Index

academy, the, i, 10, 66, 71-2, 79, 95, 111, 132, 149, 3^o5, 3¹7^-18

action

collective, 337 economic models of, 311 entrepreneurial, 13 intentional, 330 political, 33 social, 110

actors(s), 76.

Africa, 10, 33, 84, 195, 201, 208, 210-11, 215-17, 219, 224, 226, 362, 366

colonial partition of, 222 decolonisation and independence of, 208 Agamben, Giorgio, 41, 143

agency, 7, 12, 14, 25, 31-2, 40, 312 authorial, 330 collective, 11 corporate, 278 creative, 312 individual, 13 linguistic, 38 moral, 321 political, 25 social, 310

agent(s), 25, 324

of the international community, lawyers as,

307

aggression, 106

Alexandrowicz, Charles, 104, 114-15

Allgemeine Staatslehre, 159

limits of, 137

Althusser, Louis, 116

Alvarez, Alejandro, 51, 70, 85

America, see United States of America

American Declaration of Independence, 213

Americas, 213

Amerindians, 233-5, 237, 240, 250-1

as barbarians (Vitoria), 241

as enemies if hospitality denied (Vitoria), 242 as personae miserabiles, 233

original Spanish betrayal of the, 242 property and expropriation of the, 305, 307 anachronism, 5, 73, 78, 100, 102, 105-6, 115, 118, 120, 125, 275

Anand, R.P., 85

Anghie, Antony, 62, 69, 77, 79, 81, 84, 89, 103, 118, 207

Ankersmit, Frank, 100, 111

Anschütz, Gerhard, 136-8

Anthropocene, the, 74 anthropology, 42, 85, 142-3, 149-50, 309, 347

in dialogue with history, 38 antiquarianism, 45, 115 anti-slavery, 265

Aquinas, Thomas, 65, 348

arbitration, 103

archaeology, 20, 91

archival records, 305

Arendt, Hannah, 101, 106, 120-1, 144

Aristotle, 328, 341, 345-6, 351, 355

Armitage, David, 100, 194, 210, 213

Asia, 85-6, 201, 264 asylum, 73

Austin, John, 23 Australia, 257, 370 Austria, 331 authoritarianism, 92 authority, 1, 4, 9-10, 32, 35, 39, 49, 56, 58, 64,

74, 76, 81, 86, 88-9, 93, 106, 117, 134, 155, 169, 173, 179-80, 185, 195, 204, 248, 254, 261, 268, 271-2, 274, 277, 279-81

as the basis of political community (Schmitt), 180

as without gender, 356

context as, 71 creation of new forms of, 321 current theories of, 275 exercise of state, 168 exercised by an occupier, 169 institutional, 60 international, 151 law as a language of, 68 of international lawyers, 72 of the past over the present, 49 public nature of state, 180 social, cultural and intellectual, 25 sovereign, 89, 91 variety of co-existing sorts of, 213 author(s), 72, 78-9 authorship, 6

as action, 4

of history, 112 autonomy, 35

Badiou, Alain, 114-15 Baldus de Ubaldis, 107, 352 Balkans, 120

Bandung conference (1955), 52 Barkawi, Tarak, 207 Barthes, Roland, 330 Bassiouni, Cherif, 118 beggars, 246

Begriffsgeschichte, 67, see concepts, history of behaviour

animal, 320

human, 65, 356, 360 Belgium, 61, 163, 167-8 Benjamin, Walter, 125, 143 Bentham, Jeremy, 196, 202-5 Benton, Lauren, 11, 48, 214, 232, 285 Berlin, 136, 144, 146, 158 Berlin Conference, 78 Berlin Final Act (1885), 58 Bhabha, Homi, 40 biology, 14, 356

Bloch, Marc, 102, 105, 116, 123 Bluntschli, Johann Kaspar, 177

Bodin, Jean, 49, 67, 149, 184, 346, 351 borders, 11, 73, 107, 152, 216

Braudel, Fernand, 19, 39, 47 breastfeeding, 14 Bretton Woods system, 83 Brierly, James Leslie, 260

Britain, 63, 196-7, 199, 202, 208, 263, 267, 270, 273

Burke, Edmund, 197, 202, 207 Burkina Faso, 59

Cambridge, 19, 358

Cameroon, 217, 223

Camus, Albert, 100

Canada, 257, 300 capital, 322

legal construction of, 94 transnational, 86

capitalism, 74, 78, 85, 91, 98, 123, 288, 305, 315, 326, 329, 335-6

Caribbean, 362

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,

144

Cassin, Rene, 218

Castoriadis, Cornelius, 325 Catholicism, 132-3 change, 14, 211, 226 change, conceptual, 309

‘market-led' account of, 311

as linguistic innovation (Skinner), 13 economistic rendering of, 312 ‘historicist’ understandings of, 311 models for, expressing ideological commitments, 310

political, 43

role of leadership in bringing about, 330 change, cultural, 19

economic, 323, 327

as revolutionary (Knight), 326 historical, 13 ideological, 314 scientific, 317

social, as creating new categories of people (Hacking), 322

technical, 310 charity, 247, 249 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 237 Charlesworth, Hilary, 87, 114-15, 368-9, 371 child-birth, 14, 342 children, 320, 322, 343, 362

Chile, 51, 70, 72, 85, 90

Chimni, B.S., 70

China, 12,27-8, 90,197,199,201,272, 365, 373

Chitty, Joseph, 198-9, 204-5

Christianity, 85-7, 109, 134, 198, 240, 243, 367.

