Index

Abdullah of Jordan, 352

aborigines, Australian, 6 Academie politique, 211 Accadian empire, 40, 42 Action francaise, 204 administrative revolution, 129-30 Admiralty Courts, 283

Adrian of Utrecht, as pope, 66; as

humanist, 114

Adulteration of Food Act, British, 218 aediles, 26 aerarium, 33, 45

Afghanistan, 331; war in, 347, 414 Africanus, S.

peculation, 54

Afrikaners, 295-6

Agamemnon, King, 15 agentes rerum, 49 Agincourt, Battle of, 93

Aid for Dependent Children Program

(AFDC), US, 363

Air France, 357 airpower, rise of, 254 Alagno, L. de, 98 Alba, duke of, 101 Albania, 376

Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, 69 Albert I of Habsburg, 76

Albiginsians, 64

Albrecht V of Bavaria, 102

alcabala, 116

Alexander the Great of Macedonia, 44, 47,

224, 225, 383

Alexander VI, pope, 74

Alexander I of Russia, 120, 208, 270, 271

Alexander II of Russia, abolishes serfdom,

273, 274, 275

Alfa Romeo, 370

Alfonso V of Aragon, 98

Algeria, 36, 331; retreats from socialism,

376; war in, 397

Ali, R., 324

Allende, S., 305, 359

Allgemeines Landesrecht, 273

Amadeus VIII of Savoy, 80

Amal, 398

American Revolution, 196

Amin, I., 330

Amtrak, 358

anarchism, 185, 205, 207, 275

ancien regime, 129

Andean Common Market (ACM), 388

Andrea, V., 210

Andropov, Y. V., 374

Angkole, 15

Anglicanism, 68

Angola, 315,326, 329

Annapolis Officer Academy, 211

Anne of Bohemia, 121

Anne of Brittany, 122

Anne of England, 134

Anne of Russia, 270

Antiochus III, 33; killed while robbing

temple, 46, 54

Antiochus IV, 39

Anuak, 2

apartheid, 301

Aquinas, T., 51, 171

Arab-Israeli Wars, 347, 352, 362

Aragon, 89; united with Castile, 97-9, 100,

298

architecture parlante, 199

archontes, 28

Argentina, 202, 261, 304, 306; settlement of, 307, 308, 310, 312, 343, 359, 388

Ariosto, 81

Aristotle, 22; criticizes Plato, 25, 137, 172;

as model for Bodin, 176, 179, 186

Armenia, 36

Arndt, M., 200

Articles of Confederation, US, 284, 285 artillery, development of, 156, 158-9, 250

assignats, French, 230, 233

Association of South East Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 388

Assyrian empire, 40

Atahualpa, 46

ateliers nationaux, 220

Athens, 25, 29, 32, 36, 54, 56, 108

Atlantic Charter, 354

Attic-Delic League, 32

auctoritas, 28

Augsburg, Confession of, 68

Augsburg, Peace of, 69, 85, 87 augusti, 38

Augustine, St., 170, 180

Augustus, C.

Aurelius, M., 38; Capitoline statue of, 124 Austerlitz, Battle of, 120

Australia, 261, 281; unification of, 294-5,

298,321,326,343,371

Austria, 36, 78, 84, 102, 129, 134, 142,

144; taxation in, 154-5, 169, 186, 190, 199; creates paper money, 230; adopts gold standard, 233, 251, 280, 290, 294, 349,371,387

Austrian school, 367

Aztec empire, 36, 42, 43, 48, 298

Babylonian empire, 40

Bacon, F., 260 bailiffs, 92

Bakunin, M. A., 207

Bakwain, 9

Balladur, E., 370

Baltheassar, F. U., invents Swiss

nationalism, 192

Banco di Roma, 370

band societies, 2, 5

Bandung Conference, 326

Bank Act, US, 286

Bank of England: establishment of, 228-9, 230, 231; absorbed by state, 238, 336

Banque de France, 229; reestablished by

Napoleon, 231

Barere, B., 245

Baruch, B., 239

Basel, Peace of, 81

Basque Liberation Movement (ETA), 400 Bassianus, V. A., 38

Bastille Day, 199

Bavaria, 69, 102, 136, 149; education in, 212-13

Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW), 390 Beccaria, C., 168

Becket, T., 62

Beer, F. von, 167

Belarus, 270, 322, 381, 413

Belgium, 221; adopts gold standard, 233; colonial empire of, 318, 321, 364, 371, 412

Belize, 330

Bellamy, E., 210

Benedict XI, pope, 63

Benin, 388

Bentham, J., 140, 141, 168

Beria, L., 223

Berliet, 357

Bernhardi, T. von, 289

Berti, 5

Beveridge, A., 321

Beveridge Report, 355

Beza, T., 68

Bhutto, Z. A., 344

Bible, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 21, 40, 69, 170, 177

Big Government, 291

‘big-men” societies, 22, 52

billets d’etat, 229

Bismarck, O. von, 213, 217; introduces social security, 220; and annexation of Alsace Lorraine, 350

Black Death, 104

Blair, A., 409

Blanc, L., 220

Blanche of Savoy, 70

Blenheim, Battle of, 250

Blum, L., 356

Bluntschli, J., 350

Boccini, A., 223

Bodin, J., 70, 88, 145; and origins of modern state, 176-9, 181, 186, 187; and private property, 206

Boer War, 296

Bokassa, 330

Bolingbroke, H., 134

Bolivar, S., 304, 314

Bolivia, 306, 310, 388

Bolsheviks, 239, 275, 372

Boniface VIII, pope, 61; and quarrel with Philip IV, 62-3, 76

bonnes villes, 111

Books of Precedence, 265

Borgia, C., 74, 402

Borgia, R., see Alexander VI

Bosnia, 353, 385, 414

Bosworth Field, Battle of, 91, 107

Botha, L., 296

boule, 27

Bourbon family, 83

Bouvines, Battle of, 76

Braun, H., 211

Brazil, 304, 306, 308; under military government, 310-11, 343, 359, 388

Bret, C.

Bretton Woods Agreements, 391 Brezhnev, L. I., 374

Britain, 36; first census in, 147; abandons tax-farming, 152, 153, 155, 200, 204; rise of police in, 208, 213, 216, 217, 218; adopts social security, 221; establishes Bank of England, 228-9; creates legal tender, 230; taxation during World War I, 235, 236; mobilization for World War II, 241, 243, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 261, 263, 270, 273, 274; gains Canada, 284, 285, 290; and Canada, 292-3, 307, 316; expansion in Asia and Africa, 317, 321, 324, 326, 336, 352, 361, 363, 364, 365; retreats from welfare state, 369-70, 372, 386; and European Union, 387, 407, 409, 410, 412; see also England, Scotland

British Aerospace, 369 British Airways, 369

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 355, 393

British Columbia, 293

British Gas, 369

British North America Act, 293

British Overseas Air Corporation (BOAC), 356

British Petroleum, 369

British Rail, 358 British Steel, 369 British Telecom, 369 Bubble Act, 228 Bucer, M., 68

Buganda, 15 Bulgaria, 36 Bulnes, M., 304 Bunyoro, 15 Bureau of Internal Revenue, US, 232 bureaucracy, in empires, 42, 50; under feudalism, 51; and early modern state, 128-30; expansion of, 136-7, 140-3; Prussian, 153, 191; and French Revolution, 198, 210; growth in World War I, 235; in Soviet Union, 239; in Russia, 269, 271; Polish, 278; American, 291; in Latin America, 308; in Asia and Africa, 327, 329, 355; and welfare state, 361; loss of faith in, 408-9

Burke, E., 140; and creation of legal tender, 230

Burkhardt, J., 74

Burma, 324, 325, 326, 327, 393

Burr, A., 286

Burundi, 14

Bush, G. S., 190, 343, 353; compares administration with KGB, 408

Bushmen, 2, 8

Byzantium, 17, 38, 44, 45, 47, 51, 59

Cabet, H., 220

cabildos, 300, 301, 302

Cable News Network (CNN), 392 caciques, 302

Caesar, G. J., 33, 38 caisse d'escompte, 230

California, 289; tax revolt in, 365

Caligula, C., 258

Calvin, J., 184

Cameroon, 388

Campus Martius, 30

Canada, 260, 284, 289; political history of, 291-4, 295, 297, 343, 355; creates welfare state, 357, 359, 360; retreats from welfare state, 364, 366, 368, 371, 372, 381, 383; and NAFTA, 388

Canaletto, J.

