Index

Page references in bold type indicate a more in-depth treatment of the subject.

9/11 161, 164,169

Abbott, Tony vii-xi, xiv, 112 accountability 7, 11-12,15 Acemoglu, Daron 36 act (Australian Capital Territory) 148 Act Respecting the Exercise of the

Fundamental Rights and Prerogatives of the Quebec People and the Quebec State (2000) 80

Addis Ababa 194, 194n3, 195-196

Addisson, Tony 191

Afar (Ethiopia) 192m, 193 Africa 9, 218,221

centralization/decentralization 7,

191,221

institutional reform 191-192, 197-198

see also Ethiopia; South Africa; Zimbabwe African National Congress (anc) 167, 199,

204, 205,214

Ahmed, Abiy 197 aihw (Australian Institute of Health and

Welfare) 145

Alberdi, Juan Bautista 174n4

Alberta 97, 98, 104,107

see also prairie provinces (Canada) Althusius, Johannes 17, 41,54-55 Althusser, Louis 159 Ambrosini, Gaspare 49 Amhara (Ethiopia) 192m, 193, 196,

198,198n6

anc (African National Congress) 167, 199, 204, 205,214

Anderson, Janet 143, 144,145

Anderson, William 114 anthropology

models in political science 27-29

new anthropology 27, 29-33, 3^m5,

41,220

anzsog (Australia and New Zealand School of Government) 146m

apartheid regime (South Africa) 162,199

Aportes del Tesoro Nacional a las Provincias

(emergency fund, Argentina) 178 Appelbaum, Yoni 39 Arban, Erika 6,220

Argentina

co-determination 183,185 constitution/constitutional

reform 172-173, I72n2

economic crisis (2001-2) 181 federal spending power 173,185 fiscal federalism 172, 173, 178-186 regulated autonomy 183-184,186 revenue-sharing/distribution

system 178, 179,181 sub-national/provincial tax autonomy 7,

172, 173, 177tab., 179, 182, 183, 184, 185-186

system of federal finances 172 taxes/tax reform 182tab.

Gross Income Tax (iib) 178, 179, 180-181, 180tab., 182-183, 182-183n14, 182tab.

Property Tax (ii) 180, 18otab.

Retail Sales Tax 180-181

Stamp Tax (is) 178, 179, 180tab.,

181,183n14

Tax on Bank Debits and Credits 182 tax burden 184tab.

Value Added Tax 178n9,179

tax regulations/laws/fiscal pacts 172, ¹79^,185

Federal Agreement for Production and Growth 180-181, 180tab.

fiscal consensus 182-183, 182tab.

fiscal responsibility laws 184-185

Law 23.548 179

Transitory Law for the Distribution of

National Resources (1988) 3, 178-179

Aristotle 30, 33n10,41

Asensio, Miguel Angel 7, 172, 175n5,222 asymmetric approaches 81, 149, 159, 164-165, 166-167, 169-170,184

Atlantic Canada, federal Liberal support

in 91, 99-100, loofg., 102, 105, 106/tg. Attorneys General Conference (Mexico) 168 Australia 12on6, 217,218

Canada vs. 8, 139-140,221 constitution ix, 56 cooperative federalism viii, 141, 143,

146.153

education/schools xii-xiii, 8, 119, 138,

141.153 environment 117

federal reform/dynamics vii-xv, 113-114, 129, 130,144

Green Paper on Reform of

Federation xi,xii

White Paper on Reform of Federation process vii, viii, x-xiii, xiv, 112 grant funding ix, 125, 125n7, 141-142,144 health care federalism 137, 138, 139-140,

142, 148, 152-153,221

health care system 140-144 centralization/decentralization 138, 139, 145-152

funding and policy making 118, 137, 141-142, 144-145,152

health insurance 139,141 intergovernmental cooperation/ relations 143, 146, 148-152, 153,221 reform of 143-146

see also Local Hospital Networks income tax division ix, xiii, 141 intergovernmental cooperation/

relations 8, 21, 112, 117-118, 121, 143, 145-146, 148-152, 153,221 intergovernmental management 112-114,

115-130

discursive styles of public servants/ officials 122-128,129

‘ideational layer' of 114, 119-128

‘institutional layer' of 114, 116-119 origins of federalism viii-ix power distribution/division ix-x state hospitals,

decentralization of system governance 146-152 funding of 140, 144-145,152 taxation/tax reform ix, 141 vetoes/veto rights 21

Australian Capital Territory (act) 148

Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care 145

Australian Constitutional Values Survey (2014) 112

Australia and New Zealand School of

Government (anzsog) 146m

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (aihw) 145

Austria-Hungary 49 authoritarianism 7,163 authority, independence vs.

definition 8-9,52,53

democracy and 15-17

in federal vs. regional systems 47,51-52 identification with federalism 4, 5, 14-15,219

interdependence vs. 4, 6, 12-13, 19,

20,219

relevance in 21st century context 3-4 sovereignty vs. 6, 53, 56-57, 58,220 see also local autonomy; self-rule/self- government; tax autonomy

Ayele, Zemelak 193, 195,221

B & B Commission (Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Canada) 73

Baier, Gerald 89,223

Baird, Mike x

Bakvis, Herman 89, 93,223

balance of power see power distribution/ division

Baldwin, JohnR. 88

Balfour Report (Canada, 1926) 88n2,105

Banfield, Andrew C. 93

Banting, Keith 139,140

bargaining power see power distribution/ division

Barnett, Chris 36

Bartley, Tim 30,37

Barton, Elsa 149

Basque Country 163

Baum, Fran 149

Bayley 159

Beaud, Olivier 56,57

Bednar, Jenna 4,11

Beer, Samuel 20

Behnke, Nathalie 22

Beland, D. 119

Belgium 51

Benes, Bedrich 34

Benishangul-Gumuz (Ethiopia) 192m, 194Ï2 Bennett, Christine C. 145

Benz, Arthur 4, 6, 7, 8-9, 19, 21, 22, 114,219 Berhanu, Kassahun 193

Berhe, Tsegay 197

bicameralism 16, 21,179

Bicchieri, Cristina 35

Biggs, Amanda 145

Bin, Roberto 47,49,51

Bird, Richard M. 175,176

Bismark, Marie M. 149

Bittner, Amanda 92

Bittner, Egon 159

Black’s Law Dictionary 52-53

‘blank-slate’ philosophers/

philosophy 28-29,32

Blochliger, Hansjorg 177 tab.

Bloc Quebecois (bq) 81,103

bna (British North America) Act 88n1, 89n4,105

Bodin, Jean 53-54,55,64

Boessenkool, Ken 140

Bogaards, Matthijs 96

Bolleyer, Nicole 6,14,22

Borriello, Arthur 115n2

Botterill, Linda 115

bottom-up models/movements 6, 35,40,41

Boucek, Frangoise 96

Bourassa, Robert 76

Bourgault, Jacques 74

Bourns, Andrew 139

Bowles, Samuel 35

Boxall, Anne-Marie 145

Boychuk, GerardW. 139

Boyd, Robert 35

bq (Bloc Quebecois) 81,103

Brazil

constitutional and legal

framework 162,163

public security 159 centralization of 163,165 intergovernmental relations 167-168 principal security challenges 161

Breen, Michael G.