See also Catholicism, Protestantism

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 84 citizens, 14, 247, 341, 375 citizenship, 177, 372-4 city (civitas)

as a trans-temporal legal category, 44 generic, 98

ocean-floating, 288

civil service, international, 263-4, 274 civilisation, 111

as westernization, 215

ideal of, 376

meaning of and how to achieve it, 215 through law, 104

coercion, 76, 151

Cold War, 87, 110, 118, 149, 156 colonialism, 69-70, 74-5, 78, 82-4, 89, 91, 93,

103, 109, 118, 160, 165, 203, 242, 251, 307 colonies, 35, 63, 198, 212, 359, 362, 364, 367,

370

administration of former German, 256 as catalysts of wars, 203

as not possessing the requisite attributes of statehood, 209

as opposed to the metropole, 359

as the chief cause of war (Bentham),

203

colonisation, 63, 176

Columbus, Christopher, 232 comitas gentium, see comity comity, 15, 372, 375, 377-8 commerce, 12, 105, 287, 315. See also trade

as a norm of sociability between equal states,

12

as underlying principle of seabed mining, 301

defense of China's right to restrict, 199 development and legitimation of international system of, 239

equitable treatment of, 256

right of every state to regulate, in best interest of its people (Vattel), 199 commissions

international, 181, 256 common heritage of mankind principle, 300,

302 commons, 295-6, 308 communism, 218, 335 communities,

administration of political, 67 boundaries of legal, 252 imagining of global, 252 pan-African, 210 religious, 210 community, 25

international, 293, 301, 307 universal human, 211

companies

powers of colonial, 64 private, 362 competition

‘natural’ processes of, 333 concept(s), 8, 85, 107, 115, 157

as self-evident, 157

as subject to radical, unpredictable change,

309 genealogies of, 2 history of, 39, 67 legal, 63, 67 of the political (Schmitt), 139 conceptual change, 309, 314, 337 in the human sciences, 325 innovation model of, 323, 328 self-referential nature of, 324 unpredictability of, 327 conceptual frames, 3 confederations, 259, 276 conflict-of-laws cases, 364 Congress of Vienna, 102 conquest, 204 legitimation of, 70 conquistadores, 233, 236, 242 conscience

legal (la conscience juridique), 307 of mankind, 110

constitution, 34

ancient, 49

English, 183, 366 constitutionalism, 91, 103, 139, 180 global, 142

context(s), 2, 4-6, 8, 23, 27-9, 39, 41, 45, 57, 60, 66-7, 70-1, 76, 83, 87, 101-2, 106-7, 112, 114-16, 118, 122, 133, 304, 352, 363

ability of international law to understand individuals in their social, 371

context(s) (cont.)

a politics of, 337 act in, 27

as a certain time and place, 26

as explanation, 29

as interpretation, 29

as power, 87

as the imaginary frame for debates, 76 choice of, 77

concrete, 111 consequences of making new, 72

contest over, 45

different meanings of, in feminism, history and law, 379

European legal, 50 global, 79, 244 historical, 69

intellectual or religious tradition as, 77 international historical, 70

legal, 107

life choices and lived experiences as, 77 linguistic, 97, 107

meaning in, 3, 27-8, 30, 37, 40, 45 nation as, 77

private-law, 358 profession as, 77 re-narrating of, 75

Skinnerian, 358 transnational, of inter-personal relationships,

371 uses of, 72

Western, 39 contextualism, 3, 5, 24, 27-8, 36-7, 107, 275,

309, 311, 314, 357

as both political decision and indeterminate method, 106

contextualization, 75

historical, 88 social, 79

contingency,

false, 307 historical, 43, 46

contract, 305, 363, 365-6 freedom of, 333 social, 227

contracts

international, 64 law of, 362

transnational law of, 307 corporation(s), 11, 33, 93, 304, 326

history of business, 68 increased freedom for in seabed mining, 302 transnational, 293

courtesy, 377 feminine, 15

courts, 358

British, 373 English, 370

French military, 173 international, 53 metropolitan, 364 military, 174 modern, 82 recognition of judgments of foreign, 359 Scottish, 370

creativity, 254, 317-18, 323, 328-9, 337 as a property of ‘community structure' (Kuhn), 330

concept of (Kuhn), 317 historiographical, 4, 47 in science, 329

reciprocal relationship between destruction and, 328

scientific, 319 theorists, 317, 330

credit

legal construction of, 94 crisis, 115

as a juridical moment of decision, 114 Cuba, 176 culture, 89, 98, 320 custom(s), 203, 347

decolonization, 10, 58-9, 69, 71, 73-4, 208-10, 212, 217, 225-7

history of twentieth-century, 212 in international history and thought, 218 political thought of, 210

role of international organisations in setting the terms of, 274

democracy, 88, 133, 141, 158, 206, 215, 262, 334 European social, 89

liberal parliamentary, 153

Derrida, Jacques, 26, 231-2, 247, 250 despotism, 26

discourse of oriental, 200 determinism, 108, 314

nineteenth-century, evolutionist, 356 development projects, 369 dictators, 304

dictatorship, 111, 161, 179, 182, 185-6 Diderot, Denis, 196, 203 diplomacy, 7, 50, 55, 61, 63, 67, 93, 107, 109, 111, 113, 120, 266, 269, 281, 362

histories of women and, 357

history of European, 60

League of Nations as site of new, 262 multilateral, 54

of ancient Near East, 60

open/public, 255 secret, 253, 264, 267 diplomatic immunity, 105, 362 diplomat-lawyer, 49 diplomats, 2, 73, 287 discourse(s), 3, 8, 13, 31, 33, 39-40, 50

economics as a, 311

history of political, 30 human rights, 53 international legal, 259 legal, 34, 43-4 nineteenth-century colonial international legal, 88

non-state-centric, 37 non-Western, 37 political, 25-6, 32, 38, 43-4 politics of, 35 pre-modern, 37 Western totalizing, 79 discovery

as a valid basis for title, 57

process of as not subject to democratic control, 337

domicile, 15, 372-4 Dominican(s), 240 dominion (dominium), 239, 343-4

natural, of mother over child, 343 droit des gens, 193 Droit public de [’Europe, 64 Dutch East India Company, 56, 83,