Canqui, J. G. C., 302

Cape Colony, 296

Capet, House of, 62

carabinieri, 166

Cardwell Reforms, 160

Carlist Wars, 248

Carlos III of Spain, 302

Carnot, L., 246

Carolingian empire, 12, 59-60, 210

Carter, J. E., 412

Carthage, 22, 56

casa de la contratacion, 303

Casimir of the Palatinate, 95, 130

Castile, 89; united with Aragon, 97-9, 100, 114,298

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of, 95

Cathars, 64

Catherine de Medici, 70, 95, 121

Catherine II of Russia, 270, 271; and

Poland, 280

Catholic kings, 98

caudillos, 306, 308, 309, 311 censores, 54

Central African Republic, 330, 388

Central American Common Market

(CACM), 388

central banks, expanding role of, 233-4 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka

Chaco War, 310

Charlemagne, 38; as universal emperor,

40, 60, 82

Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 78, 94

Charles V, Emperor, 41, 44, 66, 69; sacks Rome, 74, 81, 82, 87, 94, 99, 101; and germanias, 114, 116, 119, 122, 126, 130, 135, 159; testaments of, 172, 173, 176, 296, 301; North African campaigns, 317

Charles I of England, 70, 92, 107, 120, 124; revenue of, 149, 228

Charles II of England, 92, 282

Charles IV of France, 93

Charles V of France, 147, 415

Charles VI of France, 77, 178

Charles VII of France, 148

Charles VIII of France, 121, 122

Charles IX of France, 71

Charles XII of France, 94

Charles XII of Sweden, 120,270 Charlotte of Savoy, 121

Charlottenburg Palace, 123

Chechnya, war in, 334, 413

Cheka, 208

Chernenko, C. U., 374

Chernobyl accident, 381

Cherokee, 8

Chiang Kai-shek, 325

Chile, 304, 305, 310; military government in, 311, 359, 388

China, 21; unification of, 22, 36, 38; and Confucianism, 39; bureaucracy in, 42-4, 45, 55, 56; and paper money, 226, 290, 321, 326, 343, 344, 345, 347; invades Vietnam, 352, 360; rolls back communism, 373, 393

Christianity: as religion of resignation, 39; as imperial religion during Middle Ages, 60-1; can no longer serve as basis of government, 176-7

Christina of Sweden, 131

Chrysler, 389

Churchill, W.

Cicero, M. T., 29; defines respublica, 56, 176

cities, definition of, 20-1

city-states: concept of liberty in, 34, 53, 54, 170; education in, 210

civil society, in Hegel’s work, 195; under totalitarian rule, 204, 258; absent in Russia., 268, 270-1; dominated by state, 354

Civil War, American, 231, 232; railways in, 250, 288-9, 293

Civil War, English, 73, 92, 107

Clancy, T., 342

Clausewitz, C. von, 245, 247

Clement IV, pope, 61

Clement V, pope, moves papacy to

Avignon, 63

Clement VII, pope, 74, 82

Clinton, W. J., 1, 190,364,413

Clive, R., 316

Code Napoleon, 169

coercitio, 26

Colbert, C. S., 134

Colbert, J. B., 71; conducts recherche de la noblesse, 96, 145; estimates France’s revenue, 149, 211

Cold War, 286; and Big Government, 291,

310, 325, 348, 384, 418

Colombia, 306, 308, 310, 384

Colonna family, 59, 74

Colorado, 209

Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 413

communeros, 99, 114

compagnies d’ordonance, 148

concentration camps, 224

‘Concert of Europe,’’ 382

Conciliarists, 64

Conde, House of, 95

Conde, Louis de, 96, 103

Confucianism, as official religion, 39, 170

Congo, see Zaire

Congress Party, Indian, 323

Connecticut, 282, 285

Conrad I, Emperor, 61

Conrad IV, Emperor, 76

Conrail, 371

conscription, adopted by great powers,

252

conseil d’etat, 140

Conseio de las Indias, 298

Constantine, Donation of, 65

Constantinople, fall of, 156

Constantinus, F. V., 84

Constitution, US, 284-5

Constitutional Act, Canadian, 292

consules (Italy), 104

consuls, 26

Continental Congress, 284

Copernicus, N., 121

Corinth, 32, 56, 206

Cormoran Islands, 330

corregidores, 113; de indios, 299

Cortes, H., 84, 298

corvee (forced labor), 49; in the Belgian

Congo, 318

Costa Rica, 310

Council of Constance, 64

Council of Trent, 70

Counter-Reformation, 64; in Bavaria, 102; ends beatification of rulers, 123, 124; interrupts construction of diplomatic service, 134

County and Borough Police Act, UK, 208 cour des aides, 147

Court of Requests, 91

Crassus, M.

Crecy, Battle of, 93; use of gunpowder in, 156

Crevecoeur, H., 165

Crimean War, 261, 273

Croatia, 414

Crolie, H., 289

Cromwell, O., 73, 107; and administrative revolution, 130, 153

Cruce, Abbe, 350

cruzada, 69

Cuba, 291, 353

Cuban Missile Crisis, 342, 344

Cultural Revolution, Chinese, 373 currency, in chiefdoms, 17

cursus honorum, 26

cursus publicus, 53

Curtin, J., 355

custom, in tribes without rulers, 4 cynicism, 39

Cyprus, 328

Cyrus II, 172

Czartoryski family, 279

Czech Republic, 413

Czechoslovakia, 351, 375

Dabrowski, H., 280

Dahomey, 15

Daimler Benz, 389

Dante Alighieri, 76

Darius III, 44, 186

David, L., 199

Decembrist Revolt, 271

Declaration of Rights, 151

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 207

Deng Xiao-ping, 373

Denmark, 110, 144, 149, 220; adopts gold standard, 233; welfare state in, 361, 363

Department of Health and Human

Services, US, 222

Deutsche Arbeitsfront, 240

Deutsche Welle (DW), 393

Deutschland iiber Alles, 200

Dickens, C., 381

dictator, Roman, 26, 33

Diderot, D., 11

Dinka, 2, 8

Diocletianus, G. A. V., 38, 225

Directory, the (France), 230

Disraeli, B., 293

Dluski, T., 280

Domesday Book, 88, 145

Dominions, British, 291-2 dominium, 53

Douhet, G., 254, 255, 256, 348

Drake, F., 160

Dreros, 24

Duma, 266

Dürer, A., 157

Duvalier family, 334 dvoriane, 265, 271, 273

Dyck, A. van, 124

East Germany, 372, 384, 389, 399

East India Company, 141, 161; history of, 316

echevins, 104

Economic Community of West African

States (ECOWACS), 388

Ecuador, 306, 347, 384

Edict of Restitution, 85, 86 education: taken over by the state, 210-17;

privatization of, 418

Edward I of England, 89, 106, 147

Edward II of England, 66, 90

Edward III of England, 90

Edward IV of England, 91 Eglantine, F. de, 199

Egypt, 36, 42, 171; nationalism in, 323, 324, 348, 359; retreats from socialism, 376

Eisenhower, D. D., 291, 360

El Salvador, 312

eleutheria, 34

Elgabalus, see Bassianus, V. A.

