Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-3) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

actio in factum 22-3, 48-9

see also: actio Serviana/adapted

actio hypothecaria 46, 107-8, 202-3 actio pigneraticia contraria 48-9, 54, 60-1, 210-11, 257-8

actio pigneraticia directa 48-9, 59-60, 118-19, 155-6, 203-4, 208-10, 233 n.50, 238 n.71, 345-8, 386-7, 393

actio Publiciana 106-7, 111-13, 120-1, 208-9

actio Serviana 106-13, 206-8, 391-5 and passim

actio de rebus coloni 106-7

actio pigneraticia in rem 107 n.94

and actio Publiciana 111-13

actio quasi Serviana 107-8

adapted 60-1, 107-9, 198, 223-4, 226-7, 245-6, 249-52, 255-6, 266-7, 287-90, 370-1

condemnatio 392-5

non-possessory pledge 393-5 possessory pledge 392-3

conditional programme 21-2, 48-51, 97, 207-8, 216, 220-1, 232-3, 238-9, 248-9, 256, 285-6, 300-1, 376-8, 391

edictum de pactis 109-11

early classical jurists 108-13

formula 207-8

future property 284-90

general pledge remedy 108-13

in Edictum perpetuum 206-8

origin 106-13

provincial edict 107-8, 202-3

restitution 391-2

satisfaction clause (see satisfactio)

scope 106-13

separate edict 111-13

Servius Sulpicius Rufus 19-20, 49 n.75, 106-7, 112-13, 194

valuation 391-2

vindicatio pignoris 111-12

see also: actio in factum, actio utilis, conventio pignoris, in bonis actio utilis 48-9, 54

assignment 248-9

see also: actio Serviana/adapted amicitia 35-6, 63-4, 336-7 antichresis 258-67

actio Serviana (adapted) 251, 266-7

amortisation of principal and interest 264-5

default 262-3

economic aspects 376, 384, 388-9

express 260-2

fiducia 124-5

fruits (natural and civil) 263-4

Greek-Hellenistic influences 45-6, 260 implied 131, 261-2

independent 266-7

nexum 259

pactum antichreticum 260-1

pledge lien (retention) 144-5, 163-4

origin 259-60

surrogate for interest 260-5

use by creditor 261-2 assignment (of claims)

execution ofpignus nominis 257-8 pignus nominis as modality of 248-9 of secured debt 376

see also: debt instruments

auctions 89-90, 92-3, 141-3, 151-8,

257, 344 n.6, 358-9, 382, 387-8

autonomy, law's 11-14, 23-4, 28-9, 50

isolation of Roman law 13-14

see also: systems, legal/operative closure autopoietic (see systems, legal/autopoietic)

bankers, banks 64-70, 72-3, 148, 372-3

argentarii 65-7, 72-3, 153, 382, 386 share in credit market 66-7

Sulpicii 3-4, 67-8

Cato (Maior) 88-100, 152, 307

de agricultura 88-9

Catonian farm 94-5

contracts (stipulatio, emptio venditio)

89-90, 92-3, 95-6

deportation clause 90-1, 99-100, 132, 307 as investor in maritime trade 79-80, 189-90

pledge templates 19-20, 40-2, 89-93, 270 tenant's pledge 83, 95-7, 269-70, 285-6 see also: non-possessory pledge/Cato, invecta et illata, tenant's pledge code, law's 10-11

see also: conditional programme collateral (object of pledge) 74-82, 373-5

agricultural equipment 83-4, 90-1 capital goods 74-86

cargo 81-2

cloth(es) 69-72, 151-3

co-ownership rights 374-5

farms, farmland 75-7

fruits (natural and civil) 44, 163-4,

263-4, 286-8, 374-5

grain, wheat, foodstuffs 137, 144-5, 156-7, 176-85

herd 270-1, 374-5

immovable property 75-9, 153, 374-5 offspring 286-8

production facilities 77-9

products 76-7, 83-4, 92-3, 286-7, 373-5

real estate 75-9, 82-6

receivables (claims) 246-7

res mancipi 98-9, 122, 196-8, 374-5 servitude 371-2

ships 79-81

slaves 74-5, 153 and passim

taberna 78, 85

usufruct 374-5

valuables 69-71

see also: antichresis (fruits), invecta

et illata

conditional programme 10-11, 16, 46-7, 50-2

formula actio Serviana (see actio Serviana/conditional programme) and legal institutions 51-2 as replicator (legal evolution) 21-2 conditional sale 158, 165, 355-62, 383 see also: execution, forfeiture, superfluum contracts

