GENERAL INDEX

Entries in the text are designated by the page number; entries in the notes are designated by the page number followed by a decimal point and the number of the note.

Abdera 56, 62 adultery law 116-17, 124

Aelius Aristides 96, 99, 127

Aemilanus 8, 22-8, 35-6, 41, 65, 113, 134.10, 18, 135.24, 29; and Carthage 22-4; and Panaetius 22-5

Aemilius Lepidus 39, 60

Aemilius Paullus, L.

Aemilius Scaurus 40, 63 aequitas 6, 49, 84, 128

Aetolians 1o, 32-3 Africa/Africans 75, 93, 121, 161.21

Africanus 74

Agesilaus 11

Agrippina 107-8 alimenta 109-10, 160.115, 161.125

ambitus 46

amnesty law 16, 133.27

Antemnae 113

Antistius Sosianus 81-2

Antistius Verus 81

Antonines, the 85, 96, 98, 108

Antoninus Pius 74, 82, 84, 86, 127, 158.74; liberalism of 84; and treatment of slaves 119

Antonius, M. 39, 40, 60

aquae et ignis interdictio 45, 78-9,

90, 114, 140.39, 151.69, 70 Aquilius Gallus, C. 48

Ara Pacis 96

Archimedes 54, 141.14

Asia 7, 39-40, 76, 89-92

Atilii 52

Atilius Regulus 4, 52

atrocitas animi 70

Augustan Peace 98

Augustus 67-9, 77-9, 84-5, 90-1,

96, 101-2, 104, 107, 114-15, 117, 120; and Clementia Caesaris 77-8; discriminates against slaves 121-2; and non­Romans 87, 90, 157.61; peace policy of 96-7; saves citizens’ lives 77

Aulus Gellius 20, 74-5, 84; and punishment debate 74-5, 84, 86 avaritia 91

Avidius Cassius 85

Baebius Massa 92, 94

Baetica 92-4; communal action by 94

Balbus 123

Bato 78, 85 benignitas 37

Bill of Rights 5, 128-9

Bithynia 72-3, 92, 95 brutality 2-5, 7, 11-13, 16-20, 23, 31, 35, 38, 42-3, 50-1, 53, 55­6, 62-3, 69-70, 81, 85, 100, 112, 118

Brutus 77

Caecilius Classicus 93-5

Caesar 36, 42, 45-6, 64, 85, 96, 102-5, 114-15, 127; and clementia 75-7; repetundae law of 64; see also lex Julia repetundarum

Caligula 79, 104, 107

Calpurnius Puso Frugi, L.

Canuleius, L. 56, 58 capital punishment 56, 63-5, 89­90; see also death sentence

Capito, L. 91

Caracalla 99, 108

Carneades 24-5, 27, 134.16 Carthage/-inians 3-4, 17, 22-5,

27, 31-5, 40-1, 52, 65, 120

Carthaginian mercenaries 3, 11, 15, 17

Cassius Longinus, C. 80, 117-18, 120-1, 127

Cassius Severus 68, 102 castitas temporum meorum 85 castration see humanitas and mutilation

Cato the Censor 24, 52, 55-7, 59; and humanitas 52; and repetundae 55-7

Celer, P. 92 Chalcis 56, 62

Charops 18, 24

Christians, the 71, 73, 124-5

Cicero, Marcus 2-4, 7-8, 11, 23, 25, 36-50, 59-60, 69, 96, 102­3, 107, 115, 127, 156.56; and clementia 76-7; and the death penalty 43-4, 67, 126; expertise in repetundae of 58, 60, 126; and the games 123;on patriotism 96; and universalism 37-41, 98, 120

Cicero, Quintus 7, 11, 38, 44, 123 circumcision see humanitas and

mutilation citizenship 96-7, 99, 101, 126,

156.59, 158.73, 76 class actions 88, 94 Claudius 80, 91-2, 108; and

citizenship 97, 122; and the games 124;and slaves 119 clemency 3, 5, 13, 23, 39, 49, 70,

75-83, 96, 100 clementia 6, 8, 21-2, 36, 46, 67-9,

71, 76-80, 82, 86, 92, 110, 117, 127, 149.24, 151.63, 64; altar of 78-9; basic theory of 80; of the emperor 83, 86; of the Roman people/public 75-6, 78-9, 81-2; special uses of 75 Clementia Caesaris 7, 68, 75-86,