Elizabeth I of England, 41, 91, 160, 227 Elizabeth of Russia, 270

encomiendas, 298, 300

Encyclopedie, the, 204

Engels, F., 220

England, 67, 72, 73, 76, 88, 89, 97, 100, 106, 117; administrative revolution in, 129-30, 131, 133, 142; taxation in, 150, 175, 185, 207, 225, 226-7, 271; see also Britain

Enlightenment, the, 87, 180, 194; attitude to war, 243

ephors, 26

epicureanism, 39

Erasmus, D., 121, 154; as political

theorist, 172-4, 176, 183

Eritrea, 326, 398

Escorial, 123

Eskimo, 2

Esther, 40

Etats genereaux, 148

Ethiopia, 318, 326, 328

Etruscans, 22

Eugenius IV, pope, 64 eunuchs, as officials, 45, 50

European Commission, 386, 387

European Court, 386

European Free Trade Area (EFTA), 388

European Parliament, 386, 387

European Union, 385-8, 410, 413, 414 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 2

Fabius, Q. M. Cunctator, 33

Factory Acts, UK, 218

Fajardo, S., 137

Falklands War, 347

fealty, 52

Federal Bureau of Investigation, US, 209, 411

Federal Emergency Relief Agency, US, 222

Federal Reserve System, US, created, 234 Federalist Party, US, 286

Felix V, pope, 64

Ferdinand I, Emperor, 83, 111

Ferdinand II, Emperor, 85, 120

Ferdinand I of Aragon, 98, 226

Ferdinand II of Aragon, 66, 91; marries

Isabella of Castile, 98, 113

Ferry, J., 215

Feu, J., 82 feudalism, 50; and failed empires, 51-2,

54, 57, 58, 61 feuding, in tribes without rulers, 6, 11 Fichte, J. G., 194-5, 196, 336 Fifth Amendment, US Constitution, 232 Finland, 221, 387 fiscus, 45

Filmer, R., 184-5

Five Year Plan, USSR, 372

Flamininus, C. T., 31

‘flexible response,” 341

Flodden, Battle of, 119

Florence, 80, 108, 148, 175, 206

Florida, 284; taken from Spain, 289 forced currency, 230, 233; during 1930s,

237

Ford, G., 360

Ford, 336

foreign ministries, rise of, 133-4

Fornovo, Battle of, 115

Fouche, J., 167, 169

Fourier, F. M. C., 218

‘‘Four Modernizations,” Chinese, 373 Four Year Plan, German, 240 France, 36, 71, 72, 86, 97, 100, 104, 107;

towns in, 111, 117, 123, 124, 130; venal offices in, 131, 133; diplomatic service of, 134, 135; venality abolished in, 139-40, 142, 143-4; first census held in, 147, 148; taxation in, 150, 151, 153, 155, 157, 164, 169, 176, 178, 184, 185, 186, 196, 204, 207, 213; nationalizes education, 214-15, 217, 218, 220, 226, 227; attempts at paper money, 229, 231; adopts gold standard, 233, 243, 251, 253, 255, 260, 261, 263, 270, 273, 274, 307, 316; expansion in Africa and Asia, 317, 321, 324, 338, 344, 345, 351; and welfare state, 358, 361, 370, 379, 387, 395,399,400,409,412

Francis I, Emperor, 120, 188, 190 Francis I of France, 41, 66, 69; captured by Charles V, 82, 83, 84, 94, 119, 122, 126, 148, 159, 163

Frankfurt am Main, 110 Frederick III, Emperor, 80, 120 Frederick I of Prussia, 102 Frederick II of Prussia, 120, 133; and bureaucracy, 136, 138, 139, 142; and taxation, 153, 163, 190; and education, 212; creates paper money, 230, 246, 250, 269; partitions Poland, 279, 349 Frederick William I of Prussia: prohibits the sale of offices, 132; and education, 212

Frederick William II of Prussia, 138 Frederick William III of Prussia, 138, 213 Frederick William, the Great Elector of

Prussia, 102, 131, 150, 279 French and Indian War, 284 Friedland, Battle of, 270 Friedman, M., 367 Fronde, 96, 135 Front populaire, 356 fueros, 304 Fugger family, 83 Fuller, J. C. H., 254, 255, 348 Fussli, H., and Swiss nationalism, 192 fyrd, 19

gabelle, 111, 147

Gabon, 388 Galileo, G., 73; as model for Hobbes, 179 Gallipoli campaign, World War I, 295 Gama, V. da, 315, 317

Gambia, 388 Gandhi, M., 324

‘‘Gang of Four,” 373 Garfield, J. A., 262 Gattinara, M., 81

Geer, L. de, 407

General Electricity Board, UK, 355 General Medical Council, British, 218 General Motors, 337

generalizes, 133 Generalkommissaren, Prussian, 135 Geneva, 112; and Rousseau, 192 Geneva Convention, 401

Genghis Khan, 258 Genoa, 108, 148, 226

George III of England, 134, 155

Georgia, 282; ends proprietary government, 288, 387

Germany, 196, 205; education in, 213, 216-17, 218; social security in, 220-1; under National Socialism, 222-3; adopts gold standard, 233, 237; mobilizes for World War II, 241, 255, 260, 274, 280, 291; colonial empire of, 318, 338, 344, 345, 350, 351; see also East Germany, West Germany

gerousia, 27

Gerson, J., 171

Gestapo, 223

Gettysburg, Battle of, 288 Ghana, 388

Gibbons, E., 188

Gibbons v. Ogden, 286

Giles of Rome, 61 giro banks, 230 glebi adscripti, 52

Glorious Revolution, 180; and defense of private property, 207

Gneisenau, A. von, 247 Goebbels, J., 204

Goering, H., 240

gold standard: in Britain, 229; universal adoption of, 233; in World War I, 234; abandoned, 236

Golden Bull, 78, 100

Gonsalvo de Cordoba, 159

Gonzaga, F., 80

Gonzaga family, 79 Gorbachev, M. S., 375, 393

Goths, 12, 21

Gourmay, V. de, 137

Government of India Act, UK, 324 Gracchus brothers, 38

Granada, 314, 330

Grant, U., 232

Granvelle, N. P., 70, 116

Grassaille, C. de, 82

Great Britain, see Britain

Great Depression, 236, 355, 356

Great Leap Forward, China, 373

Great Northern War, 132, 279

Great Schism, 63-4

Great Society, US, 360

Great Transformation, 336

Great Trek, 296

Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 325

Greece, 36, 255; resists German occupation, 396

greenback, creation of, 232, 336

Greenwich Standard Time, 383

Gregoire, H., 197

Gregory VII, pope, 61

Gregory XI, pope, 63

Gresham, T., 227

Grotius, H., 161, 190,351

Groves, L., 257

Guatemala, 310

Guderian, H., 348

Guicciardini, F., 75, 126

Guinea, 388

Guinea-Bissau, 388

Guise, House of, 95, 103

Guizot, F., 196, 214

Gulf War, see Persian Gulf War gunpowder, invention of, 156 Gustavus Adolphus, 86, 131, 159 Gustavus Vasa, 69