implied terms 44-5 standard form 41-2 structural coupling (see structural coupling, conventio pignoris/ structural coupling)

see also: conventio pignoris/party autonomy

convalescence 287-8

conventio pignoris 6-7, 48-9, 141, 199-211 actio Serviana 109-10

antichresis 260-3

Cato's pledge templates 93-4 conditional 225, 243-4, 289-90, 294-5 contractus re (real contract) 203-5 edictum de pactis 109-11 early classical jurists 193-8 fiscal general pledge 324-6 generalis 282-4, 302 hybrid nature 14-15, 98-9, 118, 193-4, 205

multiple pledge 225, 243-4 party autonomy 40-2, 343, 370-1 pignus nominis 246, 249, 251-2, 256 specialis 284-5

structural coupling 14-15, 39, 93-4, 205, 246, 370-1

successio hypothecaria 231

see also: actio pigneraticia (directa/ contraria), hypotheca/nuda conventione, pactum fiduciae, pactum antichreticum, structural coupling/contract

credit 68-74

consumptive 69-70 productive 71-2 secured 36-7, 68-74 and passim see also: maritime loans

datio in solutum 158, 171-2, 345, 350-4, 356-7, 361-2, 383

debt instruments (chirographs, cautiones) 251-2

economic analyses of law 8-9, 33-7, 366-8 efficiency 33-7, 372-4

functions of real security 33-7, 368-9 Law and Economics (L&E) 8-9, 367-70

New Institutional Economics (NIE) 8-9, 367-8

rationality 16, 18-19, 26-7, 239-40,

296, 369-71

transaction costs 18-19, 43-4, 153 n.137, 369 n.15, 374-5, 380-1

see also: evolution/adaptedness, utilitas economy, Roman

agriculture 75-7, 82-4, 94-7 co-evolution law and economy 28-33 commerce and trade 13-14, 30-3, 45-6,

62-3, 67-8, 71-2, 74-5, 79-82, 187-90, 363, 386-7

crises 66-7, 149, 385-6, 388-9 economic revolution (2nd-1st cent.

growth and contraction 26-7, 35-7, 46,

74-5, 368, 384-9

and legal evolution 386-9

inflation 167-8, 343-4, 358-9, 362-4, 384-6, 388-9

monetary reform (solidus) 363 primitivists/modernists 29-33 production 36-7, 71-2, 74-5, 77-9, 85-6, 389, 386-7

rental markets

rural 83-4

urban 84-6

retail 77-8, 85, 273

shipping 79-81, see also: maritime loans subsystem, Roman economy as 29-31 see also: bankers, banks, collateral/capital goods, credit, financiers

edict

aediles currules (markets) 315 praetorian (see praetorian edict) provincial 107-8, 202-3

Tiberius Alexander (Egypt) 337-8 Ersatzpfand, Astimationspfand

(see substitution pledge)

exceptio

annalis pignoris italici 215-16

pacti conventi 109-10

pignus nominis (denuntiatio) 252-3

rei iudicatae 228

rei litigiosae 108-9

rei sibi ante pigneratae 202-3, 228 evolution, legal and social 17-28

adaptation 25, 27-8, 33 adaptedness 366-89 co-evolution of law and economy

28-33

evolutionary algorithm (variation, selection, inheritance) 21-3, 27-8 evolutionary functionalism 24-7 intentionality 18-20

punctuated equilibrium 199, 386-8 replicators 21-2 selection 21, 46-7

definition 22-3

natural selection 21, 42-3 negative 48-9

subset selection 42-3 transactional practices 42-4 stabilization (inheritance, replication, transmission) 21-2, 42-3, 52 definition 22-3

biased transmission 21, 42-3 transactional practices 42-4 systems theory 20, 23-4 variation 42-3, 46-9

definition 22-3

guided variation 21 transactional practices 42-3

see also: structural coupling

execution 136-42, 149-58, 165-8, 252-5, 344-50, 382-3

auction (see auctions)

court supervision 348-50 creditor protection 350 debtor protection 348-50, 352-3, 361-2

denuntiatio (notification) 154-6 economic aspects 166-8, 382-3 mandatory duty to sell 345-6 modalities of execution sale 156-8 pignus nominis 252-5 proscriptio (announcement) 154-6 redemption 347-8, 383

execution (cont.)