285

as both private and sovereign, 363

econometrics, 323 economic development, 312 economics, 9, 12-13, 64, 86, 94

as a discourse, 12, 311

boundaries between politics and, 12

dominance of in modern forms of political control, 180

language of, 309 economists, 337 economy, 76

capitalist political, 289 global, 71 of ocean regimes, 289 political, 89

post-feudal mercantile, 87 elite(s), 94, 304

conceptions of the world by, 77 post-colonial, 89, 212 shared visions of, 76 vocabularies of, 93 emancipation, 11, 85-6

international law of, 70

of colonies as precondition of international peace, 204

empire(s), 2, 9-10, 35, 48, 54, 77, 82-3, 90, 93, 104, 118, 124, 192-3, 243, 277, 366

‘anxiety' of, 365

as danger to peaceful commerce, 203

as incompatible with modern international law, 74

critique of, 16 crossing internal borders of the, 368 discriminatory attitudes of, 373

effects of on history of international law, 365 historical context of, 125

historical role of private law in, 361 history of, 196

informal, 11 interpolity of, 48 legacies of, 71

‘metropolitan turn’ among historians of, 359 modern history of, 35

Spanish contribution to the practice of, 86 studies of gender and, 357

Empire

Anglo-American commercial and maritime,

134 British, 257 Chinese, 201 European, 16, 36 French, 199 Moctezuma’s Aztec, 237 Ottoman, 105, 115 Roman, 242 Spanish, 248 enemies, 146 England, 365-7, 369-71, 374 as both ‘home’ and ‘abroad’, 365 early-modern, 315 Enlightenment, the, 85 enmity

central place of, in politics, 146 enterprise, 310, 314, 319, 321-4, 326-7, 335

as an adaptation to uncertainty in economic Hfe, 333

legitimation of capitalist, 315

rhetorical, 315

history, 68

theory of, 14

use of the language of in intellectual history,

314 entrepreneur(s), 13-14, 312

as innovators, 312-13, 329

creativity of, 326

function of, 332

environment, natural

exploitation of as structuring inequalities in

Latin America, 240 protection of marine, 297, 302 transformed into natural resources available

to commerce, 239

equality

between men and women (Plato), 346 international order based on, 215 of men and women in the state of nature,

343

sovereign, 74 ethics, 110, 321

universal, 82

writerly, 97

etiquette, 377

Eurocentrism, 46

in the history of international law, 85

Europe, 1-2, 15, 27, 36, 39, 43-6, 50, 53-5, 58,

60-2, 67, 70, 74, 81, 84-90, 93-4, 104, 109, 118, 134, 141-2, 150, 152, 155, 158, 163, 166, 175, 179, 181, 193, 197-8, 200-3, 205, 207, 211, 234, 243, 246, 248, 251, 327, 351, 353, 358, 366-8, 373

as a representative of the universal, 85 mythology of, 179

provincializing of, 85

public law of, 201.

ÃEurope

European imperial expansion, 196. See also empire

European Union, the, 74 everyday life

as proper focus for international law, 369

as transnational, 371

forms of history that aim to do justice to,

371

evolution, 30

exception

state of, 186

exile, 143

experts/expertise 79, 255

family, 2, 14-15, 86, 369, 372

as a framework within the state of nature,

349

gendered relations in, 14

localization of, 89

of nations, 104

private international law of the, 374

private sphere of the, 362

family law, 362, 367

fascism, 83

fathers

as founders of states, 355 federation(s), 11, 16, 222

failure of as political projects in Africa, 228

femininity, 376 feminism, 342, 379 fiction, 23, 97, 122. See also novels Filmer, Robert, 344-5, 349, 352 force. See also violence

master's right to use, 367

use of, 25, 275

Ford, Lisa, 48, 214 foreigner(s), 93

children born from male follow the mother,

350

government by as violation of natural community (Schmitt), 182 refusal to welcome as inherently evil (Vitoria), 242

Foucault, Michel, 39-40, 46, 65, 81, 281, 321, 330

France, 70, 72, 90, 103, 105, 109, 163, 176, 179, 196, 199, 202, 207-8, 263, 267, 299, 359

Franciscans, 241

free trade, 89, 93

freedom, 1, 159, 215, 221, 293

as a delimited legal institution, 308

natural, 355

of commerce and trade, 86

of communication and transit, 256

of the seas, 13, 85, 285, 288, 293

state, 65

to beg, 248

friend-enemy concept, 147

friendship

between nations, 15 frontiers

intangibility of (uti possidetis principle), 59 functionalism, 62—3, 260

gender, 9, 14-16, 42, 87, 163, 247, 356-8, 360, 3⁶4, 37⁶

as a category of analysis, 358

as relevant to the historical understanding of domicile and comity, 372

in the history of international law, 359 different approaches to, 82 early modern understandings of, 8 equality, 14

relationship of politics and, 342 studies of empire and, 357 gender relations, 359, 368

as signifying or structuring legal power, 357

as analytics, 360

as the paradigmatic case of national differences in private law, 367 private-law, 364

re-ordering of through law and jurisdiction,

371

genealogy, 2, 46-7, 85, 88, 124, 149, 252, 329

European, 206

Foucauldian, 40

Nietzschean, 40

Gentili, Alberico, 111, 113

Germany, 1, 10, 55, 58, 62, 108, 111-12, 114, 119, 131, 135, 142, 145-6, 148-9, 152, 160-4, 168, 172, 176-7, 179, 186, 196, 258, 267-8, 370

Ghana, 220-1

Gibbon, Edward, 41

Gierke, Otto von, 259

Ginzburg, Carlo, 113 global, 2, 4, 21, 28, 35, 37, 70, 91, 94

relationship between local and, 70 global economic system, 86 global legal order, 73 global order

non-hierarchical, 195

global, the, 47

timing and spacing of, 21 globalisation, 52, 123

discourses of, 252

governance, 72, 224, 279

bureaucracy of international, 11 contemporary technocratic or managerial,

75 forms of suitable to Europeans and non­Europeans (Schmitt), 181 global, 74 of occupied territory, 171 strengthening of in sixteenth-century

Europe, 246 government, 11, 34, 342 local, 93 medieval forms of, 44 post-colonial, 223 theory of absolute (Bodin), 346

governors

and governed, trans-historical reality of, 40 Great Britain, 109, 152, see Britain Great Power(s), 109

Grewe, Wilhelm, 60, 62, 104, 108-11, 114-15,

¹5⁸ Großraum (great space), 152 as a concrete geographical space, 19, 21, 36,

45, 61, 65, 67, 77, 83-5, 90, 109, 111, 116-17, 152, 285, 291-2, 308.