Breton, Albert 13 British Columbia

federal Liberal support in 91, 98, 102, 102/zg., 104, 105, 106, 106fig.

governing-party seats as percentage of total seats 108fig.

legislature 106,107

British North America (bna) Act 88n1, 89n4,105

Brodeur, Jean-Paul 159 Brooks, Arthur C. 31 Brooks, David 35,39

Broschek, J. 114,119

Brown, A.J. 113

Brown, Douglas 89,223

Brown, Lynsey 149 Brown, Mark 88

Bryner, Gary 41

Buckmaster, Luke 145

Bulawayo (Zimbabwe) 212 Bundesrat (Germany) 20 bureaucracy 191

political vs. bureaucratic dimensions of federalism 112, 119-120

role in federal systems 8,112 see also public servants

Burelle, Andre 69

Burgess, Michael 5, 9, 11, 53, 69-73, 83, 84, 85, 114, 119, 158, 218,219

see also federal spirit

Burridge, Letitia 149 Buzan, Barry 160 Bywood, Petra 149

Cameron, Robert 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 211,212

Canada 50, 88, 217, 218, 220,221

Australia vs. 8, 139-140,221 constitution 51, 56, 77, 79,88-89 constitutional reform/ amendments 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 88-89, 89n4, 101, 103, 105,108 electoral system/elections 92,93, 96 regional electoral support for federal government 91, 95, 96, 98-106, 99fig., wfy. ΐ'φα.. ^ifig., lotfig., 'ֲͷ, 106fig.,109

Canada (cont.)

executive federalism 89-90, 94-95, 96, 105, 108-109,220

federal spirit 69, 73, 74-75, 78, 79,82-85 French-speaking minorities 74,82,83 health care/health-care

federalism 139-140,221 indigenous peoples 76,81,83 intergovernmental cooperation/ relations 92, 93, 96, 99, 103, 107, 109,168

intergovernmental management 113,115 laboratory federalism 140 legislature/legislative dominance 5, 51, 92, 93, 94-95, 95, 96, 98, 106-108,109 nationalism 74,77 nationalization 96 partisan competition/

dynamics 90, 95,98

party system 90, 92-93, 94, 96,220 party system dynamics/intra-party linkages 95-98, 97tab.,109

power distribution/division 90-91, 92-94,220 bargaining independence vs. bargaining authority 90-91, 94-95 federal bargaining 106-108 power/authority/independence of first ministers/party leaders 90-96, 99^,109

public security 158,159 decentralization 164,166 intergovernmental relations 168 principal security challenges 161 role of state institutions 160-161

referendums 73, 74-75, 76, 82, 83, 84,105 taxation, retail sales tax 172m, 180-181 unicameralism 90

veto rights 75, 76, 78, 92, 93

see also Quebec; Quebec-Canada relations Canada Health Act (1984) 139 Canadian Elections Database 91, 98 Cappocia, Giovanni 116

Caramani, Daniele 95, 96

Caron, Jean-Frangois 80

Carre de Malberg, Raymond 54

Carter, DavidJ.

Carty, R. Kenneth 93, 95, 95-96, 98,100

Catalonia (Spain) 163

Central Intelligence Agency (cia) 164 centralization 39,71

Africa 191,221

Brazil 163,165

Canada 69

health care 138, 139, 147,165

India 162, 165,167

public security measures 161, 162-164, 165, 166, 167,169

South Africa 204,205

Zimbabwe 208

Centre for Federal Studies (Kent

University) 70

Centres locaux de services communautairs

(clsc, Quebec) 140

Champagne, Francois 140

Charest, Jean 80

Charlottetown Accord (Canada,

¹99²⁾75 7^6-77,⁸¹

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

(Canada) 89n4

Chen, Duan-jie 175

Chigwata, Tinashe 207, 208, 213,221

Cho, Chung-Lae 114

Chretien, Jean 77, 78,101

Christensen, Clayton 36

cia (Central Intelligence Agency) 164 cities, autonomy (Ethiopia) 194, 194-195,

196, 196-197

civil servants see public servants

Clarity Act (Canada, 2000) 77, 79-80,84 classic federations, regional vs. 47,

48-52,63-64

clsc s (Centres locaux de services communautaires, Quebec) 140 coag (Council of Australian

Governments) viii, x, xiii, 112, 116, 125, 138, 142, 144, 145,149

coag Reform Council viii, 126

Coalition Avenir Quebec 97 coalitions/coalition

agreements 19-20,21, 93

Coalition for Unity and Democracy (cud, Ethiopia) 196

co-determination 174, 183,185

Colander, David 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,40,41

ColdWar 36

Collins, Alan 158 colonialism 162, 191,199 committees 22 communication technology 191,221 competition

intergovernmental/ interjurisdictional 30, 30n4,37,41 for power 6, 28, 29,36-37 for taxes 29

complex order/science of complexity 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,38,41

compound republic see United States Conference of Interior Ministers (Germany) 168

Conlan, Timothy J. 19, 20,113 consensus democracy 21 Conservative Party of Canada (cpc) 97,

97tab., 99fig.,1oon14

consociation, federalism as 17 constituent units 12

definition 4 federal loyalty 71 power of 8, 9, 13, 33, 71, 90, 138, 158,159 constitution-making powers 49,51 sovereignty and autonomy 5, 10-11, 56, 57, 162, 163,164 federal vs.

Constitution Act (Canada, 1982) 75,77 constitutional courts 48

Italy 47, 50, 56,58-64

South Africa 203,214

Zimbabwe 207

constitutionally protected autonomy (Italy) 58-63

constitutional reform/amendment 21,48 Argentina 172

Canada 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 88-89, 89n4, 101, 103, 105,108

Italy 50, 60, 62 constitutions/constitutional rules 21

Argentina 172-173,172n2

Australia ix, 56

Belgium 51

Brazil 162,163

Canada 51, 56, 77, 79, 80, 82,88-89 Ethiopia 194-195, 197,213 federal states 48-49,51

fiscal 172, 173, 176,185

fiscal constitutions, see also Argentina frameworks for public security 162-164,169 Germany 56

India 162

Italy 49, 50, 51, 57-58, 60, 61-63

Mexico 162,163

operating vs. constitutional rule 35n12

South Africa 162, 199, 200-204, 205, 206, 213-214

Spain 49

Switzerland 56

United States 40, 47, 49, 55-56, 64

Zimbabwe 207, 209-210, 211-212,213 conventional/prudential rules, moral

vs. 34-35,35n12

cooperative federalism (Australia) viii, 141, 143, 146,153

Coppinger, Raymond P. 34

Corbett, Stan 139

Corcaci, Andreas 19

Corporations Act (Australia, 2001) 145 corruption 7, 191, 198, 204,205

Corry, JamesA. 223

Council of Australian

Governments see cqag coupling/decoupling of democracy and

intergovernmental relations 19-21,23 covenants 49,51

see also constitutions/constitutional rules cpc (Conservative Party of Canada) 97, 97tab., 99fig.,100n14

Crespy, Amandine 115n2 crime 8, 159, 161, 163,165

see also public security

Cross, William P. 92, 93

cud (Coalition for Unity and Democracy, Ethiopia) 196

Cyr, Hugo 52

Dahl, Robert x, 3, 40n18, 217,218

Dardanelli, Paoli 140

Deakin, Alfred x

decentralization 7-8

Africa 7, 191,221

Ethiopia 193, 194,196

South Africa 165, 199-200, 204-206

Zimbabwe 207-208, 211-213

decentralization (cont.)