see also: conditional sale, datio in solutum, forfeiture, impetratio dominii, licence to sell

fiducia (cum creditore) 6-7, 41-2, 75-6, 88, 99, 113-27 and passim

actio fiduciae 114, 118-19, 123-4 auction (Sulpicii) 153-4 charge and lease back 121, 211-14 common ancestor with pignus 113-21 demise 125-7

dual structure 117-19

epigraphic evidence 115-17 execution sale (auction) 154, 345 forfeiture 133-4, 142-3, 162-3

Formula Baetica 41-2, 76-7, 146, 157-8, 276-7

fundus cum instrumento 276-7 interpolations 45 n.52, 125-7, 141 n.73, 196-8, 200-1, 214 n.180

Mancipatio Pompeiana 115-19, 146

Latin text and translation 115 multiple charge 219-20 origin 114-15 pactum fiduciae 40-2, 115, 118-19, 122-3, 196-8

parallel evolution with pignus 117-19, 121-5, 207-8, 213-14, 219-20, 305 publicity 340

Sulpicii 142-3

res nec mancipi 113-14, 122-3

see also: functionally divided ownership, mancipatio, usureceptio

financiers 63-8

elite 64-5

faeneratores 64-5 pawn brokers 69-73 see also: banks, bankers

fiscal pledge (privilege) 317-34, 384 and conventional general pledge 324-5

forfeiture 131, 142-3

Fragmenta de iure fisci 321-2

Hellenistic influences 322-5 manumission 304-5, 307-9

Moschis’s case 327-9, 331-2

origin 318-25 pledge-like preferential right 324-5 protopraxia 318, 322-5

ranking 329-34, 379-80

registration 337-9

third-party effect 325-9

see also: subsignatio praediorum forfeiture 129-45, 158-69, 219-21

Constantine’s prohibition 362-5 constructive forfeiture arrangements 133, 343-4, 350-62

fiducia cum creditore 133-4, 142-3, 162-3

fiscal pledge 131

lex portorii provinciae Asiae 131

right of retention as alternative (see right of retention)

Hellenistic forfeiture pledge 130-1, 164-5

over-collateralization 143-4

see also: conditional sale, datio in solutum, lex commissoria, substitution pledge formula 50-1, 207-8

see also: actio Serviana/formula, conditional programme formula(ry) procedure 46-51

origin actio Serviana 111-13 fruits 44, 286-7, 374-5

see also: antichresis, collateral/fruits functionally divided ownership 119-21, 123-4, 219-20 fundus 75-6

cum instrumento 76-7, 275-7

future property 274-5, 285-8, 374-5 invecta et illata 285-6

fruits, offspring, products 286-7 general pledge 288-90 res debita 287-8

taberna 273-5, 282-3

see also: general pledge/future property

general pledge 278-316, 374-5

all assets pledge 283-4

cetera bona pledge 278-82, 293-6 as direct ancestor of general pledge 279-80

legal consequences (dispositions) 281-2,297-9

subsidiary nature 293-6 dispositions by debtor 281-2, 297-302, 310-16

(implied) authorization 299-300

floating charge 291, 297, 302, 306-7,

310-14, 374-5

fund 310-14

future property 288-90 generalis/generaliter 282-4 generic pledge 269-77, 283-6, 301-2, 374-5

fundus cum instrumento 275-7 herd (grex) 270-3 invecta et illata 270 taberna 273-5, 312-13

in bonis 279-81, 284-5, 300-2, 312-13 independent general pledge 280-1 manumission (see manumission) ranking 291-6

special pledge (specialiter, specialis)