Grotius, Hugo, 19, 21, 36, 61, 65, 67, 77, 79, 83, 85-6, 90, 109, 111, 116-17, 285-6, 291-2, 308

Group of 77, 300 guest. See hospitality

Habermas, Jürgen, 135 Hacking, Ian, 13, 310, 314, 319-25, 327, 329-30 Hague Convention (1907), 166-9, 171

Hague Peace Conferences, 103, 366 Haiti, 202

Hammarskjold, Dag, 274 Hegelianism, 146

Heidegger, Martin, 135 heroism, 7, 104, 108, 158, 368 Heyland, Carl, 164-71, 173-4 high seas, 289, 298 law of, 293

historian(s), 1-3, 5, 8-9, 19, 26, 28-31, 33, 48, 72, 78, 88, 94-5, 101, 107, 181, 186, 212, 274, 277, 309, 311, 313-14, 329, 364 academic, 99 activist, 144 contextual, 84, 92 distinctive voice of, 20 feminist, 377 gender, 344

historical and political commitments of, 30 intellectual, 177 historian(s) (cont.)

international legal, 69, 72 legal, 78, 109

metropolitan turn taken by, 368 objectivity of, 22

of political thought, 34, 42, 45, 106 relationship of with power, 40 presentist concerns of current, 78 revisionist, 85

historicism, 14, 160, 309-12 histories

as acts of creation or ideological gestures,

119

as having literary virtues, 100 contextual, 69, 84, 90-1, 93 conventional, 73 corrective, 123

of law, 105 post-colonial, 357 revisionist, 87, 91 written and authorised by international tribunals, 113

historiography, 3, 6-7, 13, 29, 31, 33-4, 38-9, 41, 43-7, 56, 99, 123, 195, 276, 342, 361

global, 48

governing metaphors of, 46 twenty-first century, 46

history, 3-8, 16, 19-20, 34, 36, 52, 66, 72, 75, 84, 97-9, 102-3, 108, 142, 149, 151, 208, 280, 355, 379

anachronistic approach to, 106 and international law, 70, 74, 105, 131 arguments from, 50

as authored, 112

as classism, 113

as a history of ‘dead effects' (Benjamin), 125 as a history of Great Men and their activities,

107

as animated by natural law, 81

as a tirade against the past, 123

as endowed with a purpose, 102

as framing action in time, 79

as having fictive power, 100

as History, 80

as interpretation not fact, 80

as linear chronicle, 103

as method, 104

as part of academic international law, 54

as proof for the legality of international law,

73

as source of precedents, 105

as narrative art or story-telling, 30 as ‘usable’ in legal projects, 106 as what is seen by the historian, 7 as what we remember, 6 as writing, 21, 30, 116 conceptual, 67, 280 cultural, 23

European imperial as central aspect of international law, 62

feminist intellectual, 357 global, 47

in relation to philosophy, 21

in relation to the present, 34, 41 intellectual, 13, 21-2, 24, 28, 37, 40, 102 international, 106

international legal, 102, 107-9, ⁿ3, see law, international, history/histories of

law as a practice of, 60 law’s uses of, 4 legacies of imperial, 206 legal, 8, 34 misunderstanding of, 78 natural laws of, 52 of history (Pocock), 44 of the church and its law, 43 orality of, 6

philosophy of, 115, 309, 334 political, 19 politics of, 6 popular, 99

progressive march of, 91 realities of, 108 search for a ‘meaning’ of, 313 shared professional vision of, 72 the turn to, 309 translation and, 40 use of to challenge authority of international law, 83

Western, 41

writing of to change the world, 71-2

writing of as a response to crisis, 20, 24, 33,

109

Hobbes, Thomas, 1-2, 27-8, 30, 32, 36, 65,149, 151, 271, 341-5, 349, 351-6

honour, 92 hospitality (hospitium), 11, 16, 233-5, 237, 241-4, 246-7, 250, 252

right to, (ius hospitii), 232 hospitals, 11 host, 11-12

hostages

both guests and hosts as, 232

execution of, 111 household, 2 Huber, Max, 56-8 human kinds (Hacking), 319-20 human nature, 322

historical narrative of the development of, 347

humanitarian crises, 206 humanitarianism, 120

universal, 139

humanity, 1, 71, 85, 121, 141, 146, 156, 159, 171, 175, 194, 211, 215, 218, 222, 224, 227-8, 288 crimes against, 105, 118, 121

Hunter, Ian, 37, 99, 111, 191

idealism, 67, 272, 305 ideas, history of, 23 ideology, 26, 33-6, 75-6, 87, 90, 300, 305,

309-10

as a legitimating political language, 25

as political illusion, 33 concept of, 324 legal, 289 liberal capitalist, 307 universalist, 123 imaginary/imaginaries, 368 imagination, 6, 76, 93, 101, 103, 117, 347-8, 368

European Orientalizing, of ‘others', 88

Western historical, 20

imperialism, 71, 106, 109, 175, 181, 194, 209 British, 152

European, disclosure of, 193 non-territorial, 86 of the present (Tully), 193 role of hospitals in Spanish, 234 imperium, 89 independence, 10, 59, 154, 175, 200-1, 204, 208-13, 219-24, 226-8, 257

as absence of any state power, 220 commercial, 200

historical view of African, 209

in eighteenth-century America, 213

Indian, 194

Kenyan, 224

limits of mere ‘flag’, 209 mid-twentieth-century arguments for, 213 of African countries from colonial rule as imposition of western forms of political organisation, 208

of states, 1

of the League of Nations, 263 redefined as a positive good (Vattel), 213 shaping political imaginaries after, 224 Tanganyikan, 224