Canada 69, 95, 164,166

health care (Australia) 138, 139, 145-152

public security 163-164, 165, 166, 169-170

Spain 163

decision making, co-determination 174,

183,185

decoupling see coupling/decoupling of democracy and intergovernmental relations

Delsol, Chantel 31

democracy

autonomy and 15-17

federalism vs./and 7, 11-12, 16-17, 18-19, 70, 72,84,85

intergovernmental politics/relations and 18,19-23

see also federal democracy Democratic Alliance (South Africa) 204 democratic centralism (South Africa) 204 Deneen, Patrick J. 32,36,39 Denis, Jean-Louis 147

Department of Correctional Services (South Africa) 167

Derthick, Martha 27

descriptive representation, responsive vs. 16

Dessalegn, Haile Mariam 198n6

De Ville, Ferdi 115

Diefenbaker, John 103,104

Di Gresia, Luciano 172

Dilulio, JohnD. 115

Dillon, Karen 36

Dire Dawa (Ethiopia) 194, 194n3,195 discursive institutionalism 114-115, 122,130

discursive styles of public servants/ officials 122-128,129 diversity 36-37 divided sovereignty

Germany 56

Italy 60

Switzerland 56

United States 47, 54,55-57

Dixon,Tim 32

Dogbe, Tony 36

Doser, JanW 19

Duckett, Stephen 137, 140,142

Due, JohnF. 175

Dugdale, Paul 149

Dyck, Rand 97

Early, JohnF. 36

Eberstadt, Nicholas 36

Eccleston, Richard 143 economic development 14, 138, 191, 195,202 economic theory of federalism 13,14 education

Australia xiii, 8, 119, 138, 141,153

Ethiopia 195,198

local social-cultural autonomy and 138 public security and 165

Elazar, Daniel J. 3, 11, 42, 54, 160,218 electoral systems/elections

Canada 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98-106,109

Ethiopia 196

South Africa 201,206

Zimbabwe 207, 209,213 elites/elite interests vii, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 159, 167, 211, 219, 220,222 emergence (concept) 33-36 emerging federations 6,7

see also Argentina; Brazil; Ethiopia;

Mexico; South Africa; Zimbabwe environmental policy 14,117 eprdf (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary

Democratic Front) 192, 193, 196, 198, 198n6,214

Erikson, Erik 31,31n6

Escobedo, Ramon 34 Ethiopia 7,192

constitution (1995)/sub-national constitutions 194-195, 197,213

decentralization 193, 194,196

education 195,198

elections/electoral system 196

ethnic local governments 213 nationality zones vs. liyu-woreda (special districts) 193,194

institutional reform 197-198

local autonomy 194-198

at constitutional/statutory

level 194-196

in practice 196-198

poverty/poverty reduction 192,193 public protest 197-198

regular local governments, cities vs. rural woredas 193-194, 194-197

revenue collection 195-196,197 secession 193

vetoes/veto rights 196,197

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (eprdf) 192, 193, 196, 198, I98n6,214

ethnic communities/ethnically structured local governments 7, 193, 194, 199, 213,217

Europe 54,56

public security 161

European Union 115,115n2

tax harmonization 176, 176(06. executive federalism (Canada) 89-90, 94-95, 96, 105, 108-109,220 expenditure assignment 173, 173-174, 176n6 n. 6-7 external sovereignty 54

Falcon, Giandomenico 47,49,51

Federal Agreement for Production and Growth (Argentina) 180-181, 180tab.

federal comity, federal loyaltyvs. 71 federal courts 5 federal democracy 5,11

autonomy and 15-17

definition x, 3 interdependence and 13-15,17-18 federal dynamics 113-114

‘ideational layer' 114, 119-128

‘institutional layer' 114, 119-128 Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (William Riker, 1964) 4, 7, 11, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37,217

federalism

autonomy and 4, 5, 14-15,219 definition/term/concept 217, 219, 220,222

democracy vs./and 7, 11-12, 16-17, 18-19, 70, 72,84,85 see also federal democracy

future research 222

goals 7,12,17

interdependence and 13-15,17-18 old/standard vs. new/alternative concepts/models 4-5, 6-7, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36-37, 38, 39-40, 41,217

origins and operations 4, 17,27-29 see also human nature

significance/relevance 3,36-41 sovereigntyvs. 56 see also fiscal federalism; health-care federalism; human nature; multinational federalism; quasi-federalism

Federalist Paper 17 (Alexander

Hamilton) 159

federal loyalty, federal comityvs. 71 federal political systems 222,223 definition/term 217, 218,223 see also federal states/systems

federal reform/change

Australia vii-xv, 112, 113-114, 129, 130,144 lessons to be learned xiii-xiv

federal spirit 70-73,222

Canada 69, 73, 74-75, 78, 79,82-85 core dimensions/conditions 69,71-72 definition 70,71

federal states/systems

classic vs. regional 47, 48-52,63-64 classification 6

definition 48

federal system as discursive space 128-129

origins 51

regional vs. 47, 49-52, 63-64 role of judiciary/legislative power in 5, 20, 48, 50-51, 174,219

unitary vs. 29-30, 48, 49, 51-52, 56,158 see also federal political systems; federations; quasi-federalism federated entities see constituent units federations 222

definition/term 217,218

see also federal states/systems

Fehr, Ernst 35

Fenna, Alan 8, 17, 116, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143,

144,221

Fenwick, Tracy 223

Fessha, Yonathan 193

ffc (Finance and Fiscal Commission, South Africa) 201, 201n7,203

Fiddick, Laurance 35

Fierlbeck, Katherine 140

Figueiredo, Rui J.P.de 5

Filipov, Mikhail 4,11

Finance and Fiscal Commission (ffc, South Africa) 201, 201n7,203

financial autonomy 48, 50, 186, 213,214 first-generation federal systems see

Australia; Canada; United States first ministers (Canada), power/authority/ independence of 90-96, 99,109 fiscal autonomy see tax autonomy fiscal constitutions 172, 173, 176,185 see also Argentina

fiscal federalism 13, 14, 117,175

Argentina 172, 173, 178-186

Canada 172m

United States 172m

fiscal pacts (Argentina) 172, 179, 180-181, 18otab.

fiscal unions 176,185

Fiseha, Assefa 193, 196,197

Florestano, PatriciaS. 113

Foucault, Michel 28

France 53,56 freedom 27, 32,36,37

definition 37

free trade 14

Friedlaender, Ann F. 175

Friedrich, Carl J. 11,114

Future of Australian Federalism Survey ⁽²⁰¹5) ¹¹3

Gadiel, David 149

Gagnon, Alain-G. 5, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 83,

220,221

Gambella (Ethiopia) 193

Game of Thrones vii, xiv

Garat, Pablo M. 172

Garcia, Marito 197

Garsten, Bryan 38,39n15

Gebre-Egziabher, Tegene 193

Germany 20, 21,120n6

constitution 56

divided sovereignty 56 public security 158, 159,164 centralization/ decentralization 163,166 intergovernmental relations 168 principal security challenges 161