280, 283-5

subsidiary nature 293-6

unified theory 300-2

see also: pledge/future property Greek-Hellenistic influences 45-6, 130-1, 192-3, 260, 281, 322-5

grex (herd, flock) 271-4

see also: general pledge/generic pledge

hypotheca 6-7, 55, 199-203, 220-1

and passim

Hellenistic influences 46, 188-9, 192-3, 201-3

nuda conventione 55, 199-200, 215-17, 285-6

see also: actio hypothecaria, non-possessory pledge

impetratio dominii 124-5, 345-6, 353, 355, 361-2,383

in bonis 48-9, 111-12, 207-8

actiones pigneraticiae in personam

210 n.161

adapted actio Serviana (pignus nominis) 256

future property (special and generic pledge) 274-5, 279-80, 286-8

general pledge 274-5, 279-81, 284-6, 297, 300-2, 312-13

multiple pledge 220-1, 226-7 infamia 114, 221 n.11, 340-2 instrumentum (see fundus cum instrumento) interdictum de migrando 62-3, 100-4, 108-9, 196-7, 270, 386-7 interdictum Salvianum 96-7, 100-1, 104-7, 109-11, 205-6, 270 interdictum Salvianum utile 105-6, 307 interdicts, possessory 91-2, 99-100, 124, 135-6, 182-3, 214, 216

invecta et illata 44, 76-7, 83-5, 95-7, 100-1, 106-7, 214, 270, 277, 283-6, 303-4, 306-7, 374-5

see also: leges horreorum, interdictum de migrando, interdictum Salvianum, actio Serviana/scope, tenant's pledge iudex 22-3, 47-8, 56-7, 59, 91-2, 208-10,391

ius civile 11-14, 32-3, 38-9, 45-6, 110-12, 114, 192-3, 197, 305, 376-8

ius commune 4-5, 360-2, 365, 389 ius honorarium 4-5, 13-14, 38-9, 52, 55, 110-11, 376-8

ius novum 4-5, 38-9, 55-6, 61, 348-50

ius offerendi et succedendi 229-42 novation 238-41

successio hypothecaria 230-3

see also: multiple pledge

jurisprudence (see jurists)

jurists 2-3, 48, 52-3, 55-61 and passim autonomy ofjurisprudence 11-14, 16-17 cavere 57-8

imperial chancery 61 legal evolution 19-20, 22-3, 39, 43-4 litigation 60-1

respondere/ius respondendi 58-60

legal institutions 8-9, 16, 21-2 conditional programmes 51-2 endogenous and exogenous variables 367-8

evolution 17-28, 126-7, 384

legisactio (procedure) 46-8, 111-13, 270-1 legis actio per pignoris capionem 193-4 legis actio sacramenti in personam 59 legis actio sacramenti in rem 39-40,

99, 111-12

lex commissoria (pactum commissorium) 132-3, 158

Constantine's prohibition 362-5 deportation clause (Cato) 132 ius commune 360-2, 365, 389 see also: forfeiture

leges horreorum 41-2, 97-8, 186-7, 270 licence to sell

early classical jurists 141, 198 functions 196-9 implied 140-1, 169-71 Sulpicii archive 136-43 see also: power of sale, surplus/deficit clause

locatio conductio (rental agreement, lease) 91, 95-6

see also: antichresis/civil fruits, charge and lease back, non-possessory pledge/warehouse

mancipatio 39-42, 91-2, 98-100, 113-19, 121-6, 134-5, 142-3, 196-8, 207-8, 219-20, 277, 339-40 see also fiducia, publicity

manumission 101-2, 302-10 economic rationale 309-10 favor libertatis 307-9 fiducia cum creditore 305 general pledge 304-6 lex Aelia Sentia 305-6 special pledge 303-6 tenant's pledge 303-4, 306-7 maritime loan 28-9, 81-3, 187-92

Greek-Hellenistic 141-2, 146-7, 188-9, 191

non-possessory pledge 188-91 possessory pledge 191-2 reception in Roman law 189-90

Sulpicii archive 190-1

multiple pledge 218-44 actio Serviana 223-4, 228, 230 conditional pledge 221-2, 224-7, 232-3, 243-4

conventio pignoris conditional 225, 243-4 nuda conventione 225

economic aspects 375-6 forfeiture 219-21

Greek-Hellenistic influence 219 in bonis 220-1, 226-7 legal evolution (example of slow) 15, 23-4 initial impossibility 219-21 path dependence 224 pignus nominis 253-4 pledge of superfluum (pignoris hyperocha) 221-4, 241-3 unconditional multiple pledge 227-9 see also: ius offerendi et succedendi, novation, ranking