114; clashes with clementia publica 82-3

Clutorius Priscus 79 comitas/comiter 31-2, 37, 39, 116 common fortune of mankind 33 common human condition/ humanity 26, 30, 33, 40, 48 common laws of nations/mankind

18-19, 33, 48, 96 communis humanitas 48 communis utilitas 37 communitas 13 communities 64, 88, 94, 99 Constantine 118-19, 125, 164.40 Corinth 22-4, 35, 41 Cornelius Gallus 91, 154.14,

156.47 Coroneia 62 Cotta, L. 90 Cremutius Cordus 104-5 curbs on ill-treatment/rapacity 7-8,

53-66, 87-111; see also repetundae

Cyrus 12

death sentence, the 37, 41-4, 71,

80-2, 93, 100, 114, 126-7, 138.16

deditio in fidem p.

65, 78, 113, 137.27, 142.21,

24; see also surrender at discretion

Demosthenes 12-14, 16-17, 19, 23, 47, 107

demotikos 12

deportation 80, 90, 100, 151.69, 70, 158.81

Dio, Cassius 108

Dio Chrysostom 72

Diodorus 17, 19 diplomacy see treaties discretionary sentences 75, 100-1, 127; see also clementia, lenitas

Dolabella 4, 44, 49

Domitian 73-4, 79, 82-4, 86, 92, 106-7, 119, 127; bans circumcision 82-3; and the games 106, 124; and repetundae 92

double jeopardy 42, 61, 64, 94, 139.24

duumviri 42, 139.26

Ennius 27, 37, 135.30 ergastula 120

Euergetes 16

Eumenes 32 exactions 31, 51, 56, 58-9, 63, 88, 141.2; see also repetundae exemplum 79-80, 90 exile 43-6, 65, 77, 90, 94-5, 100,

102

extortion 51, 53, 90, 141.2;see also repetundae

Fabius Cunctator 35

�factories of human misery’ 68 Favorinus 74

fides (publica) 6, 23, 35, 54, 65-6, 78, 115, 142.21

fiscus 109

Flamininus, L.Quinctius 52, 55 Flamininus, T.Quinctius 52 Flavius Sabinus 73

Florus 121

foedus humanum 29, 136.6 freedom of speech 8, 68, 101-8, 110, 126, 159.92, 160.102, 103

Furius Philus 56, 63

Gabinius, A. 64-5, 147.70

Gades/Gaditans 31-2

Gaius Pontius 29

Galba (emperor) 98

Galba. Ser. Sulpicius 57, 60, 90,

143.37, 154.22

games, the 44, 86, 100-1, 118, 122-5, 127, 164.40, 167.68, 72 genocide 8, 95, 112-15,

127;against Samnites 112-13; domestic 113-14

Gibbon, Edward 96, 128-9 global village 6, 67, 96, 129 Gracchan reforms 26, 110 Gracchus, Ti. 26, 134.18 Graeculi/Greeklings 120-1 gravitas 21-2, 72 grex Iuliae 133.4

Hadrian 82-4; bans mutilations

83, 119; curbs cruelty to slaves 119-20; fosters universalism 98-9;limits paternal power 83­4; reshapes the law 99

Hamilcar 17, 52

Hannibal 17, 33, 89

Hecaton 23

Helvidius Priscus 105-6

Helvius Basila 160.112

Heracleia 62

Herennius Senecio 92, 106 hilaritas 72

homo sum 1, 26, 29, 38, 97 honestiores 99-100

Honoratus 93

Honorius 125

Hortensius 56-7

Hostilius Firminus 94 hostis 139.31, 162.3, 8, 11 house arrest see libera custodia hubris 14 human community 37 human rights 1-2, 5-9, 11, 13-15, 17, 21, 27-9, 31-2, 36-7, 41­4, 46, 53, 67-9, 73-5, 94, 97, 99, 110, 115, 128, 130.1, 9, 152.93; bonds of 30, 97;Latin equivalents for 5, 28-9 humane 10, 13, 17, 19, 22, 29, 33-4, 38, 40, 67, 74, 81, 107, 109, 114, 116, 119