Gibson, Gordon 78, 95

Gierke, Otto von 55

Gillard, Julia 152

Gillespie, James 147

Ginchi (Oromia, 197n6

Gintis, Herbert 35

gnu (government of national unity) see Zimbabwe

Godefroidt, Amelie 191

Governing the Commons (Elinor Ostrom) 34 Graefe, Peter 139

Gramm, Phil 36 grants/grant funding 204

tied/conditional ix, 125, I25n7, 141-142, 144, 197,203

untied/unconditional 125, 185, 195,203 Gray, Gwendolyn 140,141

Great Britain x, 162,206

greed 6, 10, 30, 205,220 Green Paper on Reform of Federation (Australia) xi,xii

Greer, ScottL. 137

Gregg, Samuel 43

Grundgesetz (Basic Law, Germany) 56 Guenette, Dave 83

Haardt, David 140

Haidt, Jonathan 29,30

Hall, Jane 145

Ham, Chris 149

Hamilton, Alexander, Federalist Paper 17 159 happiness, pursuit of 31-32,41

Harare 208,212

Harley, Kirsten 149

Harper, Stephen 84,100n14

Hartman, Christopher 34 Harwood, Jeffrey 113,115

Hataley, Todd 158,162 Hawkins, Stephen 32,39 Hay, Colin 128,130 Hayek, FriedrichA. 35 Hays, Sharon 122 health, public security and 161,165 health-care federalism 138-140

Australia 137, 139-140, 146, 148, 152-153,221

Canada 139-140

intergovernmental cooperation 143, 145-146, 148-152,153

health care/health-care systems 8,139

Australia 140-144,221

Canada 139-140,221 centralization/decentralization 138, 139, 145-152,165

funding 118, 137, 140, 142, 144-145

reform 143-146, 146-152

health insurance (Australia) 139,141

Health Services (Western Australia) see

Local Hospital Networks Hendrie, Delia 143 Hepworth, Julie 149 heterogeneous federations 158 centralization/decentralization 162-163 public security 162,169 see also Canada

Himmelfarb, Gertrude 31

Hirschman, Albert O. 38 historical institutionalism 116,116n4 Hobbes, Thomas 28, 29, 39n15 n. 15-16, 53­54, 55, 64, 219,220

Hollander, Robyn 21,113

Holland, John 43 homogenous federations 158 centralization/decentralization 163-164 public security 162,169 see also Germany

Hood, Christopher 120,120n6

Hooghe, Liesbet 35

Hospital and Health Services (Queensland) see Local Hospital Networks

hospitals/hospital treatment, funding (Australia) 140, 142, 144-145,152

Hueglin, Thomas O. 11,17,55 human nature 28-29 federalism and 6, 27-28,220 new understanding of/new anthropology 27, 29-33, 3^m5, 41,220

Hume, David 31,41

Hurley, James Ross 88n2, 89, 92n7

lacovino, Raffaele 74,78

icc see Italian Constitutional Court

IMF (International Monetary Fund) 191 independence, authority vs. 90-91,94-95 Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (Australia) 145

India

constitutional and legal framework 162 intergovernmental relations 167 public security 159, 164-165,167 centralization 162, 165,167 principal security challenges 161 Indian Union 162

indigenous peoples (Canada) 76,81,83 individualism 28, 32,32n7

In Search of the Federal Spirit (Michael

Burgess) 70-73 institutionalism

discursive 114-115, 122,130

historical 116,116n4

neo- 114

institutional reform (Africa) 191-192, 197-198 interconnectedness 223 interdependence 217,223

autonomy vs. 4, 6, 12-13, 19, 20,219 federalism and 13-15,17-18 Intergovernmental Agreement on

Federal Financial Relations

(Australia) xiii, 144

Intergovernmental Agreement on the Reform of Commonwealth-State Financial Relations (Australia) 144 intergovernmental cooperation/relations/ politics 8,14

Australia 8, 21, 112, 117-118, 121, 143, 145-146, 148-152, 153,221

Brazil 167-168

Canada 92, 93, 96, 99, 103, 107, 109,168 democracy and 8,19-23

Germany 168

health care 143, 145-146, 148-152,153

India 167

intergovernmental management vs./

and 112, 112m, 117

Mexico 167,168

politicization of intergovernmental relations 167-168

public security 164, 167-168, 170,221

South Africa 167-168

Spain 167,168

Switzerland 164,168 intergovernmental coordination 13,17-19 intergovernmental councils 22 intergovernmental management 130

Australia 112-114, 115-130

Canada 113,115

discursive styles of public servants/

officials 122-128,129

‘ideational layer' 114, 119-128

‘institutional layer' 114, 116-119 intergovernmental relations vs./and 112, 112n1,117

political vs. bureaucratic dimensions 112, 119-120 intergovernmental management (cont.) role of individual agency 116-118 formal rules 118 mandates 118-119 policy-specific strategies 119 trust in public servants/officials 121-122 United States 113

internal sovereignty 54

International Association of Centers for

Federal Studies (Australia) xv

International Association of Federal Studies, 2018 Conference 6

International Monetary Fund (imp) 191 international sovereignty 54

Inwood, GregoryJ. 113

Italian Constituent Assembly 49

Italian Constitutional Court (icc) 47,50 on sovereignty and autonomy 47, 58-64

Italy constitution 49, 50, 51, 56, 57-58,

60, 61-63 constitutionally protected autonomy 6,

47,58-64

limits to regional powers 58-59, 61, 62-63,64

constitutional reform/ amendment 50, 60, 62 financial and fiscal autonomy 50 local interests/local autonomy 50, 57-58, 64

referendums 50,60 regional councils vs. national parliament 61-63,64

regionalism 50,57-58

role of judiciary/legislative power see Italian Constitutional Court

State-Region Conference 50

‘Unity and Indivisibility of the State' principle 59-60,62,64

Jabko, Nicolas 117

Jackson, Gregory 114

Jackson, Richard 191

Javanparast, Sara 149

jcpc (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Great Britain) 88,88n1

Jefferson, Thomas 31

Johannesburg 200

Johns, Carolyn M. 113

Johnston, Richard 101

Jones, Mark 96

Juan-Torres, Miriam 32

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (jcpc, Great Britain) 88,88n1

judiciary

role in federal systems 5, 20, 48, 50-51, 174,219

see also constitutional courts;

supreme courts

Kalanga (minority ethnic group,

Zimbabwe) 208

Karcher, Sebastian. 114

Kashmir 162

Kass, Leon R. 38

Kasurak, Peter 166

Kasuya, Yuko 96

Katterl, Rachel 149

Keen, Michael 176115

Kekes, John 31,32

Kelemen, R. Daniel 116

Kennedy, Justice Anthony McLeod 55-56

Kenya 192

Kessler, Martin 36

Kincaid, John 18, 30, 37, 140, 160,184n18

King, David 173n3, 177 tab.