mutuum (cum stipulatione) 70-1 contractus re 203-4

nexum 259 non-possessory pledge 6-7, 174-205, 211-17, 374-5

archive of Sulpicii 175-86

Catonian pledges 99-100 charge and lease back 120-1, 211-16, 371-2

condemnatio actio Serviana 393-5 conversion in possessory pledge 182-3, 194-5

‘diluted' traditio 175, 187-92, 199, 201-2, 214

early classical jurists 192-8

economic aspects 375-6

fiducia cum creditore 120-1, 211-14 maritime loans 188-91

subsignatio praediorum 320-1

Sulpicii 177-86

tenant's pledge 205-6

title documents 217

warehouse 137, 175-86

see also: hypotheca, maritime loans novation

active 376

passive 238-41

oaths 340-2, 391-2, 395 operative closure (see systems, legal/ operative closure)

pactum commissorium (see lex commissoria) pactum de vendendo, pactum vendendi (see licence to sell)

pactum fiduciae (see fiducia/pactum fiduciae) pactum Marcianum (see conditional sale) perclusio (see tenant's pledge/perclusio) personal security 5, 16-17, 33-4, 63-4, 97-8, 103-4, 175, 200-1, 203-5 pignoris capio 98-9, 193-4

pignus nominis 245-58

actio Serviana (adapted) 245-6,

250-1, 255-6

and assignment 248-9, 257-8

claims for conveyance 254-5 collection of pledged claims 252-4 debt instrument (chirograph, cautio) 249-51

execution 252-5

execution sale 257-8

origin 247-8

pledge of superfluum 223-4

pledge of res debita 287-8

superfluum 172-3

possessio 135-6, 200-1, 213-16

‘natural’ 135-6, 213-14

usucapio 135-6, 215-16

see also: interdicts, possessory, possessory pledge, traditio

possessory pledge 70-1, 91-2, 94-5, 124, 135-6, 179-85, 191-2

antichresis 261-2, 348-50 condemnatio actio Serviana 392-3 custodia liability 208-9, 392-3 enforcement pledge of claim for

conveyance 254-5

fiscal pledge, protected against 331-2 improvements, liability debtor for 353-4 multiple pledge 219-20

‘possessory’ pledge of claims

(debt instruments) 249

as special pledge 298-9

title documents 217

see also: non-possessory pledge/charge and lease back

power of sale 44-5, 169, 174-5, 220-1, 344-5, 350

authorization by debtor 168-9 exercise in bad faith 348-50

forfeiture 131, 141-3, 159-60

inherent to pledge 169-71, 346

see also: licence to sell

praetor 32-3, 48-50, 100-1, 110-11,

278, 343

actio fiduciae 114

actio pigneraticia directa 208-9

actio Serviana 112-13

adaptation offormula 48-50, 100-2,

246, 250-1, 370-1

Cato's time 91-2

in formulary and legisactio procedures 47-8

peregrinus 32-3 structural coupling legal and political systems 14-15

urbanus 32-3

wrong decisions 228

see also: ius honorarium, praetorian edict praetorian edict 19-20, 38-9, 48-9, 52-4, 60-1, 387-8

actio Serviana 106-13, 198

fiducia 124-5

Edictum perpetuum 54 precarium see pledge/charge and lease back protopraxia 322-5, 337-9

Puteoli (TPSulp 106) 324-5 publicity 335-42

alternatives (oath, infamia, stellionatus) 340-2, 381

economic aspects 380-1 false wealth 340

informal

columna Maenia 339-40

tenants pledge 339-40

mortgage stones (horoi) 339-40 fiducia (mancipatio) 125-6, 339-40 possession: protection bona fide third parties 337-9, 381 see also: registration

ranking

acquisition secured creditors 81, 333-4, 378-9

economic aspects 378-80 fiscal pledge 329-34 general pledge 291-6 multiple pledge 228-30 priority principle (prior tempore potior iure) 238, 291-3, 329-34, 378-80 succession in one’s own ranking (novation) 238-41

see also: ius offerendi et succedendi real security (passim)

economic functions 33-7

risk reduction 34-5

impersonal exchange 35-6 macro-economic perspective 36-7 real security (cont.)