Habsburg family, 76, 81, 83; launch Thirty Years War, 84; and Switzerland, 115, 173

Hackett, J., 342

Hadrianus, M. A., 38

Hahn, O., 257

Haiti, 314, 334

Hambach Festival, 200

Hamburg, 110

Hamilton, A., 286

Han dynasty, 55

Hannibal, 32

Hansa, the, 105; decline of, 109-10 Hardenberg, K. A. von, 139, 154 Harrington, J., 260

Hastings, W., 316

Hawaii, 12; comes under US protection, 289

Hayek, G., 367

Healey, D., 390

Hearst, W. R., 289

Heath, E., 358

Hebner, J., 144

Hegel, G., 142; deifies the state, 195-7,

203,336

Heidelberg, Alliance of, 105

Helvetic Society, 192

Henry IV, Emperor, 61

Henry I of Castile, 97

Henry III of Castile, 97

Henry IV of Castile, 97

Henry I of England, 88

Henry II of England, 62, 88

Henry III of England, 89, 97, 106

Henry IV of England, 91

Henry V of England, 91, 93

Henry VI of England, 91

Henry VII of England, 91

Henry VIII of England, 66, 69, 71; and religion, 72, 73, 82, 83, 84, 91, 122; and administrative revolution, 130, 142; revenue of, 148, 163, 227

Henry II of France, 95, 101, 122

Henry III of France, 71, 72, 130, 145, 176 Henry IV of France, 70, 84, 96, 112, 119,

121, 123, 128, 131, 178, 227

Hepburn v. Griswold, 232

Herder, J. G. von, 193-4, 259, 336 Herodotus, 246

Herzl, T., 203

Hesse, 102

Himmler, H., 223

Hintze, O., 408

Hiroshima, bombing of, 258, 340

Hitler, A.: and nationalization, 240, 259;

and welfare state, 356, 395, 402 Hizbullah, 398, 399

Ho Chi Minh, 320

Hobbes, T., 73; invents the state, 178-9; and absolutism, 180-1; and human equality, 186, 188, 189; compared with Hegel, 195; and private property, 206, 242, 260, 336, 406

Hofgericht, 79

Holy Roman Empire, 75, 78; in folklore,

80-1, 83; at Peace of Westphalia, 86, 100, 103, 150, 157, 164, 263

Home Office, UK, takes over police, 208 Homer, 24, 118

Honda, 390

Hopkins, H., 222 Houphouet-Boigny, F., 334 household ordinances, 130-1

Huguenots, 71, 72, 95, 112; in South

Africa, 295 humanism, 65, 70, 71 Humboldt, A. von, 302 Hume, D., 182

Hundred Years War, 66, 90, 93; and French towns, 111; use of artillery in, 156

Hungary, 78, 80, 249

Hussein, S., 353

Hussites, 64-5

Hutu, 14

Huxley, A., 339

huyscarls.. 16

Iceland, 146

Iliad, 24, 118

‘imperial presidency,” 291

Imperial Statute, British, 292

imperium, 23

Inca empire, 37; imperial religion in, 38; taxation in, 43, 47, 48, 59, 210, 298

income tax, 152-3, 232, 336

India: comes under British rule, 316; starts move to independence, 320, 323, 324; heterogeneity of, 328, 330, 343; and Pakistan, 344, 347, 348; retreats from socialism, 376

Indians, North American, 2, 5, 7

Indonesia, 263, 324, 325, 327, 331, 372, 388

indulgentia, 40

industrial revolution: and nationalism, 200-1; and war, 249; Russia left behind by, 272-3, 356

Infantado, duke of, 99

inflation, in Rome, 225; and early attempts to establish paper money, 225-6; in World War I, 234-5; in World War II, 237

Innocent III, pope, 61, 62

Innocent VIII, pope, 74

Innocent IX, pope, 86

Inquisition, 66, 100; in Latin America, 301 intendants, 96, 113, 132, 135; abolished,

139, 145-6; in Latin America, 302

Internal Revenue Act, US, 232

International Air Transport Association

(IATA), 383

International Bureau of Weights and Standards, 383

International Business Machines (IBM), 337

International Customs Union, 383

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 372, 376, 392

International Postal Union (IPU), 382 International Telegraph Union (ITU), 382 Internet, the, 392

Interpol, 383

Iran, 226,331,347,393

Iraq, 324, 328, 331, 347, 385

Ireland, 59, 190, 221; gains independence, 324, 386, 410

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 399 Iroquois League, 11

Isabella of Castile, 97; marries Ferdinand

II of Aragon, 98, 113, 227

Isabella of England, 90

Islam, as official religion, 39

Isonzo, Battles of, 254

Israel (biblical), 13, 21, 326

Israel, 326, 330, 330, 331, 343, 344, 352; retreats from socialism, 376, 381; in Lebanon, 398-9, 407

Italy, 36, 215; under Fascism, 222-3; adopts gold standard, 233, 236, 237; mobilization for World War II, 241, 260, 291, 308; colonial empire of, 318, 322, 344, 349; creates welfare state, 357, 364, 369, 372, 396, 399, 403

Ivan III, 264

Ivan IV the Terrible, 41, 278

Ivory Coast, 324, 388

Jackson, A., 231, 287

Jackson, F. T., 289

Jacobeans, 197, 200

Jagellonian dynasty, 277

Jahn, L., 200

James, Duke of York, 282

James of Viterbo, 61

James I of England, 120, 121; revenue of, 149

James III of Scotland, 78

James IV of Scotland, 119

Jameson Raid, 296

Janissaries, 42

Japan, 41, 51, 61, 215; mobilization for World War II, 241, 252, 261, 263; war against Russia, 275, 289; colonial empire of, 318; defeats Russia, 323, 327, 332, 338, 343, 344, 351, 364, 384, 399, 412

Jena, Battle of, 190

Jivaro, 8

Joan of Arc, 93

John of England 62, 88, 120

John of Gaunt, 66

John of Paris, 62

John XXII, pope, 64

John II of Aragon, 98

John I of Castile, 97

Johnson, L. B., 291, 360

Jordan, 324, 352, 353

Joseph II, Emperor, 167, 188

Judea (biblical), 13

Julius II, pope, 74

July Monarchy, 169

juros, 227

justice: in chiefdoms, 17; in city-states, 28-9; in empires, 39; and church, 66-7 justices of the peace, 132, 218, 219

kakor. 14

Kammergericht, 79

Kansas, 221

Kant, I., 194,350

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 350, 351

Kennedy, J. F., 360

Kenya, 397

Kenyatta, J., 320

Keynes, J. M., 356

KGB, 208, 374, 408

khaliff, religious position of, 38

King, G., 146

king’s two bodies, 177-8

Kipling, R., and ‘White Man’s Burden,’’ 321

Kissinger, H. A., 340

Knights Templar, 63

Kohl, H., 371

Koniggratz, Battle of, 214

Korean War, 290, 348, 352

Kosciuszko, T., 280

Kosice, Pact of, 276

kosmos, 24

Kreisky, B., 358

Kriegsakademie, 247

Krim, A. El, 324

Kropotkin, P., 207

Krupp, firm of, 250

kshatriya, 21

Kublai Khan, 226

Kulturkampf, 217

Kuwait, 290; invaded by Iraq, 353

laissez faire, 217; abandoned by US, 222

Lancaster, House of, 91

Landeshoheit, 86

Landschulregiment, 212

Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), 388

Laud, W., 70

Lavoisier, A., 146

Law, J., 229

law: in tribes without rulers, 4; in Greece and Rome, 25, 29; in empires, 39; common, 91, 103; in Bodin’s work, 176; in Hobbes’ work, 179, 189; of nature, 182; and early nationalism, 193;

imposed on lower classes, 207-8; concerning welfare, 219; in Russia, 269, 271; in Prussia, 273; international, 352 League of Nations: foreshadowed by Sully,