Kolling, Mario 158, 162, 169,221

Kollmann, Ken 95

Koop, Royce 92, 98

Kossler, Karl 53, 54,55,56

Kupers, Roland 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,40,41

laboratory federalism (Canada) 140

Labor Party (Australia) 141,144

Lachapelle, Guy 75

Laforest, Guy 80,84-85

Lago, Ignacio 96

Lamarche, Paul A. 140

Lancaster House constitution 206

Lane, Ruth 32, 32n7, 34,35,39

Langer, Arnim 191

Langlois, Simon 77,80

Latin America see South America

Laurendeau, Andre 73

Laurier, Wilfrid 101,105

Lazar, Harvey 88

Lecours, Andre 119 legislature (Canada) 5, 51, 92, 93, 94-95, 95,

96, 98, 106-108,109

Lehmbruch, Gerhard 20

Lenihan, Donald G. 69

Leuprecht, Christian 158, 162, 166, 169,221

Levesque, Rene 83,103

Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes) 28,53 lhn s see Local Hospital Networks liberal democracy 162

Liberal Party of Canada (lpc) 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 96, 97,97tab.

election results 98-106, 99fig., 100fig., mfy. irtfig., wfig., lorfg., ¹⁰⁶fig. Liguria (Italy) 62-63 linguistic autonomy 163 linguistic diversity/minorities 57, 72, 88, 164, 165, 167, 192,217

French-speaking minorities

(Canada) 74,82,83

Livingston, William S. 27, 217, 218-219,

219,222

liyu-woreda (special districts,

Ethiopia) 193,194

local autonomy

Ethiopia 194-198

Italy 50, 57-58,64 local control 40

South Africa 200-206

Zimbabwe 208-213

local government structures

Ethiopia 193-194

South Africa 200

Zimbabwe 208

Local Health Districts and Speciality

Networks (New South Wales) see

Local Hospital Networks

Local Hospital Networks (lhn s,

Australia) 146,147

cooperation with Medicare Locals/

Primary Health Networks 146, 148-152

barriers 149

local influence 149-150, 150tab., 151fig. profile/standing 150

quality of relationship 150-152,

152tab.

decentralization of state hospital system governance 146-152 objectives and responsibilities of boards 147-148

research project/survey on 146-152 Locke, John 28,30

Lodge, Martin 120,120n6

London Morning Post x

Loughlin, John 54

Lowi, Theodore J. 32,39

Lowndes, Vivien 115

lpc (Liberal Party of Canada) 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 96, 97, 97tab.

election results 98-106, 99/zg., 100/tg., mfy·, ^fig., ¹⁰4fig.^{, 106}fig.

McArdle, Megan 35

Macdonald, Christine R. 143

McGregor, Janyce 82

MacIntyre, Alasdair 39

McLure, Charles 176

McRoberts, Kenneth 73,78

Madison, James 27m, 40n18,41 Mainwaring, Scott 96

Maioni, Antonia 139

Maiz, Ramon 70

Manent, Pierre 32, 38,39n15

Mangiameli, Stelio 49

Manicaland (Zimbabwe) 208 Manitoba (Canada) 107

Mapuva, Jephias 207, 208, 210-211,

211,212

Marando, Vincent L. 113

Marche (Italy) 63 Marchildon, Gregory P. 139 Marcuse, Herbert 28 market economies 31,34

Marks, Gary 35

Martin, George vii

Marx, Karl 28,39n15

Masset, Edoardo 36

Mathieu, Felix 5, 83, 220,221

Maynard, Jean-Pierre 88

Meadows, Donella H. 38

Medibank (Australia) 141

Medical Benefits Scheme (Australia) 142 Medicare (Australia) 139, 140, 141,146 Medicare (Canada) 139,140

Medicare Locals/Primary Health Networks (mls/phns, Australia) 145-146,148 cooperation with Local Hospital

Networks 146, 148-152 barriers 149 local influence 149-150, 150tab., ¹51fig·

profile/standing 150 quality of relationship 150-152,

152 tab.

Meech Lake Accord (Canada, 1987­

1990) 75-76, 77, 81, 84, 92n7

Mehra, Ajay K. 159

Meuleman, Bart 191

Mexico

authoritarianism 163

constitutional and legal

framework 162,163

public security 159,165 centralization/ decentralization 163,165 intergovernmental relations 167,168 principal security challenges 161

Mhlanga, Brilliant 208,212

Milbank, John 32,34,39

Minister of Public Security Council (Mexico) 168

Minogue, Kenneth 39

minorities 167,170

empowerment 3, 40,213

protection 72, 73,83,85

minority governments 20,21

Mitchell, DanielJ. 36

Miti, George P. 207, 208, 210-211, 211,212 ml s/phn s see Medicare Locals/Primary

Health Networks

Mnangagwa, Emmerson 207

Moenius, Johannes 96

Moll, Henrike 29

Monderman, Hans 35,41

Montero, Jose 96

Moore, Alfred 39,40 moral rules, conventional/prudential

vs. 34-35,35n12

moral sense/values 28, 29, 30-31, 32, 32-33n8

Morgol, Goktug 34, 34n11,35,40

Movement for Democratic Change (Zimbabwe) 212

Moyo, Philani 208,211

Muchadenyika, Davison 207,208 Mueller, Sean 22

Mugabe, Robert 207

Mulroney, Brian 75,84 multinational federalism 13, 69,83,85 see also Canada

multi-party democracy 208,213

Municipal Public Security Conference (Mexico) 168

Muro, Cristina 34

Musgrave, Peggy 175

Musgrave, RichardA. 175

Myanmar 7

National Council of Provinces (ncop, South Africa) 201,202

National Healthcare Agreement (nha, Australia) 144

National Health Funding Body

(Australia) 145

National Health and Hospital Network Agreement (nhha, Australia) 145

National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (nhhrc, Australia) 144

National Health Reform Agreement (nhra, Australia) 145, 146, 152,153 decentralization of state hospital system governance under 146-152 nationalism (Canada) 74,77 nationality zones (Ethiopia) 193,194 nationalization (Canada) 96 National Prosecuting Authority (South Africa) 167

National Public Security Council

(Mexico) 168

National Security Agency (nsa) 164 Navarre (Spain) 163

ncop (National Council of Provinces, South Africa) 201,202

Ncube, Cornelias 208,211

Ndebele (ethnic group, Zimbabwe) 206,208 ndp (New Democratic Party, Canada) 81, 97, 97tab., 98, 99fig., 103

Negussie, Solomon 195 neo-institutionalism 114 neoliberalism 8,36

Nepal 7

Netherlands 162

New Brunswick (Canada) 107

New Democratic Party (ndp, Canada) 81, 97, 97tab., 98, 99fig.,i03

Newfoundland and Labrador

(Canada) iooni4,io7

New South Wales (Australia) x, 146, i47n2,i48

decentralization and intergovernmental cooperation in health care vptab., i52 tab.

nga (National Healthcare Agreement, Australia) i44

ngos 222

nhha (National Health and Hospital Network Agreement, Australia) i45 nhhrg (National Health and