humanism 111, 130.6 humanitarian/-ism 8, 56, 72, 78,

88, 125 humanitas 1, 3-4, 6-10, 19-26,

30-2, 34-44, 46-9, 51-3, 55-7, 61-2, 65, 67-76, 81-2, 84-6, 90, 96, 98-9, 101, 103, 106-7, 110-13, 119-20, 127-9, 130.9, 134.18, 147.2, 148.9, 149.24, 25, 31; and clementia 7, 68-75, 149.26; egregia ratio humanitatis 49; etymology of 20, 74-5; grades of 37-8, 40; and the law 7-8, 46-50, 74-5; and maiestas 30-2, 52-3; and mutilation 82-4, 86, 127, 152.93; and taxes 17, 155.29, 30, 31, 156.31;

professionalisation of 85; pro sua humanitate 49, 85

humanitas Romana 6-7, 21-8, 32, 35-6, 39, 41, 44, 51, 70, 72, 85, 87, 101, 109-10, 128; first appearance of 25-7

humanities, the 20, 22 humanity 19, 22, 36, 39, 118 humanus 2, 6, 8, 21-2, 26-7, 36,

68-9, 73 humiliores 99-100

ignominia 144.45 indulgentia 6, 110 infamia 58, 63 in gladium 101 inhumanus/-itas/-ity 30, 38, 40,

67-8, 120 in ludum 101 Isocrates 14, 16, 19 indices 8, 93, 137.7; see also recuperatores

iudicia populi/publica 137.7 lunius Cilo 92

lunius Pennus, M.

Julius Bassus 93, 95 Junian Latins 122 jury-court 58, 71, 87, 89, 115,

137.7, 154.12 Juvenal 120-1

�kindness, courtesy’ 10, 36, 131.5

Laelius 134.18

Laenas, M.Popillius 54-6, 62 Lars Tolumnius 29 latifundia 55, 110, 161.121 laws of all cities 13 laws of common humanity 40, 48 laws of mankind, the common 33 Laws of Moses 3 laws of nations, the common 18­19

legis actio sacramento 58, 61 lenitas/leniency 6, 35, 39, 68, 70, 75-6, 80, 82, 85, 100, 150.49 lex: Acilia repetundarum 59-61, 63, 144.52, 53; Aelia Sentia 166.59; Calpurnia repetundarum 8, 57-62, 143.41, 42; Cincia 91, 155.37; Cornelia de sicariis, 45, 83, 100, 114, 158.81; Cornelia maiestatis 64; Cornelia repetundarum 60, 64;Fufia Caninia 166.59; humana 5, 29; humanitatis 5, 30; Julia repetundarum 64, 87, 90, 95, 152.1, 2;Junia de manumissione 166.59;Junia de peregrinis 145.58; Junia repetundarum 61, 144.50, 145.58; Licinia Mucia 120; Pedia 114, 163.16; Petronia 119; Porcia 43; repetundarum 51, 59, 68, 88, 91-3; Sempronia de capite civium 43; Servilia repetundarum 63, 147.70; Tullia de ambitu 46; Valeria 162.8 libera custodia 78, 150.55 liberalitas 69

libertas/-ty 3, 43, 101, 105, 147.8 liberum mortis arbitrium 81-2,

100

Libo Drusus 78

Licinius Crassus 34, 55-6, 62

Ligarius, C. 76

Ligurians 52-5, 62 litis/litium aesti matio 65, 87, 147.72

Locri/-ans 30-1

Lucan 105

Lucretius Gallus, C. 57, 62

Lusitanians 57

Macrinus 124

maiestas 6, 8, 21, 30-2, 51-3, 55­6, 59, 62-5, 72, 79, 81-2, 90­1, 93, 97, 101-2, 104-5, 107­8, 115, 136.16; and humanitas 30-2, 52-3 and repetundae 55, 63-5, 90-1

manifest guilt 77-8

Manilius 41

mansuetudo 6, 75, 98

Marcellus, M. 34, 53-5, 66 Marcianus 93

Marcus Aurelius 49, 84-5, 95, 108, 158.74; and the Christians 125; as a synthesiser 85

Marius, C.