84; adopts mandate system, 321, 350 League of the Public Weal, 94 Lebanon, 326, 331 legal tender, creation of, 230, 232, 336 Legnano, Battle of, 105 Leibnitz, G. W., 191 Leipzig, Battle of, 248, 270 Lenin, V. I., 237, 275; and nationality

question, 321 Leo X, pope, 74 Leonardo da Vinci, 157 Lerma, duke of, 70 lèse majeste, 171; replaced by treason, 205 levee en masse, 206, 245 Lewis the Bavarian, 77, 78; as Empire

incarnate, 171 L’Hopital, M., 69 Liberia, 331, 388, 405 libertas, 33 liberum veto, Polish, 277, 279 Libya, 36, 400 lictores, 30 Liddell Hart, B., 253-4, 255, 256, 348 Lipsius, J., 70, 127, 145 liturgies, 33-4 Livingstone, D., 9 Lloyd George, D., 221, 235, 239 Locke, J., 54, 180-2; and separation of

powers, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 196, 204; and private property, 206; and US Constitution, 285

Lodi, Peace of, 72 Lodovico II Il Moro, 80, 126 logistai, 54

Lollards, 64

Lords Appellant, 90 Louis IX of France, 92, 120, 122, 123, 131 Louis X of France, 93

Louis XI of France, 66, 74, 93, 94, 98,

111, 121, 128, 178

Louis XII of France, 71, 94, 121, 148, 178 Louis XIII of France, 86, 96, 121, 124,

131, 149

Louis XIV of France, 71; ends noble uprisings, 96-7; suppresses municipal elections, 113, 120, 121, 122, 127, 131; builds diplomatic service, 134, 143, 145, 149, 150, 153, 169, 181; and French state, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188; and French education, 211, 229, 242, 250, 336, 349

Louis XV of France, 123, 138, 142, 242

Louis XVI of France, 146, 188

Louis of Poland, 276

Louis-Philippe, 214

Louise of Prussia, 139

Louisiana, 144

Louvois, F. M., 71, 145

Loyseau, C., 128

Lucas, R., 367

Ludendorff, E., 255

lugal. 21

Lugard, F., 319

Luigi III of Mantua, 80

Luna, A. de, 97

Luneville, Peace of, 212

Luther, M., 68, 69; visits Rome, 75; starts

Reformation, 175, 184

Lutzen, Battle of, 120

Lydia, invention of money in, 224

McCullogh v. Maryland, 286

MacDonald, R., 356

Macedonia, defeated by Rome, 31

Machiavelli, N., 71, 73; and papacy, 75, 109, 114, 126; writes The Prince, 174-6, 180, 183,415

Maecenas, G., 56

Magdeburg, sack of, 86 magistrates, 23, 25-6, 28-30, 34, 53 Magna Carta, 89

Mahan, A. T., 289,290

majordomo, 13

Majuba Hill, Battle of, 296

Malaysia, 263, 325, 388

Mali, 388

Malplaquet, Battle of, 242

Mandarins, 42-3

mandate system, 321

Manhattan Project, 257, 346

Mantua, 80

Mao Tse-tung, 12, 330, 373, 411, 421 maps, 55, 143

Marco Polo, 226

Mare, N. de, 165

mareechausseee, 166

Margaret of Parma, 116

Maria Theresa, empress, 131, 188

Marie of Burgundy, 116

Marie Antoinette, 188

Marie Louise, 188

Marsellaise, 199

Marshall, J., 285; and expansion of US federal government, 286

Marsilius of Padua, 76-7

Martin V, pope, 64

Martinet, J., 160

Marx, K., 8, 119, 207, 220, 368

Maryland, 282

Masai, 2, 8

Massachusetts, 221, 282, 285

Matilda of England, 88

Maurice of Nassau, 159

Maurice of Saxony, 101

Mauritania, 388

Maxentius, M. A., 37

Maximilian I, Emperor, 78, 79, 80, 100, 120

Maximilian of Mexico, 289

Mazarin, J., 71, 96; suppresses municipal independence in France, 113, 149

Mazzini, G., 196, 197, 248

Mead, M., 290

Medicaid, 360, 365

Medicare, 360

Medici, Cosimo de, 124

Medici family, 79, 122; and Machiavelli, 175

Medina Sidonia, duke of, 99

Meiji Restoration, 215

Meitner, L., 257

Melanchthon, 68

Mendez de Haro, L., 70

Menelaus, 24 mercenaries, 31, 34; in middle ages, 158,

249, 330, 334

Meru, 9

messenger systems, 19, 51, 53

Methodism, 184

Mexico, 289, 298, 302; revolt against Spain, 303-4, 306, 307, 308, 310, 314, 349; and NAFTA, 388

Michelangelo, B., 157

Michigan, 209

Micronesia, 2

Milan, 80, 108, 206 military-industrial complex, 291 militia perpetua, see standing armies

Mill, J., 350

Miller, A., 339

Ming dynasty, 42, 48, 55

Ministry of Food, British, 241

Ministry of Health, British, establishment of, 218

Ministry of Munitions, British, 239

Ministry of Public Education, Polish, 280

Ministry of State Domains, Russian, 271 Mirabeau, V. R., 139

Mirrors for Princes, 176, 184

Mississippi Company, 229

Mitsubishi, 390

Mitterand, F., 358, 370

Mobutu, S. S., 334

Mogul empire, 37, 56

Mohammed, 38

Moltke, H. von, 214, 252, 350 money, 51, 55; origins of, 224-5; early attempts at creating paper money, 226-7; and Bank of England, 228-9, 259; in Poland, 276; during total war, 238, 259

Mongols, 157

Monroe Declaration, 289

Montesquieu, C. de, 132; and modern state, 180-3, 186, 189, 204; and private property, 206; on war, 243, 272; and US Constitution, 285

Montmorency, House of, 95

More, T., 70; and religious toleration, 71, 145

Morgarten, Battle of, 158

Morocco, 36, 324

Morse, M., 379

Mortimer, 90

Moser, J., 193

Mozambique, 315, 329 mugwe, 9

Mühlberg, Battle of, 101, 120 multinationals, 333, 389-90

Murdoch, R., 392

Mushin-Pushkin, I., 267

Mussolini, B., 204, 236; and nationalization, 240; and welfare state, 356

Mycene, 12

Namibia, 326, 395

Nantes, Edict of, 72, 112

Naomi, 3

Napoleon Bonaparte, 120, 138; builds modern French bureaucracy, 139-40; increases taxation, 151; and police, 167, 188, 190; defeats Prussia, 194, 199, 207; and education, 214, 223, 230; military methods of, 246-8; and military technology, 250, 286, 303, 348, 379, 383

Napoleon III, 199, 260

Nasser, G. A., 388

Natal, 296

Natchez, 14 national debt, US, 150

National Health Service, British, 370 nationalism, rise of, 193-6; adopted by

French Revolution, 197-9; in nineteenth century, 200-3; American, 289

Navarre, 89

Navigation Acts, 283

Ndbele tribe, 296

Necker,J., 146

Nelson, H., 162 neocolonialism, 407

Nero, C. D., 44, 186, 225

Netherlands, the, 71; religious conflict in,

72, 82, 104, 115; revolt against Spain, 116-17; adopts French administrative system, 140, 144, 152, 161, 220, 226, 243, 263; create welfare state, 357, 361, 371, 410