economic growth 384, 389

family relationships 73-4

secured credit 68-74

registration 334-42

archive of acquisitions (βιβλιοθήκη ΐγκτησεων) 335-9

economic aspects 373, 380-1

fiscal pledge 334-5, 337-9

Gracchus 336-7

protopraxia 337-9

subsignatio praediorum 335-6

tabulae alimentariae 335-6

see also: publicity reliquum (deficit) 128-9, 140-1, 145-52, 162-3, 171-3, 188-9, 295-6, 350, 392-3

see also: superfluum, surplus/deficit clause res mancipi

pignus 98-9, 122, 196-8, 374-5

fiducia 98-9, 122

retention, right of (lien) 129-30, 132-4, 136, 144-5, 151-2, 158-64

satisfactio 51-2, 93-4, 97-8, 238-9 secured debt

accessory nature of pledge 98, 208-9, 234-5, 376-8

actio Serviana 207

assignment of secured debt 376

future debts 376-8

non-monetary debts 376-8

novation (active) 376

novation (passive) 238-41 over-collateralization 143-4, 179 range of secured debts 376-8 see also: novation, reliquum, satisfactio, superfluum

stellionatus 221 n.11, 340-2 stipulatio 39-40, 70 n.60, 89-90

archive of Sulpicii 137-8, 177-9

duplae (eviction) 340-2

pledge of claim arising under 255-6 restitution (actio Serviana) 394-5 see also: mutuum/cum stipulatione structural coupling 14-15

see also: conventio pignoris/structural coupling, praetor/structural coupling subsignatio praediorum (praediature)

131, 319-25, 335-6

substitution pledge 131, 146-52, 166-7, 171-2

successio hypothecaria 230-3 see also: ius offerendi et succedendi Sulpicii (passim)

archive 2-4

auction (execution) 154-8 bank 3-4, 67-8 fiducia cum creditore 142-3 secured lending (pignus) 137-45, 177-86

superfluum (surplus) 1, 128-9, 145-52, 165-6, 171-3, 209-10, 343-7, 356-7, 361-2, 378-9, 393 see also: forfeiture, licence to sell, execution, surplus/deficit clause surplus/deficit clause 128-9, 145-52, 165-6, 171-2 systems, legal 10-11

autopoietic 10-11, 16, 23-5, 33 code, law's 10-11

culture 16-17 function of law 10-11 functional differentiation 9-10 ‘isolation' 13-14 operative closure 10, 14 social norms 16-17 subsystem 9-10 systems theory 9, 16 see also: conditional programme, structural coupling

taberna 72, 77-8, 273-5, 282-3 disposition of pledged merchandise 299-300, 312-13

pledge on future merchandise 273-5, 282-3, 312-13

pledge of building 78, 85, 274-5 taberna economy 85

tenant's pledge 44, 76-7, 83-5, 95-7, 100-1, 106-7, 214, 270, 277, 283-6, 303-4, 306-7, 374-5, 386-7 origin (Cato's pledge templates)

95-7

perclusio (lock-out) 101-2, 105, 194-5, 350

publicity 339-40

warehouse 186-7

see also: actio Serviana, interdictum de migrando, interdictum Salvianum, invecta et illata, manumission taxation

direct taxes (tributa) 329-30, 332

indirect taxes (vectigalia) 329-30, 332 tax burden 329-30,379-80,386

tax farming 319-22, 324-5, 328

see also: fiscal pledge

traditio 99-100, 113-14, 118, 121 n.169, 183-5, 191, 199, 213-14, 217, 284-6, 340

condition of original actio Serviana 207-8

debt instruments (pignus nominis) 249 fiducia of res nec mancipi 122-3 traditio pignoris causa 99-100, 134-6, 149, 174-5, 182-3, 220-1

see also: non-possessory pledges/‘diluted’ traditio

transactional practices 1-2, 4-5, 19, 26-7, 32-3, 38-46, 54-5, 59-60, 88-9, 93-4, 97-8, 100-1, 125, 151-2, 167, 174-5, 192-3, 201-2, 219, 222, 224, 229-30, 241, 278-80, 288-9, 293-5, 355, 375-6, 384, 387-8

biases 43-4

legal evolution 26-7, 39-47 private-self shaping 39-40

usureceptio 119-21, 212-14 utilitas 13-14, 333-4, 371-2

warehouse (horreum) 41-2, 86, 97-8,

137, 175-86, 333

see also: non-possessory pledge/ warehouse, tenant's pledge/warehouse