Marius Priscus 93-4, 155.41, 43

Mark Antony 77, 102-3, 114-15

Maroboduus 78, 85

Martial 121

mass enslavement 56, 62-3, 65,

146.62

Matienus 56, 63

meo saeculo 85

Mettius Fufetius 4, 28-9, 74,

135.30

misanthropia 132.14 misericordia 49, 70, 76, 78-80 Mithridates 40, 63, 138.12 moderatio 6, 79, 90, 151.63 Modestinus 108

Mucius Scaevola, P. 123-4 multiculturalism 127

munus 89, 110.122

Naevius 159.92

natural law 13, 29, 31, 37, 47, 84, 116

Nepos 89

Nero 71, 73, 79-82, 92, 97, 105, 107-9, 116-17, 122; and the Christians 124, 148.16;and the death penalty 80-2, 97

Nerva 106, 108-9; and the alimenta 109, 161.125

New Carthage 35

non-Romans 1, 6-7, 35, 37-8, 41, 50-3, 58, 60-2, 64, 67, 91-2, 99, 110, 112, 126

Numa 41

Numantia 22-4, 41

Octavia 116-17

Octavian see Augustus

paideia 10-11, 13, 16, 20-1, 34, 36, 68, 74, 134.18

Panaetius 8, 22-8, 36 panhellenism 14, 16

Papirius Carbo, C. 58

Papirius Justus 85 parricidium/parricide 43-4, 46, 77, 84, 103

parum humanum 30

patroni 32, 56, 58-9, 61, 88, 90­1, 93-4

Pax Romana/Roman Peace 68, 96, 157.60;see also universalism peculatus 62

Pedanius Secundus 80, 117-18

Pedius Q. 114-15

Pegasus 73 percussores 114 peregrines see non-Romans

Perseus 17, 24, 134.12, 150.55 philanthropa, ta 10, 16 philanthropia 1, 3-6, 8, 10-22,

25-6, 32-3, 34, 69 philanthropos 6, 10, 12, 33

Philip 14

pietas 6, 77, 82

Pleminius, Q. 30-1

Pliny the Elder 30, 73, 98, 121; on brutal technology 73; on slavery 120, 121; on universalism 98

Pliny the Younger 72-3, 86, 89,

92, 110, 121, 160.115; in repetundae trials 93-5; on slaves 116; on universalism 98

poena legis 71 Polybius 3-5, 11, 15, 17-19, 23,

25, 45, 126;pessimism of 3 Praenestians 113 proscriptions 77, 103, 112-15, 163.16 provincials 39, 41, 56, 59-60, 87­

8, 90-3, 95, 126 provocatio ad populum 43, 62-3,

139.26, 27 public interest 6, 11, 13, 23, 30,

35, 53, 65, 74, 77-8, 103, 115, 119; see also utilitas publica Puteoli 117

Pythias 117, 163.27

quaestio perpetua 58, 137.7 Quinctius, P.

Rabirius, C. 3, 42-4, 138.28, 29 racial prejudice 8, 40, 120-2, 127 recuperatores/recoverers 56, 61 repetundae 53-66, 68, 129, 141.2,

15, 145.53, 153.11, 154.12,

156.47, 157.60; divided jurisdiction for 87-9; joinder of restitution and capital penalty 94; and maiestas 55, 63-5, 90-1 restitutio libertatis 62; see also

mass enslavement, repetundae restitution 53-5, 58-60, 63-5, 90-1,

93, 142.30; see also repetundae reverentia 71-2

Rhodians 32

rights 5 rights common to all men 19, 97 rights of common humanity 30 Rutilius Gallicus 73

Rutilius Rufus 63, 90

saevitia/savagery 5, 8, 23, 31, 44,

47, 63-4, 70-1, 73, 81, 83, 87,

89, 93, 112, 119, 131.4,

148.16, 153.11

Sallust 36, 103

Salvius Julianus/Julian 49-50, 99, 141.52

Samnites 29, 112-13 Sardinians 40, 120

Scipio Africanus Major 24, 26-8, 30-5, 53-4, 65, 131.5; issues the first repetundae edict 54; and two-tier philanthropia 33; upholds publica fides 54