Hospitals Reform Commission, Australia) i44, i45

nhra see National Health Reform Agreement

Nicholson, Caroline i49 Non-Governmental Organizations

(ngos) 222

non-parliamentary federations i9 norms and values 37,38,40

see also moral sense/values

North-East India i62

Northern Territory (nt, Australia) i48

Nova Scotia (Canada) 99,i07 nsa (National Security Agency) i64 nt (Northern Territory, Australia) i48 Nunez Minana, Horacio i72

Oates, Wallace E. 30,37

officials see public servants/officials

Ojomo, Efosa 36

Oliver, Peter 64

Olson, Mancur i38

Ontario

federal Liberal support in 9i, ioo-ioi, ioifig., i02, i05, io6fig.

legislature i07

open federalism (Canada) 80,84 operating rules, constitutional vs. 35ni2 Orbie, Jan ii5

order

complex order/science of complexity 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,38,4i

nature of 29

spontaneous order 33-35,36

see also top-down control/uniformity/ order

Ordeshook, Peter C. 4,11

O'Reilly, Patricia L. 113 organized crime 8, 159, 161, 163,165

see also public security

Oromia (Ethiopia) 192m, 193, 195, 196-197, 197-198116,198

Ostrom, Elinor 34, 35n12, 39, 40, 42,115

Ottawa 69, 74, 77, 77-78, 82,102

see also Quebec-Canada relations

Pabst, Adrian 32,34,39

Page, ScottE. 37

Painter, Martin 18,138

Palermo, Francesco 53, 54,55,56

Palley, HowardA. 140

Pally, Marcia 34,39

Paris, Roland 36

Parizeau, Jacques 77,83

Parkes, Sir Henry viii-ix, xi parliamentary democracy 19-20,21 Parti Quebecois (pq) 74, 77, 83,103 partisans

discursive styles of 123-124

partisan competition/dynamics

(Canada) 90,95,98

party leaders (Canada) power/authority/ independence 90-96, 99,109

party politics, polarization 20,21

Patapan, Haig 21,113

Patel, Dev 36

Patriation of Constitution (Canada,

1982) 73, 75, 78, 81, 84, 89, 89n4, 101, 103, 105,108

pcp (Progressive Conservatives Party, Canada) 75,80, 97

Peace of Westphalia (1648) 54 peripheral units see constituent units Peterson, Paul E. 138

Petrich, Mark 143

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

(Australia) 143

Phillimore, John 113, 115, 116, 143, 146m, 221 phn s see Medicare Locals/Primary Health

Networks

Pineault, Raynald 140

Pinker, Steven 28,29,30

Pitkin, Hannah 16

Plato 28

Plomin, Robert 29

Podger, Andrew 143

Poirier, Johanne 18,160 polarization of party politics 20,21 police services/forces 159-160

South Africa 165,167 policing, high vs. low policing for public security 159

Policy on Quebec’s Affirmation and Canadian Relations (Quebec government, 2017) 69, 81-82,83

political science, anthropology models in 27-29

Politica Methodice Digesta (Johnannes Althusius) 54-55

populism 4

Porto, Alberto 172,184n18

Portugal 162

Posner, Paul L. 113

Posse Comitatus Act (US, 1878) 164 poverty/poverty reduction 36

Ethiopia 192,193

Powell, Derek 199, 200, 204,205 power

acquisition of/competition for 6, 28, 29, 33, 39,220

of norms 38

power distribution/division 6-7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16,17,47

Australia ix-x

Canada 90-96,220

Italy 58-59, 61, 62-63, 64

legislative power 5, 20, 48, 50, 50-51, 174,219

public security matters 159-161, 162, 169,221

United States 20

Zimbabwe 210-211,212

pq (Parti Quebecois) 74, 77, 83,103 prairie provinces (Canada)

Alberta 97, 98, 104,107

federal Liberal support in 99, 102, 104, 104/zg., 105, 106fig.

Pratchett, Lawrence 115

Primary Health Networks (Australia) see Medicare Locals/Primary Health Networks

Prince Edward Island (Canada) 107

Prisons Conference (Mexico) 168 Progressive Conservatives Party (pcp, Canada) 75,80, 97

Progressive Party of Canada 101,104 provincial tax autonomy (Argentina) 172, 173, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185-186 prudential/conventional rules, moral

vs. 34-35,35n12

Pruysers, Scott 92, 93, 96

public hospitals

decentralization of state hospital system governance (Australia) 146-152 funding 140, 144-145,152 public security 8,221

Brazil 159, 161, 163, 165, 167-168

Canada 158, 159, 160-161, 161, 164, 166,168 centralization/decentralization 161, 162­164, 165, 166, 167, 169-170

constitutional and legal frameworks 162-164,169

federations vs. unitary states 58, 159-161,169

Germany 158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 166,168 high vs. low policing 159

India 159, 161, 162, 164-165,167 intergovernmental relations 164, 167­168, 170,221

Mexico 159, 161, 165, 167,168

power distribution/division 159-161, 162, 169,221

preventive vs. repressive provision of 159 principal challenges 161

prioritization 160

protection against violence vs.

security through education/social development 161,165

security agencies/institutions 160-161 shared rule vs. self-rule 160, 161,166 South Africa 159, 161, 162-163, 164-165, 165, 167,168

Spain 159, 161, 163, 165, 167,168 Switzerland 159, 161, 163-164, 164, 167,168 symetric/asymetric approaches 164-165, 166-167, 169-170

United States 159, 160-161, 161, 164, 166, 168, 168-169 public servants/officials

discursive styles of 122-123,129 agreement makers 125-126 knowledge workers 127-128 networkers 124-125 partisans 123-124 policy drivers 126-127 processors 126

role in intergovernmental management 116-128, 221,222 trust in 121-122

public services 14,18

Punjab 162 Putnam, Robert D. 21

quasi-federalism 6, 47, 64, 73, 88, 218,220 see also Canada; Quebec-Canada relations Quebec 74, 97, 98, 98n13,105

federal Liberal support in 91, 100, 101, 102, 103-104, 103fig., 105, 106, 106/zg., 107/zg. health-care federalism 140 legislature 106-107

Quebec-Canada relations 5, 70, 77, 107,220 centralization/decentralization 69 evolution of negotiations on autonomy and self-determination 73-82 Act Respecting the Exercise of the Fundamental Rights and Prerogatives of the Quebec People and the Quebec State (2000) 80

Charlottetown Accord (1992) 75, 76-77,81

Clarity Act (2000) 77, 79-80,84 Meech Lake Accord (1987-1990) 75-76, 77, 81, 84,92n7

Patriation of Constitution (1982) 73, 75, 78, 81, 84, 89, 89n4, 101, 103, 105,108 Policy on Quebec’s Affirmation and Canadian Relations (2017) 69, 81-82,83 Reference re. Secession of Quebec (1998)/right to secede 72-73, 78-79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85,105 Sovereignty-Association Referendum (1980) 73, 74-75, 82,83,84 Sovereignty-Partnership Referendum ⁽¹995) 77» 7^8,82,83

(lack of) federal spirit/containment politics 69, 73, 74-75, 78, 79,82-85 open federalism 80,84 veto rights 75,76,78

Quebec National Assembly 74,80,84

Queensland (Australia) 146,148 decentralization and intergovernmental cooperation in health care 150tab., i52tab.