Ugandan, 224

understood as the ability to create a new and better society, not as an end in itself, 220 India, 38, 63, 104, 194, 197, 202, 204, 257, 373 Indies, the, 86 indigenous inhabitants, 58 individual(s), 1, 11, 13, 32

as simultaneously citizens of a state and members of a universal human community, 210

classical liberal ideas of the 371

emergence of as a state subject and a bearer of natural rights, 142

legal status and capacity of, 372 pre-social conception of the, 360 right to free movement of, 252 individualism, 76, 135, 218, 335, 371

liberal, 152

indoctrination, 25

Indonesia, 213

industrialisation, 145

inequality, 84, 89, 95, 235, 307, 345 as continuous with colonialism, 75 construction of, 234 imperial relations of, 86 legitimation of global, 252

inheritance, 358

of children of colonial marriages, in England, 371

injury, 73

innovating ideologists (Skinner), 316

innovation, 9, 12-14, 38, 77, 310, 312-14, 316, 318-19, 322-3, 325-6, 330, 332-6

as ‘market-led’, 14

as a creative response to existing conditions, 314

as a political concept, 310

as a self-referential process, 325

as a term with a distinctive history, 310

as technical advancement, 310

as the template for understanding conceptual change, 310

benefits of, as a public good, 336 concept of (Kuhn), 319 conceptual, as the intentional repurposing of economics of, 310, 318 innovation (cont.) ideological (Skinner), 320 in politics and moral life, 316 and change, 14, 200, 317 linguistic, 13 politics of, 335 scientific, 316 theory of (Schumpeter), 322 unpredictability of the products of conceptual, 315

Institut de droit international, 372 founders of (‘men ^of 1873’), 3⁶3 institutions, 9, 25, 53, 76, 82, 85, 94, 113 collective, based on universal human values,

140 international, 11, see also organisations, international

intersecting, 11 political, 32 theorization of, 11

intentions

recovery of authorial, 330 interdisciplinarity, 9, 80, 101-2, 116, 276-7, 357 interest

collective, 305 commercial, 13 general, of mankind, 306 national, 13

state, 307 international, the, 15-16

as a space of conceptual movement in history, politics and law, 9

concept of, 8 theorization of, 9 whether and how the League might speak for, 12

community, imagined as masculine action hero, 368

legal community, restricted to Christian order, 204

organisations, role of in shaping normative expectations of statehood, 274

realm, 1 relations, 64 society, 51-2, 98, 213, 215, 227-8, 378

International Court of Justice, 49, 58, 195, 254 International Criminal Court (ICC), 84, 120 International Law Commission (ILC),

294 internationalism, 119, 255, 264, 277 internationalists, 268

interpretation

as a creative act of making sense of an act, 29 intervention, 103

humanitarian, 74

legal right of, 175 investment

international, 67

law and practice of foreign, 64

Iran, 111

Iraq, 78

Islam, 367

ius communicandi, 239

ius gentium, 11, 14, 16, 67, 86, 346-7, 349, 351, 355, see law of nations

ius hospitii, 11-12, 15, see hospitality, right to ius naturae et gentium, 1, see law, of nature and of nations

ius naturale 346, 349, 351, see law, natural ius negotiandi, 12, see trade, right to ius publicum Europaeum, 62, see law,

European public

Jamaica, 366

Japan, 121, 199, 268, 294, 299, 365

Jellinek, Georg, 172, 258-9

Hg^s), ²75

as law-makers, 138

admiralty, 374 jurisdiction(s), 277 border between national and international, 296

local, 92

over private-law cases with a foreign element, 358

permanent international criminal, 120 rules on, as giving means of re-ordering gender relations and the state, 371 territorial, 12

jurisprudence, 8, 34, 49-50, 103, 108, 110, 145 early-modern natural, 309 natural, 36, 45 political, 45 positivist, 185

Roman, 355

jurists, 54-5, 63, 73, 77-8, 81, 83, 94, 137, 180, 185, 257-8, 268

eighteenth-century European, 213

French, 260

German, 136, 165, 184 inadequacy of in institutional matters, 136 international, 90

liberal, 142, 152

naturalist, 82 nineteenth-century, 373 of the ‘New States', 194 positivist, 82

jus gentium, 155, see law of nations jus publicum Europeaeum, 178, see law,

European public justice, 66, 82, 183, 347, 355

economic, 87 gender, 87 global system of criminal, 84 imagined historical origins of, 347 international, 51

natural, 365 particular instiutions canonized as, 94 sixteenth-century narratives of the origins of,

347 transitional, 73 universal standard of, 34 Justinian, 346-7

Kant, Immanuel, 1-2, 65, 105, 150 Kelsen, Hans, 109, 113-14, 140, 258, 260, 263 Kenya, 219, 224

Kiribati, 302 knowledge, 79, 320

expert, 76 new forms of, 321 objects of, 321 scientific, 50 varieties of prior, 75

Kojeve, Alexandre, 133

Korea, 294 Koselleck, Reinhart, 67, 157, 334

Kosovo, 114, 368

Kuhn, Thomas, 13, 310, 314, 316-19, 323, 327, 329-30, 334

labour, 322 division of, 312 gendered parental, involved in feeding children, 352

improvement in the conditions of, 256 legal construction of, 94

language, 7, 13, 24-6, 29-31, 34, 38-41

as like an ancient city (Wittgenstein), 41

as structuring the international world, 7 constitutive role of in politics, 26 economic, 311

international law as a virtuous, 303

legal, 36

legitimating, 33

of innovation, development and enterprise (Schumpeter), 314

political, 26, 33

shared normative, 38

political, 41-2

political, history of, 38

Las Casas, 233, 236

Latin America, 85, 198, 202, 239, 264 Lauterpacht, Hersch, 83, 306 law, 1-4, 6-9, 13, 16, 19, 64, 379