New Deal, US, 222, 291, 360

New Economic Policy (NEP), USSR, 372

New Guinea, 2, 325, 405

New Hampshire, 282

New Jersey, 282, 387

New Orleans, Battle of, 286

New South Wales, 294

New Zealand, 220, 281, 295, 321, 343,

360; retreats from welfare state, 368, 371, 405

Newfoundland, 293

Nicaragua, 312, 334

Nicholas of Cusa, 81

Nicholas I of Russia, 34; expands police,

208, 271,274

Niger, 388

Nigeria, British rule in, 319, 328, 388 Nihil Novi, Act of (Poland), 277 Nijmegen, Conference of, 78, 144

Nixon, R. M., 291, 358, 367; takes dollar off gold, 391

NKVD, 208

Nogaret, G. de, 63

Nordic Council, 387

North, F., 141

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 388

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 341, 344, 348, 353, 387

North Carolina, 387

North Korea, 343

Norway, 123, 255; welfare state in, 361, 365, 399

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 342, 343

nuclear weapons, impact on war, 338-44 Nuer, 2

Nymphenburg, 123

Odysseus, 15

Odyssey, 24, 118

officer schools, founding of, 211

Oglethorpe family, 283

OGPU, 208

oidores, 299 oikumene, 40

Olaf, St., 16

Olivares, G. de Guzman, 70; and paper

money, 227

Olmedo, Battle of, 97

Olympic Games, modern, 202; as terrorist

target, 400; privatization of, 414

Ontario, 293

Orange Free State, 297

ordeals, 6

Oregon, 221

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 364

Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 362

Orleans, duc de, 229

Orsini family, 59

Orthodox Church, Russian, controlled by

Peter I, 267-8

Orwell, G., 242, 393

Osse, M. von, 165

ostracism, 25

Otto I, Emperor, 78

Otto IV, Emperor, 76

Ottoman empire, 41, 210, 328

OVRA, 213

Owen, R., 218

Oxenstierna, B. V., 131

Pacheo, D. L., 99

Page, W., 130

Paine, T., 186

Pakistan, 326, 328, 331, 343; and India,

344, 348, 352

Palais Royal, 123

Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO), 398, 407,413

Panama, creation of, 308, 310, 314, 334

Papal State, establishment of, 73-4, 131,

148

Paraguay, 306, 388

Parkinson, N., 362

Paulette, 131

Pavia, Battle of, 82, 94, 119

pays detection, 135; abolished, 139, 149 pays d'etat, abolished, 139, 149

Peace Act, 132

Peasants’ Revolt, 68, 110

Peel, R., 208

Peloponnesian War, 33, 54

Penn, W., 350

Pennsylvania, 282

Pepys, S., 243

Perenot, N., see Granvelle, N. P. Pericles, 30; accused of peculation, 54 Peron, A., 310

Persian empire, 39, 40, 44, 51, 224 Persian Gulf War, 290, 347, 412 Peru, 299, 302, 306; under military

government, 310, 312, 347, 384 Pestalozzi, J. H., 193 pet banks, 231 Peter of Portugal, 98 Peter I the Great of Russia, 260; and serfs,

265; reforms of, 266-8, 269, 270, 272, 279

Peter III of Russia, 120, 269; abolishes obligatory service for nobles, 270

Pharaoh, 40, 162; as son of Ra, 171 Philip II Augustus of France, 62, 76, 92,

128

Philip III of France, 92

Philip IV, the Fair of France, 62, 76

Philip V of France, 93 Philip VI of France, 93

Philip II of Spain, 44, 69, 70, 84, 95; defeats Spanish nobility, 99-100, 114; and the Netherlands, 116, 120, 121, 130, 135; threatened by own bureaucracy, 137, 142, 173, 184, 301

Philip III of Spain, 70, 120 Philip IV of Spain, 70, 120 Philip V of Spain, 188 Philippines, 82; comes under US rule, 321,

326, 331, 334, 388 Phoenicians, 22 Picolomini, A., 81 Piedmont, 260 Pithou, P., 70 Pitt, W., the elder, 134 Pitt, W., the younger, 152 Pizarro, F., 46 Plato, 25; on military professionalism, 31,

192,210 Plutarch, 31 poison gas, 253 Poitiers, Battle of, 93, 119 Pol Pot, 330

Poland, 59, 78, 110, 134, 255, 264, 270; from fourteenth to eighteenth centuries, 276-8; turned into Russian protectorate, 279; in nineteenth century, 280-1, 351, 381

polemarchs. 26 police: original meaning of, 117, 165; rise

of, 166-7; nineteenth-century expansion of, 208-10; in totalitarian countries, 223, 258; in Latin America, 313-14; recent reinforcement of, 400-1; switch to private security, 403-6, 418

polis, 22; political system of, 23, 24, 33, 54 political science, 70; takes place of religion, 184

polniques.. 71 polygamy, in chiefdoms, 12-13 Polynesia, 12, 16, 18 pomes’ti, 264, 265

Pompadour, J. A. Poisson de, 138 Pompey, G. M, 33

Pompone, S. A, 134 pontifex maximus, 27, 38 Pope, A., 144, 189

Portugal, 67, 98, 243, 263, 308 potlatching, 18

Potocki family, 278, 279 praetors, 26, 28

Pragmatic Sanction, 65

Predikanten, 72

Prerogative Courts, 91 prevots, 92, 166 prikazy, 267

printing press, 56; and modern bureaucracy, 136, 377, 392

prison, rise of, 168-9, 258; privatization of, 417-18

private property, defense of, 207 procuratores, 135

‘Progressives,” American, 289 Prokopovich, F., 267, 268

Protectorate, the (England), 73, 107, 131 provocatio, 29

Prussia, founded, 69, 73, 102, 103; dealings with the Hansa, 109-10, 124, 129, 131; and venal offices, 132-3, 134, 135, 136, 138; ruled by bureaucracy, 138-9, 149; taxation in, 153-4, 155, 164, 190; defeated by Napoleon, 194, 207; education in, 212, 213-14; military system of, 247, 251; and railways, 252, 260, 270

Ptolemy IV Philopater, 48

Pueblo, 8

Pulitzer, J., 289

Punic War, Second, 26, 32, 33

Puritans, 70, 73; emigration to New England, 282

quaestores, 26, 49

Quebec, 293; separatism in, 413 Quebec Act, 292

Queensland, 294 quippu, 46

Radio Free Europe (RDF), 393

Radziwil family, 278, 279

railways, 208; introduction of, 250-3, 260; in Russia, 274, 377-9

Raleigh, W., 160

Rathenau, W., 239, 240

Raw Materials Department, Germany, 239 Reagan, R., 340, 342, 365, 410 recherche de la noblesse, 96

reconquista, 99

Reform Bill, UK, 141 Reformation: role in weakening the

church, 67; divides Europe, 72, 84; in France, 95, 112, 118, 134, 176

Regeringsform, 131

Regulating Act, UK, 141 regidores, 104; in Latin America, 300 regimen de castas, 301, 308

Reichsgericht, 79 Reichsregiment, 81 religion: in tribes without rulers, 8-10; in

chiefdoms, 15; in city-states, 27; in empires, 38; as foundation of political power, 171-2; discarded by Machiavelli, 174-5; replaced by sovereignty, 176; Hobbes and, 180; and modern state, 184