Quiet Revolution (Quebec) 105

Rabesona, Josette 177 lab.

‘race-to-the-bottom’ hypothesis 6,29-33 racism 37-38,161

Radelet, Steven 36

Rajkumar, Andrew S. 197 Ramamurthy, Vijaya L. 143, 146m, 149,221 Reagan, Ronald 8

Reference re. Secession of Quebec (1998) 72-73, 78-79, 80, 83,84,85 referendums

Canada 73, 74-75, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84,105 Italy 50,60

Switzerland 21

reform see federal reform/change Reformed Protestantism 17 Reform of the Federation White Paper (Australia) vii, viii, x-xiii, xiv, 112 regionalism 49, 51, 57,220 regional states/systems 6,49 autonomy and sovereignty 47 classic federations vs. 47, 48-52, 63-64 origins 51 role of judiciary/legislative power 50-51 unitary vs. 49,51 see also Italy; Spain

regulated autonomy (Argentina) 183-184,186

Renan, Ernest 70

responsive representation, descriptive vs. 16 revenue collection/sharing

Argentina 178, 179,181

Ethiopia 195-196,197

Zimbabwe 210

see also taxation

revenues 174

see also taxes

Rhodesia see Zimbabwe

Ridley, Matt 29, 30, 39, 39n17,40

Riedl, Jasmin 158

Riker, William 3, 6, 90, 94, 109, 217, 218, 219-220, 221,222

Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (1964) 4, 7, 11, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37,217

Robertson, Gordon 69

Robinson, JamesA. 36

Robinson, Suzanne 143, 149,152 Romanticism 32,39ni6

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 28, 30, 32,39ni5 Rowell-Sirous Commission (Royal

Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, Canada) 89n3

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (B & B Commission, Canada) 73

Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (Rowell-Sirois Commission, Canada) 89n3

Roy, Sutirtha 36 Rudd, Kevin viii, 144,152 Ruggiu, Ilenia 49

Sachs, Jonathan 32,39

St. Laurent, Louis Stephen 101,102 Sammut, Jeremy 149

Sandefur, Justin 36

Sardinia 60-61

Saskatchewan (Canada) 107,140 Saskatchewan Party (Canada) 97 Saunders, Carla 149

Saunders, Cheryl 18,160

Savoie, Donald D. 93

Sayers, Anthony M. 8, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98,220 Schakel, Arjan 95

Scharpf, Fritz W. 15,18,21 Schelling, Thomas C. 31,34

Schmidt, Vivian A. 114, 115,122 Schneiberg, Marc 30,37 scholars/scholarship 4

Anglo-American tradition 52,55 early federalism scholars 223 see also Dahl, Robert; Livingston, William S.; Riker, William; Wheare, Kenneth C.

future research 222

old vs. new concepts/models of federalism 4-5, 6-7, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36-37, 38, 39-40, 41,217

Schon, DonaldA. 130

Schütze, Robert 56 science of complexity see complex order/ science of complexity

Scott, Frank R. 89

Scottish philosophers/philosophy 30-31 Scotton, Richard B. 143

secession 6

Ethiopia 193

Zimbabwe 212

see also Quebec-Canada relations security see public security self-determination see autonomy; Quebec-

Canada relations

self-interest 31n5,37,39 self-rule/self-government 3, 7, 40-41, 48,218 public security 160, 161,166 see also autonomy

self-sustaining federations 4 Senate/senates 48, 50,174 Shah, Anwar 173

Shakespeare, William vii shared public spaces/'shared space'

intersections 35, 35n13,41 shared rule 3, 13, 48,218

public security 160, 161,166 Sharma, Chanchal H. 191 Sharman, Campbell 19 Sheingate, Adam 117 Sheptycki, James 160 Shleifer, Andrei 36

Shona (ethnic group, Zimbabwe) 206,208 Short, Stephanie D. 149

Shvetsova, Olga 4,11

Sicily 61

Siegfried, Andre 92

Simeon, Richard 88,89, 93 single-member plurality (smp) elections

(Canada) 93,96

Les Six Livres de la Republique (Jean

Bodin) 53

Smiley, Donald V 88

Smith, Adam 31, 31n5,34,41

Smith, Rodney 113

Smith, Troy E. 6-7, 30, 37, 219-220 smp (single-member plurality) elections

(Canada) 93,96

snnp (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and

Peoples' Region, Ethiopia) 193 social democracy 162 social development, public security

and 161,165

social science, standard model of 28, 30, 31, 33> 35, 36-37,38-39

Somali (Ethiopia) I92ni,i93 Sonnicksen, Jared 19 South Africa 198-199

apartheid regime 162,199 centralization/decentralization 165,

199-200, 204-206

combined federalism/unitarianism 192 constitutional and legal framework 162,

199, 200-204, 205, 206, 213-214 democracy in 199, 204,206 elections/electoral system 201,206 ethnic communities/provinces 199 grant funding 203,204 income disparity 206 integration 205-206 local autonomy 7

at constitutional/statutory

level 200-203

factors undermining 204 impact on decentralization objectives 204-206 in practice 203-204 local government structures,

district municipalities/

councils 200,201 integrative and peace-building potential 199-200, 205-206 legislative/executive authority of municipalities 201,203 local municipalities/councils 200 metropolitan municipalities/ councils 200,201 public service delivery by municipalities 201-202,205 transition of 199-200,205 urban vs. rural municipalities 204 provincial autonomy 203,205 public security 159, 164-165 centralization 162-163,165 intergovernmental relations 167,168 principal security challenges 161 revenue collection 202-203,204 South African Police Service 165,167 South America 7,218

see also Argentina; Brazil; Mexico

South Australia xi

Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples'

Region (snnp, Ethiopia) 192m, 193 South Sudan 191 sovereign authority see self-rule/

self-government sovereignty

Anglo-American vs. Continental

European/Roman Law tradition 55 autonomy vs. 6, 53, 56-57, 58,220 of constituent units in federal vs. regional systems 47, 50, 51-52, 61, 63, 64 definition/term 52-53,54 divided 47, 54,55-57 external 54 federalismvs. 56 internal 54 international 54 origins 53-55 to create unified society 28 Sovereignty-Association Referendum

(Canada, 1980) 73, 74-75, 82,83,84 Sovereignty-Partnership Referendum

(Canada, 1995) 77, 78,82,83 Soviet Union 49 Spain 6, 51, 56,172n2

authoritarianism 163 constitution 49 decentralization 163 public security 159,165 intergovernmental relations 167,168 principal security challenges 161 Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) 49 Spector, Lee 34 spending power, federal 173, 174-175,185 spontaneous order 33-35,36 Sproule-Jones, Mark 93 Sri Lanka 7 state hospitals see public hospitals State Region Conference (Italy) 50 Stepan, Alfred 4,7,12 Stewart, David K. 95, 98 Steytler, Nico 199, 200, 202,204 Strauss, Leo 37 Structural Adjustment Programmes

(Africa) 191 Studdert, David M. 149 Suarez-Cao, Julieta 95 Subramanian, Arvind 36

Sudan 191

Supreme Court of Canada 5, 51,88ni

Reference re. Secession of Quebec (1998) 72-73, 78-79, 80, 83,84,85 supreme courts 5, 48, 51,174 Swenden, Wilfried 95 Switzerland 12, 21, 49,167

constitution 56

divided sovereignty 56 intergovernmental cooperation 164 public security 159, 164,167 centralization/decentralization 163-164, 166,167 intergovernmental relations 164,168 principal security challenges 161

referendums 21

Tasmania 146,148

Tasse, Roger 69 tax assignment 173, 175tab. taxation

competition for taxes in federal states 29

decentralized 14

see also fiscal federalism; revenue collection/sharing

tax autonomy 48, 185, 221-222

Argentina 7, 172, 173, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185-186

Italy 50

levels of 176-178, 177tab. taxes

corporate tax 175, 175tab.

excise tax 175tab., 176, 18otab. income tax 175, 175tab.