admiralty, 374

as a professional ethics, 91

as a language of authority, 68

as a linguistic phenomenon, 66

as a practice of history, 60

as a social phenomenon, 14, 49

as a story-maker, 45, 48

as always political, 195

as an act of sovereign power, 34

as an institutional practice, 53

as an instrument of policy, 35

as constructing its own history, 44

as distinctively concerned with making meaning move across time (Orford), 275

as natural reason, 82

as source of sovereign's authority, 81

as struggle and disagreement, 66

as the language used to dress up the self­interest of states, 305

as the normative fabric authorizing and governing sovereigns, 73

British imperial/colonial, 63

colonial, 198

common, 44, 64, 276, 279, 359, 372-3

comparative, 71

concept of, 280 constitutional, 74, 91, 109, 132-3, 136, 139, 153, 168, 261, 276

corporate, 90

criminal, 90

customary international, 290 divine, 81

domestic, 361

domestic public, 153

early-modern, 341

English marriage, 370

environmental, 54

European public (jus publicum Europaeum), 134 law (cont.) feudal, 44 global administrative, 142, 280 interdisciplinary approaches to, 4 interpretation of in political contexts, 10 investment, 54 liberal theories of, 141 natural, 81 nature of among sovereigns, 82 non-state forms of, 47 normative autonomy of, 73 of international organisations, 254, 274 of kings or commonwealths, 44 of nature (ius naturale), 1 see also law, natural

of occupation, 164

of responsibility for international wrongs, 278

of the sea, 86, 293 of war crimes, 117

plurality of bodies of, 14 positivist, 13 private, 12, 90, 93 public, 67, 90, 93, 153 Roman, 84, 86 seen as providing a technical and apolitical vocabulary and set of institutions, 192

trade, 54 transnational, of contracts, 307 vocabularies of, 65

Weimar constitutional, 153 law of Christian nations, 175 law of nations (ius gentium), 174, 186,

193

as catalyst for need for political communities, 347

as universal, 196

as emancipatory and egalitarian in relation to extra-European states., 195

as not universal (Wheaton), 201

Britain's violation of in India and the West Indies, 197

dualistic approach to by jurists, 185 European, 200 history of (Schmitt), 182

Muslim rulers depicted as violating provisions of (Vattel), 198

rights to common property, trade, hospitality and citizenship under (Vitoria), 239

shift in the history of at the turn of the nineteenth century, 194 law, canon, 233

law, civil, 14, 44, 346-7

explanation of emergence of, 341 origins of, 355

law, international, 7, 69, 94, 134 ‘counter-disciplinary’ explorations of, 358 ‘imperial' and ‘counter-imperial' dimensions of, 193

a gendered history of, 376

a politics of, 195

account of the function and possibilities, 304 and colonialism, 83

and empire, 118

and fascism, 83

and political thought, dialogue between, 22 Anglo-American, 259

anxieties of, 134

as involving multiple forms of discursive production, 42

as offering a life of dignity for the poor and oppressed in the third world, 70

as a ‘discipline of crisis' (Charlesworth), 368 as a European emancipatory project, 205 as a global, egalitarian, universal family of nations, 104

as a language and framework for political argument, 192

as a late nineteenth-century European Protestant liberal professional cultural sensibility, 85

as a medium for coordination, 303

as a native or foreign language, 109

as a practice of history, 56

as a reflection of international society, 52

as a tool and expression of colonial domination, 89

as a tool for practical management, 82 cerns cloaking pursuit of self-interest, 303 as adapting to new circumstances (seabed mining), 301

as an aspect of sovereign behaviour, 67

as an expression of pan-European aspirations, 88

as an expression of the dominant power's style of global leadership, 109

as an ordinary component in the constitution of social relations, 369

as an organising idea of international political life, 117

as apology or as utopia, 52

as colonial, 90

as commercial, 90

as constituted in its encounter with colonialism, 109

as emphasising construction of institutions over inclinations of statespersons, 113

as epiphenomenal to the interests of states, 289, 303

as European, 84, 90

as expression of consolidated power, 82

as expression of universal reason, 82

as expressive of a normative continuity from origins to future, 84

as independent from states, 154

as independent of international society, 52

as made in the back and forth of political conflict/ within politics, 94

as natural jurisprudence, 36

as neither history nor political morality, 52

as not ‘universal', 90

as not ‘public’, 86

as not shifting power or wealth from powerful to weak states, 304

as occupying a historyless present, 98

as outside and above ideology, 87

as private, 90

as professional activity, 103

as protecting impunity of states and corporations to exploit the ocean, 289

as ratifying inequality, 89

as reflecting the politico-economic interests of the capitalist class within and outside of powerful states, 304

as reinforcing unequal relations among nations, 86

as religious, 90

as rooted in conflict, 90

as simultaneously an instrument of domination and of emancipation, 193

as solely an emanation of underlying political configurations, 289

as speaking only to the interactions between European states, 205

as the expression of humanist wisdom, 82

as the only limitation on the exercise of the territorial jurisdiction of the occupying state, 169

as the product of European legal culture, 84 as what great men thought at different times, 113

aspirations of for universal justice, 207 attachment of to crises, 368 authority and legitimacy of, 71

Bentham's thought on, 202-5 binding force of based on the notion of the

‘self-binding' will of states, 258

British Empire as a major site for the creation of, 196

changing character of the academy of, 55

Christian, 175

claims of to be universal, secular, progressive and fair, 88

claims of to universal wisdom and accepted power as undermined by use of history, 83 colonial and neo-colonial, resistance to, 86 colonial forms of, 178 coming to terms with the ‘dark past' of, 86 complicity of in the world's injustices, 55 complicity of with imperial power, 195 conceptual change in, 67 consolidation of as an academic discipline,

