 255, 334- 335

praetor de fideicommissis 255 praetor fiscalis 255

praetor peregrinus 24, 86-87, 127- 128, 185-186,255

praetor tutelarius 255

praetor urbanus 24, 87, 127-128, 185-188, 255-256

praetores aerarii 255

praetores provinciales 88

presumptions 213, 371 priests 47-50, 64 princeps 180, 238 procedure, see jurisdiction Prochiron 405

Procopius 13

Proculians 294-295

Proculus 297

procurator 131 procuratores 247, 260 prohibitio 82

prosecution 231, 312, 376 prostagmata 400

provinces 157-159, 257-264, 336- 338

imperial 259, 260 senatorial 259

provinciae of magistrates 8 In provincial governor 158-159, 261- 262

provocatio ad populum 55, 63, 80, 145-146, 223,312

public law 29-30, 123 publicani 159, 167, 264

Punic Wars 151-152, 153 punishments 140-142, 234-235, 314- 315,319-320,376-377

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus 66-67

quaestio de repetundis 224-225 quaestiones extraordinariae 148- 149, 223

quaestiones perpetuae 149, 224-236, 309-312

quaestor sacri palatii 331, 333, 374, 382

quaestores militares 94 quaestores parricidii 54, 94, 143 quaestores provinciales 95 quaestores urbani 95 quaestors 94-95, 256, 335

Reception of Roman law 430, 433- 439

in France 434-434

in Germany 437-439 recuperatores 129, 196 Reichskammergericht 438 regulae 293 relegatio 314, 316 religion 47-50

Res Gestae Divi Augusti 14 rescripta 243, 285, 351 -352 rescriptum, procedure per 374 respondere 190, 291-292 responsa 290-291

restitutio in integrum 219 Revival of Roman law 422-423 rex, see king

rex sacrorum 53n

Rhodian Maritime Code 404 rogatio 103, 182-183

Roman names 42n

Rome, founding of 40

Romulus 40, 117

Romulus Augustulus 346, 411 Rutilius Rufus 193

Sabines 37-38

Sabinians 294-296

Sabinus Massurius 296 sacramentum 133 sacrilegium 316, 377

Salic Code 413, 420

Sallust 11

Samnites 66

sanctio pragmatica 350 pro petitione Vigilii 350n, 419

Savigny 444

Scaevola, Q.

Scholia Sinaitica 8, 361 scrinia 248-249, 332 sella curulis 83, 129 senate 56-57, 70-76, 169, 184-185, 252-253,313,335-336 senatorial order 72, 160, 267-268 senators 56, 70-72, 160, 170, 252, 267-268, 335-336, 339 senatus consulta 70, 75, 185, 252 287-289 senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus 73-74n

luventianum 289

Libonianum 288 Macedonianum 289 Pegasianum 288 Silanianum 84 Tertullianum 289 Trebellianum 288 ultimum 73-74, 100 Vellaeanum 288 semeoses 400 Seneca 13 sententiae 293 Servius Tullius 59 Severus Alexander 276n, 321 Severus Septimius 276n Sirmondian Constitutions 9 slaves 162-164, 272-273 Social War, see Italian War solidus 343 Solon of Athens 119 sources of Roman legal history literary 6-14 epigraphic 14-15 sponsionem, action per 221 stipulatio 122, 201, 218-219 stipulatio Aquiliana 193 stipulationes praetoriae, 218-219 Stephanus 401-402 Stoicism 25-26, 28-29, 168 Strabo 13, 162n Struggle of the Orders 61-65 succession, under the Principale, 240 Suetonius 12

Sulla, L. Cornelius 175-176, 227-

229 Sulpicius Rufus 193 summons 206-207, 308, 368-369 Synopsis Basilicorum Maior 407 Synopsis Legum 407 Syria 152 Syrio-Roman Book of Law 8, 361

Tacitus 11-12 Tarentum 66-67

Tarquinius Superbus 56, 60 taxes 90, 92, 263-264, 324, 343-344 Terentius 13-14

tergiversatio 317

territoriality principle 420-421 testamentum calatis comitiis 58, 105 tetrarchy 317-324

Thaleleaus 401

Theodoric 381

Theodosius I 328, 345

Theodosius II 353, 358

Theodorus of Hermopolis 402

Theophilus 382-383, 401-402 Thibaut 444

Tipoukeitos 406

Trebatius 193

tresviri capitales 144, 224, 309 tribes 52, 60, 110-111

Tribonian 382, 383, 385-386, 390,

392

tribunal 129

tribunes 62, 96-97, 253-254

tribuni militum consulari potestate, 100-101

Triumvirate, First 177

Triumvirate, Second 179

Twelve Tables 3, 42, 63, 118-124,

137-138, 142

Ulpiani Epitome 7, 361

Ulpianus, Domitius 18, 302 universities 416, 424, 429 usucapio 184, 200

usus modernus Pandectarum 439 utilitas 34

Vacarius 426

Valentinian III 353, 358

Vandals 346, 412n

Varro 13

Vatican Fragments, see Fragmenta

Vaticana

venditio bonorum 216-217

verdict 214-215, 233-234, 371 vicars 323, 337, 366

vindex 132, 138, 207

Visigoths 345, 347, 398, 411, 412n voting,

in the comitia 59, 103-105, 108­109, 112

in the senate 75-61

vulgar law 356

witnesses 137, 212, 232-233, 370

Xiphilinos 12n, 408n

Paris 1947; H. F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 3rd edn, Cambridge 1972, 321 ff; W. Kunkel, An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History, 2nd edn, Oxford 1973, 48 ff; D. Shorter, Augustus Caesar, London and New York 1992; C. Wells, The Roman Empire, 2nd edn, London 1992, 49 ff; A. H. Μ. Jones, Augustus, London 1970; ‘The Imperium of Augustus’, in Studies in Roman Government and Law, Oxford 1960, 1-17; D. Kienast, Augustus: Prinzeps und Monarch, Darmstadt 1982; F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, New York 1977; A. H. Μ. Jones, Studies in Roman Government and Law, Oxford 1960; F. Jacques & J. Scheid, Rom und das Reich in der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart and Leipzig 1998, ch. 1; A. Guarino, Storia del diritto romano, Naples 1996, 333 ff, 396 ff; E. Betti, La crisi della repubblica e la genesi del principato in Roma, Rome 1982, 527 ff. And see Res Gestae Divi Augusti, an account of Augustus's achievements written by Augustus⁶ himself and preserved in an inscription found in Ankara, Turkey (hence it is also known as Monumentum Ancyranum). For a translation see P. A. Brunt and J. Μ. Moore, Res Gestae, Oxford 1967. And see J. Gage, Res gestae divi Augusti, Paris 1977.

⁸⁷   On the development of classical legal science see W. Kunkel, An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History, 2nd edn, Oxford 1973, 95 ff; Die Römischen Juristen, Cologne 2001, ch. 3; H. F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 3rd edn, Cambridge 1972, 359 ff., 374 ff; T. Honoré, Emperors and Lawyers, London 1981; G. Fassö, Storia della fdosofia del diritto, 1, 3rd edn, Bologna 1974, 125 ff; A. Brimo, Les grands courants de la philosophic du droit et de I'etat, Paris 1978, 27 ff; O. F. Robinson, The Sources of Roman Law, London and New York 1997, 10-13 and 42-48; H. J. Wolff, Roman Law, An Historical Introduction, U. of Oklahoma Press, 1951, 103 ff; F. Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science,