Argentina 178, 179, 180-181, 18otab., 182-183, 182-183n14, 182tab. Australia ix, xiii, 141

local tax 175tab.

national tax 175tab. property tax 175, 175tab.

Argentina 180, 18otab.

regional tax 175tab.

sales tax 175, 175tab.

Argentina 180-181

stamp tax (Argentina) 178, 179, 180tab., 181,183n14

Value Added Tax (Argentina) 178n9,179 tax harmonization 176, 176n7, 176n8,185 Tax Reform White Paper (Australia) ix technological developments 191,221 teleology (concept, Aristotle) 33Ï10 Telford, Hamish 88

Tenterfield address (Sir Henry

Parkes) viii-ix, xi terrorism 8, 158,221

see also public security Tetlock, Philip E. 35,36 Thelen, Kathleen 114 third-generation federations 222

see also Africa; South America Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) 54 Thompson, FrankJ. 22 Thompson, Jeremy 146 Thorlakson, Lori 6, 14,16, 95 Tiebout, Charles M. 13,175 Tigray (Ethiopia) 192m, 193, 196,197 Tigray People's Liberation Front (tplf, Ethiopia) 197

Timmins, Nicholas 149 Tocqueville, Alexis de 40,41 Tomasello, Michael 29

Tonga (minority ethnic group,

Zimbabwe) 208

top-down control/uniformity/order 7, 28, 29,39,41

federalism vs. 30,33

spontaneous and complex order

vs. 34,35,36

see also ’race-to-the-bottom' hypothesis tplf (Tigray People's Liberation Front, Ethiopia) 197 ‘tragedy-of-the-commons' events 39 Transitory Law for the Distribution of National Resources (Argentina, 1988) 3, 178,179

Trans-Mountain Pipeline (Canada) 98 Treisman, Daniel 11

tribalism 29,32,40 Troper, Michel 53,54

Trudeau, Justin 81,82 Trudeau, Pierre E. 73, 74, 78, 84, 102, 103, 104,105

trust 40-41, 121-122 Tsige, Tamiru 198 Tudge, Alan xii Turnbull, Malcolm xii-xiii Tuschman, Avi 29,30 unicameralism (Canada) 90 Unikowski, Isi 8, 221,222 unitary states/systems 47, I74n4 federal vs. 29-30, 48, 49, 51-52,56 regional vs. 49,51 security 158 see also Zimbabwe

United Conservative Party (Canada) 97 United States 12, 17, 27m, 37-38, 51, 61, 166, 181, 217, 218,219

constitution (1787) 40, 47, 49,

55-56, 64

Declaration of Independence 31,40 divided sovereignty 47, 54,55-57 fiscal federalism 172m intergovernmental management 113 nationalization 96 power distribution 20,21 public security 159 centralization/ decentralization of 164 intergovernmental relations 168, 168-169 principal security challenges 161 role of state institutions

160-161

role of judiciary 20 spontaneous order 34 waivers 22

universal public health care (Australia) 139,141 upper chambers 48,50 US Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 114

Vaillancourt, Francois 176 Vampa, Davide 96 Vanderbilt, Tom 35 Varhol, Richard 149 Vatter, Adrian 19,21 Veneto 60

Vermeule, Adrian 34 Veronesi, Gianluca 149 vetoes/veto rights

Australia 21

Canada 75, 76, 78,92, 93

Ethiopia 196,197

Vetterli, R. 41

Victoria (Australia) x, xii, 140, 146,148 decentralization and intergovernmental cooperation in health care i^otab., i52tab.

Vipond, Robert C. 88

Visser, Jaap de 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205,

214,221

Wtever, Ole 160

waivers 22

Walter, SimonJ. 149

Wanna, John 144

war on poverty (United States) 36

Watts, Ronald L. 11, 52, 88, 89, 158, 217-218, 222,223

Weimar Republic 49

Weingast, Barry R. 5

welfare states 138

Western Australia 145, 146,147n2 decentralization and intergovernmental cooperation in health care 150tab., 152tab.

Western Cape 204 Westminster-style parliaments (Canada) 90, 92, 93,120

Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 54 Wetherall,Jay xi

Wheare, Kenneth C. 6, 48, 73, 88, 174, 175, 185, 186, 217, 218, 219,222

Wheatley, MargaretJ. 38

White Paper on Reform of Federation process (Australia) vii, viii, x-xiii, xiv, 112 Whitlam, Gough 141

Wilde, Jaapde 160

Williams, Danny 100n14

Wilson, James Q. 29,30

Wincott, Daniel 130

Wong, Kenneth K. 22 woredas (districts, Ethiopia) 193-194, 194, 195, 196, 197,198

World Bank 36,191

Wright, Deil S. 114

Yeatman, Anna 113

Yudkin, Daniel 32

Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 219

Zambia 192

zanu-pf (Zimbabwe African National Union­Patriotic Front) 206, 207, 208, 211,214

Zimbabwe 7, 206-207 centralization/decentralization 207-208,

211-213

constitution 207, 209-210, 211-212, 213 electoral system/elections 207, 209,213 government of national unity (gnu ) 207 legislative reform 211 local autonomy 208

at constitutional level 209-210 impact on realizing decentralization objectives 211-213

in practice 210-211

local government structure 207, 208,209 rural vs. urban local authorities 208, 209,210

multi-party democracy 212 power distribution 210-211,212 public services 207-208, 211-212 revenue collection 210 role of judiciary 211

secession 212

unitarianism 192, 208,209

Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic

Front (zanu-pf) 206, 207, 208, 211, 214

8 The moral sense's influence on human behaviour is limited. James Q. Wilson (1993, p. 251) concluded his study of the human moral sense with this paragraph: ‘Mankind's moral sense is not a strong beacon light, radiating outward to illuminate in sharp outline all that

4 The 2001 constitutional amendment repealed both article 115 (which provided that ‘[r] regions are autonomous entities with their own powers and functions according to the principles

8 Three approaches to tax harmonization. In the context of EU community laws exist: equal­ization, approximation and a differential approach. The strategy for achieving such harmo­nization can be competitive or institutional (Gonzalez Gonzalez 2016).