192

constitutive power of, 307 construction of modern, 70 contextual history of, 28 contributions of Asian states to development

of, 85

contributions of past jurists to, 83 conventional narratives of a progressive, 207 counter-disciplinary research between history and, 358

created through treaties entered into by sovereign states, 171

critiques of, 358

debates about around WW1, 178 decolonising of, 298 deconstruction of contemporary, 159 determining rules of, 306 discourse of, 70

discrediting of, 89

distributional outcomes of, 91

economic analysis of, 303

emancipatory role of, 195 epiphenomenality of, 307

Eurocentric orientation of, 50

Eurocentrism of, 104

exclusion of colonisation from history of, 63 experience of reading, 97

feminist approaches to, 16, 357

feminist critiques of, 359, 368

feminist histories of, 379

focus development of through crises instead of routine operation, 360 law, international (cont.)

fragmentation of, 54

function of codification of to reduce uncertainty about states' respective rights and duties (Bentham), 204

German, 170

global history of, 1, 85

globalisation in, 51

heroic vision of, 7

heterogeneity of, 70

historians of, 72

historical context of, 63

historical turn within, 22

historicized, 104

history as proof for the legality of, 73 history/histories of, 8, 14-15, 21, 27-8, 31,

3^6-7,47> 55,⁶4^-5, ⁶7,⁶9, 7^8,9^8,155, 359, 362, 364

is made and applied in struggle, 83 linked with universal reason, 88 Literaturgeschichte of history of, 65 long standing commitment to commerce of,

240

loose sense of history in users of, 82

lost private side of, 368 machinery of, for distribution of power, wealth and prestige, 89

maintaining a critical standpoint within, 60 materialist history of, 304

materials of as archaeological fragments, 91 merits of political thought for, 131 modern science of, 115

nature of, 254 neglecting of private law by historians of,

362

nineteenth-century scholarship of, 88 nineteenth-century, in the context of ‘power’, 81

normative authority of, 82

of nature and of nations (ius naturae et gentium), 1

orientation to universality and coherence of, 90

origin narratives of, 61

origins of, 61

papal encyclicals belonging to history of, 64 past, present and future of, 70 pluralism of, 72, 92

political economy of, 307

positive, 293

practice in as a rhetorical skill, 53 principles and practice of colonial administrators as origins of, 63

private side of, 15

professional competence in, 53 professional period of, 55 professionalisation of, 10, 103 progressive development, 74 progressive teleology of, 82 public, 15, 362

public European (ius publicum Europaeum) 88

public/private distinction in, 87 questioned as a concept, 154 race as central to the definition of, 207 reform of, 51, 86

reformism in, 51

relationship between public and private, 361

relevance of political thought for, 135

removed from economics, 89

replacing divine law/Pope with natural law/ sovereign, 81

role of in legitimising and sustaining colonialism, 86

role of power and politics in history of, 64 roots of, 104

roots of in Christian European culture, 88 sociology of, 8

spatial order in, 140, 152

Third World approaches to (TWAIL),

78

treatises of, 362

understood as a historically particular system, 202

universalisation of, 104 unselfconsciously anachronistic mode of,

105

women as legal subjects or actors in, 357 writing of, 109

law, international criminal, 106, 112

law, international economic, 74

law, intertemporal, 57

law, local, 44

law, marriage

reform of, 370

law, natural, 14, 35, 65, 87, 142, 210, 239, 309, 341, 347

as ideological, 36

as legitimation of law, 35

emergence of in colonial context, 81

European school of, 84

idiom of, 1 law, private, 67, 183, 347

as the context of public international law's power, 358

duty of states to recognise one another’s, 375 institutions of, 305

law, private international, of domicile and ‘comity of nations’, 372, 375 law, private international, 358-9, 365-6, 375

agreement on principles of, 366 as a lost side of international law, 359 as part of international law, 363 common-law rules of, 359 development of, 371 established as a field in the United States,

377

focus of as the state at home, not abroad, 364 Hague conventions on, 364 harmonising rules of, 363

modification of the English family and the English state by, 369

law, Roman, 235, 346, 348-9, 351, 353-5 commentaries on, 14

division of law into public and private law under, 347

division of private law into natural (ius gentium) and civil law in, 14

early modern discourse, 342 early-modern commentaries on, 345 internal time of, 45

right of foreigners to beg, 244 sixteenth-century commentators on, 347 laws

colonial marriage, 370 conflict of, 358-9, 377 contingency of, 52 imperial conflict of, 359, 370 indigenous to the colonies, 365 Nazi racial, 131 positive, 137

validity of from reason alone, 141 laws, civil, 244, 341, 343 laws, foreign, 365 laws, settler, 365 laws, sixteenth-century poor, 248 lawyers, 1-5, 8-9, 13, 35, 42, 44, 49, 53, 60, 63,

67, 71, 101, 131, 162, 275, 277, 287, 308 activist, 85

Anglo-American, 261

as people exercising authority, 68 British in the 1950s, 306 contemporary international, 103 early seventeenth-century English 64 environmental, 74 feminist international, 377

German, 160, 164, 168, 171, 174, 178 intellectual and professional stance of, 277 international, 2, 42, 50, 54, 70, 73-4, 91, 96,

99, 101, 171 medieval, 355 natural, 61 professional role of, 12 early-modern, 352 tendency of to believe ‘nothing happened’ at

different points of history, 117 third world, 300

US, 50 leadership, 77, 113, 139, 148, 153, 158, 330-1

global, 109

in the use of language, 316

League of Nations, 11-12, 58, 84, 90, 146, 152, 154, 163, 207, 214, 216, 253-81 as a new agent and locus for the organisation

of international life, 256 as a new site of politics, 216 as a nexus for interstate cooperation, 263 as a scene of speech, 255 as challenging to both juridical and

historical analysis, 280 Covenant of, 256-7 effect of on United Nations, 273-4

legal positivism, 136-7 legalism, 111, 114 legislation, 34 as political, 34 imperial, ideology of, 35 legitimacy, 35, 65, 133 legitimation, 25, 32-3, 38 discursive, 35 of conceptual change through innovation,

315 of killing, 147 politics of, 26 Skinnerian model of, 38

Leviathan, see Hobbes, Thomas liberalism, 110, 133, 141, 143, 191-2, 371 relational feminist critique of, 360