Scipio Africanus Minor see Aemilianus

Scipionic Age, the 29, 32, 35 Scipionic Circle, the 27 secta mea 85

Sejanus 107 senatus consultum Calvisianum 87,

89, 153.11, 155.41 senatus consultum Silanianum 80,

117, 120, 122, 127, 153.10, 11, 155.35, 41, 163.31, 164.33, 36 senatus consultum ultimum 139.31 Seneca 1-3, 8, 36, 68-71, 73-5,

84-6, 89, 92, 100, 104-6, 108, 126-7, 148.16;on clementia 69-71, 79-82; on the death penalty 71, 126;on the games 124; on genocide 112;on humanitas and clementia 69­71; on slavery 116, 118; on universalism 1, 97-8, 121

Septimius Severus 108

Sestus, P. 47 severitas 21-3, 70, 72, 79

Severus Alexander 85-6, 108, 149.31

Sex. Roscius 43, 103 sicarii 114

Sicilians/Sicily 34-5, 39, 54, 59­

60, 65, 120 Sicilian Slave War 19

Silanus, C. 90, 154.23, 155.27, 28 Silius, C. 90-1, 93

simplicitas 72 slaves/-ery 14, 18-19, 30, 37, 39,

44, 49-50, 54-7, 62-3, 71, 80, 83, 90-1, 100-1, 105, 113, 115-20, 127, 163.19, 20, 164.33, 165.43, 44, 47, 166.60, 167.61; curbs on ill-treatment of 119-20; manumission of 121-2; punishment of 118-19; torture of 116-18

Social War 26, 58, 113

Social Welfare 8, 68, 110, 126; see also alimenta

societas 13; hominum 38

Spain 56, 59, 123, 142.25, 29,

162.3

Statellates 54-5

Stoics 47, 70-1, 80-1, 105-7, 117 Suillius, P. 92

Sulla 16, 45, 64, 103, 112-15, 127; genocide of 112-14; humane laws of 114

surrender at discretion 23, 35, 41, 54; see also deditio in fidem

Syracuse/-ans 34-5, 52, 54, 66

Tacitus 73, 106, 121; cursory use of humanitas 73; in repetundae trials 93-4

talio 71

temperantia 76

Terence 1, 8, 26-9, 38, 84, 96-7 Theoderic 125

thought control 104, 107-8

Thrasea Paetus 81, 105, 151.70 Tiberius 68-9, 73, 77-9, 85, 90-1,

101-2, 107, 122, 148.9, 14, 151.69, 154.12, 16; and Clementia Caesaris 78-9; and libera custodia 78

Tigellinus 116

Tiridates 84

Titinius M. 56

Titius Sabinus 107

Titius Menenius 144.45 to sympheron 11, 13 torture 80, 90, 116-20, 165.42, 47

Trajan 72-3, 86, 89, 95, 98, 106, 109-10, 121-2, 124-5, 167.72; expands alimenta 109- 10;repetundae trials under 93-5 treason 30-2, 52-3, 90-1, 107,

116; see also maiestas treaties 4, 10-11, 19, 28-9, 31-3, 44-5

Trebonius 4, 44, 49 triumvirs 112, 114- 15;proscriptions of 114-15

Tullus Hostilius 4, 28

Twelve Tables 30, 48, 74, 79

Ulpian 49, 85-6, 152.87

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights 2-6, 8-9, 101, 128 universalism 1-2, 6, 8, 16, 26, 29,

36-7, 39-40, 50-1, 68, 71, 96­101, 110, 120, 127 universa republica 39 Universal Rome 16, 96, 98, 110 utilitas publica 6-7, 23, 39, 71, 77,

80, 112, 117, 124, 126, 131.12, 148.9, 16; see also public interest

Valerius Flaccus 40

Varenus Rufus 93, 95 Veleia 109

venia 80

Venuleius Saturninus 85, 108 Verres, C. 59-60, 64, 76

Verus 49

Vespasian 106 Vestal Virgins 33-4 virtus 21-2, 77 Vitellius 73

Volesus Messalla 89-90, 94, 154.18

voluntary exile 37, 44-6, 79, 126,

140.37, 38, 42, 142.26, 144.45, 162.10

Volusius Maecianus 90, 94, 154.18