Renault, 357 repartimiento, 298, 302 republica de espaiioles, 301 republica de indios, 301 Republican Party, US, 286 respublica, 37; defined by Cicero, 56, 176 Res Publica Christiana, 87

Restoration, the, 73, 248 Resumption Act, US, 232 reth, 9

‘‘Return to the People,” 275 ‘‘Revenge of the People,” 275

Revolution, French, 73, 129, 139-40, 144, 148, 185; welcomed by Hegel, 195; adopts nationalism, 197; adopts levee en masse, 206, 245, 336, 405, 414

Revolution, Russian, 237, 281, 336 Revolutions of 1848, 167, 220, 248-9 rex in regno suo imperator est, 7 6

Rhineland League, 105

Rhode Island, 282

Richard, Duke of York, 91

Richard I Lionheart of England, 88, 135 Richard II of England, 66, 90

Richard III of England, 91, 121 Richelieu, A. de, 71, 96; and

administrative revolution, 130; and venal offices, 132, 135, 178

Robertet, F., 130

Robespierre, M. F., 198 Rocroi, Battle of, 242

Rohan, House of, 95

Rolls-Royce, 358

Roman Republic, 248

Rome, 22; republic, 23; people’s assemblies in, 25, 26, 29; army of, 30-1; turns into empire, 37, 38; bureaucracy in, 42-3, 48, 53, 54, 55; papal rule over, 74-5, 82; Machiavelli on, 75; as center of papal state, 108-9, 135, 206

Roon, A. von, 214

Roosevelt, F. D., 222; devalues dollar, 236, 354

Roosevelt, T., 289

Root, E., 289

Rothschild, L. W., 235

Rouget de Lille, C. J., 199

Rousseau, J. J., 11; initiates the Great Transformation, 191-2; and education, 211,218, 259, 272,336,350

Rubens, P., 124

Rudolf I, Emperor, 76

Russia, 134, 154; police in, 208; creates paper money, 230; adopts gold standard, 233; invaded by Napoleon, 247, 251, 260, 261; in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 264-70; emergence of civil society in, 271; in nineteenth century, 272-6, 278, 286, 307; defeated by Japan, 323, 338, 412

Ruth, 3

Rwanda, 13, 331,385

St. Blois, Edict of, 148

St. German-en-Laye, 148 Saint-Simon, Duke of, 122 Saint-Simon, H. de, 219

Samuel, 10

San Michele, M., 157

Sargon, 22

Saudi Arabia, 12, 393

Saxe, M. de, 244 Saxony, 102, 195

Scharenhorst, G. von, 247

Schiller, J. von, 194

Schmalkaldic League, 101

Schmidt, H., 363

Schoffen, 104

Schonbrunn Palace, 123 Scotland, 67, 190 scutagium, 158

Secret Service, US, 209 secretaries of state, 130

Security Council, UN, 345, 351, 353, 384, 385; see also United Nations

Sedan, Battle of, 260

Sedantag, 200

Sejm, 276-7

Senate, Roman, 27-8, 31, 33, 38, 225

Sendoso Luminoso, 312

Senegal, 388

seneschal, 92

separation of powers, 25, 39; proposed by

Locke, 180-1; Montesquieu and, 182-3; adopted by United States, 285

Seven Years War, 161, 163, 242, 245, 302

Severus, S., 48

Sforza family, 79, 124

Shaka, 19

Sherman, W. T., 251, 288

Shilluk, 9

Shute, N., 339

Sierra Leone, 388, 405

Sigismund, Emperor, 76

Silhon,J. de, 130

Singapore, 325, 327, 331, 388, 389

Sinope, Battle of, 272

Sixtus IV, 74

Slavophiles, 275

Slovakia, 413

Slovenia, 414

Smith, A., 55; on transportation, 287

Smuts, I., 321

Snell, W., 143

Sobieski, J., 279

Sobornoe ulozhenie, 264

‘social question,” the, 207 social security, rise of, 220-1; in Canada,

293-4; retreat of, 364-6, 371

social war, 38, 108

societe d’etats, abolished, 140, 186

Socrates, 29

sodalities, 3-4; as basis for warfare, 7, 11

Soli, 48

Solomon, King, 12

Solon, 25

Somalia, 331, 385; war in, 398

Somoza family, 334

Sorbonne, 69

South Africa, 281, 292; history of, 295-7,

321, 336, 384, 398, 403

South Australia, 294

South Carolina, 152, 387

South Korea, 327, 343, 371, 389 sovereignty: in the ancient world, 34;

defined by Bodin, 176-7; in Hegel’s work, 195; and World War I, 350; retreat of, limited by United Nations, 385,418

Soviet Union, 222, 235; forced currency in, 237; bureaucracy in, 239-40, 269, 291; and nationality question, 322, 324; disintegration of, 327, 338, 341, 344, 347, 351,model welfare state, 356; economic failure of, 372-3, 374-5, 385, 396, 411, 413, 414

Spain, 36, 59, 67, 69, 72, 74; under Charles V, 82, 83, 95, 97; united by Catholic kings, 98, 100, 103, 107; towns in, 111, 113-14, 134, 135; adopts French administrative system, 140, 157, 161, 175, 184, 188, 202, 217; tries to create paper money, 227, 230, 243, 251, 263, 289; and South American empire, 299-304, 308; loses colonies, 317-18, 400

Spanish-American War, 290, 318 Spanish Succession, War of, 83, 150, 161,

188, 243

Sparta, 26, 27, 31, 54, 108

Spartacus, 33 Speenhamland system, 218 sport, nationalization of, 201-2 Sri Lanka, 315, 326, 331

Stacey, J., 356

Stalin, J. V., 75, 237, 322, 372, 385, 402, 411

standing armies, 160 Stanhope, J., 134 Stanislaw II Poniatowski of Poland, 279 Star Chamber, England, 91 ‘Star Wars” program, US, 340 state, the: defined, 1; origins of term,

126-7, 128; territorial character of, 133-4; product of bureaucracy, 137; gathers statistics, 145-7; monopolizes war, 155-65; and crime, 169-70; crystallization of, 178-9; theoretical construction completed, 183; as basic human unit, 185; from means into end, 189; adopts nationalism, 190-1; fascist, 204; takes over education, 210-17; and social security, 216-22; totalitarian, 222-3; and money, 224, 238; develops military technology, 249-50; adopts conscription, 252; builds nuclear weapons, 257; and science, 260; culminates in total war, 262; Russian, 272; Anglo-Saxon, 297; in Latin America, 314; in Asia and Africa, 328, 331-2, 333-5; faces nuclear weapons, 338-48; ceases to expand, 349; builds

up welfare, 354-61; undermined by modern technology, 379-81; multiplicity of, 402; retreat of, 414, 418-19 statistics, origins of, 145-7 Statutes of Praemunire, England, 65 Stein, H. K., 139, 154 Stephen of England, 88 Sterne, L., 185 stoicism, 39 Stolypin, P. A., 275 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties

(SALT), 342

strategoi, 26

strategy, decline of, 348 strel'tsy, eliminated by Peter I, 267 Sudan, 5, 328, 331; civil war in, 353 Sueur, H. le, 124

Sukarno, 327

Suleiman the Magnificent, 41, 84 Sully, M. de Bethune, 72, 84, 86, 113, 187,350

Surete, 167

Swabian League, 105

Sweden, 69, 73, 86, 110, 134, 144, 146, 175, 220, 227, 264; defeated by Peter I, 270; welfare state in, 270, 387

Switzerland, 36, 59, 81; becomes independent, 86, 110; towns in, 115, 190; adopts gold standard, 233, 399 sycophancy, 29 synoikismos, 22 Syracuse, 36, 56, 206

Syria, 36, 324, 326, 331, 348; retreats from socialism, 376

Syrian War, 54 szlachta, 276

table holidays, 268 Tacitus, C., 12, 15 taille, 111; instituted to pay for standing army, 148

Taiwan, 327, 334, 371 Talleyrand, C. M. de, 198 T’ang dynasty, 42 Tanzania, 359, 395 taxation: in chiefdoms, 17; in city states, 32-3; in empires, 42, 43-4, 46, 49; under feudalism, 50, 51, 53, 56; and medieval church, 64; in Holy Roman Empire, 79; in early modern Europe, 150-1, 190; in nineteenth-century America, 232-3; during World War I, 234-5; during World War II, 237; in Petrine Russia, 266-7; in Poland, 277, 278; in welfare state, 363, 365 technology, military: development of, 249-51; in World War II, 256-7 telecommunications: monopolized by state, 240, 261, 378; undermine sovereignty, 379-80, 390 telegraph, 208; introduction of, 251, 378-9

Telemachus, 24 terrorism, modern, 399-401 Test Ban Treaty, 342 Teutonic Order, 69

Texas, 289

Thailand, 318, 327, 388

Thatcher, M., 369, 370

Themistocles, 32

themosthetai, 28

Theodore II of Russia, 265

thetes, 13

Thiers, A., 349

Third Department, Russian, 208, 274

Thirty Years War, outbreak of, 85-6, 96; effect on German unity, 102, 110, 132, 144, 153, 159, 169,227, 243

Tiberius, J. C., 44

Tiglat Pileser III, 43, 47, 162

Tilly, J. T. von, 103

timaion 55

Togo, 388

tort, 4

trace italienne, 157

Trajanus, M. U., 36, 162

Transvaal, 296

Trastamara, House of, 97

treason, 205

Treitschke, H. von, 289

tresoir d’epargne, established, 148

Trevelyan, C., 141

Trojan War, 15

Trotsky, L., 249

Troyes, Treaty of, 93

Truman, H. S., 291

tumultus, 28

Tunisia, 36; retreats from socialism, 376 Turenne, H. de, 244

Turgot, A. G., 230

Turkey, 331, 371, 387, 400

Turner, T., 392

Tutankamun, 46

tyranny, 34

Uganda, 330

Ukraine, 322, 377

unam sanctam ecclesiam, 61, 63, 76

Union douaniere et economique de Afrique centrale (UDEAC), 388

United Kingdom, see Britain

United Nations, 326, 332, 351, 352; rules over war and peace, 353; embraces other international organizations, 383, 384-5, 418; see also Security Council

United States, 147, 150; adopts separation of powers, 183, 185, 207; rise of police in, 209; universities in, 216, 217, 220; and social security, 221-2, 231; creates Federal Reserve System, 234;

government during World War I, 234-5, 236, 241, 252, 256, 261, 274; first constitution of, 284; artificial creation, 285, 287; civil war in, 288; ‘chip-on-the-shoulder nation”, 290; expansion of government, 291; and Canada, 293, 294, 304, 305, 307, 318; imperial mission of, 321, 324; and decolonization, 325, 330, 332, 336; uses nuclear weapons, 338, 341-2; armed forces of, 345-6, 347, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358, 359; builds welfare state, 360-1; welfare state dismantled, 362-3, 364, 365-6; and privatization, 371, 372, 377; and United Nations, 384-5, 386; and NAFTA, 388, 390, 395, 400, 404; private police in, 405; develops gated communities, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 414

Urban IV, pope, 63 Urena, count of, 99 Uruguay, 306, 308, 388 US Bank, 231,286 USSR, see Soviet Union Utraquist Church, 65 Utrecht, Treaty of, 116

Valla, L., 65 Vasari, G., 124 Vattel, E., 164

Vauban, S. le Pretre de, 143, 246 Vega, G. de la, 47 Velazquez, D., 124

‘‘velvet revolution,” 375 venal offices, 131-2 Venezuela, 306, 384 Venice, 80, 108, 109 Vergara, E., 314 Versailles, 123 Versailles Conference, 324 Vespasian, T. F., 42 Vicksburg, Battle of, 288 Victoria of Great Britain, 316 Vidocq, F., 167 Vienna, Congress of, 270

Vietnam, 290, 327; war in, 347; invaded by China, 352, 359; retreats from socialism, 376, 397-8, 413

Vikings, 282

Villa, P., 309 Villalar, Battle of, 114 Virgil, P., 84

Virginia, 144, 282, 315, 387 Virginia Plan, 285 virtu, 175

Visconti, G., 80 Visconti family, 79 Voice of America (VOA), 393 Volkswagen, 241, 357

Voltaire, F. M. A., 145, 186, 188, 204 votchiny, 264, 265

Waldensians, 64 Wallenstein, A. von, 103 Walpole, R., on taxation, 152 wanax, 21

war: in tribes without rulers, 7-8; in chiefdoms, 17-18, 19; as waged by empires, 41-2; in Middle Ages, 155-6; prisoners of, 161; monuments to, 162; in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 164; monopolized by state, 170, 188; French Revolutionary and Napoleonic, 191; as supreme test of the state, 196; increasing size of, 242-3; and industrial revolution, 249-50; modern theories of, 253-5; and nuclear weapons, 338-44; since 1945,397-400

War Industries Board, US, 239

War of 1812, 286, 288

War of Devolution, 187

Wars of Liberation, German, 199, 213 Wars of the Roses, 91

Warsaw Pact, 344 Warwick, earl of, 91, 103 Washington, G., 279, 286 Waterloo, Battle of, 250 ‘‘Way of the People,” 275 Webb, B., 215 Weber, M., 258, 408 Wesley, J., 184 West Germany, 357, 361, 363, 364, 365;

and privatization, 370-1

West India Company, 161, 316

West Point, 211

West Virginia, 209

Weston v. Charleston, 286

Westphalia, Peace of, 86, 102, 160, 191, 415

White Mountain, Battle of, 85

Wild, J., 166

‘‘Will of the People,” 275

William of Ockham, 76-7

William Rufus, 88

William the Conqueror, 88

William the Silent of Orange, 72, 116

William I, German Emperor, 214

William II, German Emperor, 142

William IV of Bavaria, 101-2

William III of England, 134, 154, 187

Wilson, W., 262

Winstanley, G., 144, 210

Wolsey, T., 70

World Bank, 376

World Economic Forum, 390

World Trade Organization, 384

World War I, 215, 234, 237; and property rights, 238, 252; logistics in, 253, 256, 259, 261, 275, 290, 309, 321; and Third World nationalism, 323, 345

World War II, 235; taxation in, 237; mobilization for, 241, 242; as total war, 255-8, 259, 290, 291, 293, 309, 312, 322, 324, 332; use of nuclear weapons in, 338, 339, 340, 346, 348, 349, 351; and origins of welfare state, 354, 368, 372, 374, 384, 392; as turning point in warfare, 395, 408, 413

Worms, Diet of, 81

Württemberg, 102

Xenophon, 172

Xerxes, 40, 48, 246

Xhosa tribe, 296

Yeltsin, B., 343,412

Yemen, 353

York, House of, 91

Yugoslavia, 255, 352, 396, 414

Zaire, Belgian rule in, 318, 326, 334, 388 Zapatista movement, 312

Zeydlitz, K. von, 211

Zheng He, 45

Zimbabwe, 376

Zionism, 203

Zulu, 15, 19, 296

Zwingli, H., 68