Liberia, 207 liberties, English legal, 366 liberty, 293

as yielding obedience to magistrates (Vives),

249 ruled by reason, 246

Libya, 114

Lieber, Francis, 177

Lin Zexu, 200

literature, 123

in dialogue with history, 38

Locke, John, 345

Foucauldian reading of, 39 longue duree, 47, 63, 66, 78 Lorimer, James, 15, 90, 107, 375

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 342

MacKinnon, Catherine, 115

Mali, 59

Malta, 296

mankind

the conscience of, 121

manners, 376

as part of gender studies of the history of

international law, 377

Marcuse, Herbert, 143-4

Mare Liberum (Grotius), 286 market(s), 326 marriage(s) (matrimonium), 14-15, 117, 362,

365, 367

and how it relates to ideas of law and justice,

355

as natural under ius gentium, 349

as not part of natural law (Cicero), 348

as part of the law of nations (ius gentium),

347

as interwoven with emergence of states

(Roman law commentators),

347

as the beginning of justice in the Roman law tradition, 355

colonial laws on, 370

determining validity of a, 358

foreign, 370

Hague Conventions on, 364 illegitimate 349-50 medieval and early-modern understanding of, 356

natural and civil, 342

relationship to of emergence of civil

government, 354

Martens, Friedrich, 199

Marx, Karl, 51, 112

Marxist analysis, 13

masculinity, 376 master-slave relation, 366 matrimonium, 14, see marriage meaning, 28, 39

as interpretation by historian, 30

formation of in law, 67

historical, 30

in context/ contextual, 30

in history of international law, 28

legal, 45-6, 48

political, 30-1, 45, 48 memory, 73, 98 Menschheitswerte (human values), 141-2 mercantilism, 92-3 merchant companies

acting like states, 181 merchants, 2, 239, 315, 365 metahistory, 7 metaphor, 147

authorship as, 112

metaphysics, 314

method, 5, 7, 97, 100, see methodology methodology, 3-6, 21, 24, 27-9, 60, 62, 71-2, 78,

80-1, 88, 92, 96-7, 99-100, 102, 105-12, 114-16,118-20,118,122-3,132, 306, 314-16, 357

as choices, 115

as informed by ‘mood', 124

contextualised historical, 99 inter-disciplinary, 116 limits of in history, 21 macro-historical, 108 micro-historical, 121

of international legal contextualists, 80 metropole, the, 198, 359, 364, 366,

368

public policy exception in, 367

Mexico, 242, 251

Michelet, Jules, 119

Middle East, 202

migration

contemporary politics of, 252

Minerva

owl of, 78 minorities, 265 modernisation, 103 modernism, 51, 78 modernity, 47, 49, 85, 135

experience of our own, 334

narrative of, 43

political, 43

the story of, 44

Western, 44, 47

monarchy, 136 monasteries, ιι monasticism, Western, 240 money

legal construction of, 94 Montesquieu, 200 More, Thomas, 350 Morgenthau, Hans, 143, 147 mothers, 343-5 moyenne duree

European, 43, 45-6

global, 48

Namibia, 59 Napoleon, 103, 112, 120, 196 narrative(s), 7, 10

changing the, 74 early encounter, 232 historical, 72-3

ingrained Western, 368 large-scale, 90 of foundation, 14 sacred, 37 nation(s), 1, 9-10, 262

as context, 77

as moral communities of equal status, 10 comity of, 372, 375

European family of, 359 family of, 104

law of, 170, see law of nations principle of universality of, 105 self-perfection of, 198 nation-state(s) 159

African, formed and governed on European models, 208

as aim of decolonisation, 212

European, 176 nationalism, 82, 92, 163, 309 nationality, 359-60, 373-4

acquisition and loss of as involving the state,

373

as a political bond, 15

as connecting factor governing an individual's legal status and capacity, 372

campaign to abolish dependent, for married women, 374

public international law concept of, 372 nationhood, 348 natural law 218, see law, natural naturalism, 110, 117, 119 naturalization

as privileging men, 374

nature, 46

as context of eighteenth-century international law, 81

early modern understandings of, 341 Nauru, 302 navigation, 181, 286, 304 Nazi Germany, 132, 141

Nazi party (NSDAP), 140, 148

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 112 neighbours, 240 neoclassical economic theory, 313 neoliberalism, 89, 300

rise of, 52 Netherlands, 56, 61 New International Economic Order (NIEO),

300,305-6

New World, 12, 66

contribution of conquest of to economic growth of Europe, 207

New Zealand, 196, 257

Nicaragua, 206 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 40, 46, 100, 135 Nkrumah, Kwame, 220-1

North Africa, 368

North America, 46 North Atlantic, 43, 93

interventions of in Africa, 84

novel(s), 20 Nuremberg, 106, 113, 117, 120-1, 131, 134 Nussbaum, Arthur, 61

Nyerere, Julius, 223-5 Nys, Ernest, 61

obedience, 151

limits of, 180 obligation, 15, 378

absolute, 15

absolute, contrasted with comity and courtesy, 376

as underwritten by ideals of masculinity, 376 binding, between states, public international law concept of, 372

international, 372

religious, 11 occupation, 160-2, 174, 182

effective, 57 institution of within ius publicum

Europaeum, 183

military (occupatio bellica), 166, 170 mixed (Mischbesetzung), 170 of Belgium, 168 occupation (cont.)

peaceful (occupatio pacifica), 166, 170 sovereignty during, 167

theories of, 182

theory of (Schmitt), 184

of the Rhineland,9, 160—5, 172, 176, 178, 180-2, 186

occupier

sovereign will of, 185 ocean. see also seas

as a commons, 286

as an intensely juridified space, 290

as now entirely legally incorporated, 308

as unoccupiable, inexhaustible, unalterable by human activity and irreducible to private ownership or state sovereignty (Grotius), 286

constitution of the (LOSC), 287 irreducible to territorial jurisdiction, 286 legal lines delimiting, 292 policing of, 286

states claiming exclusive sovereign rights over parts of (post-1945), 287

threat of depletion, 285

utopian projects for building human habitats on, 288

Old World, 12

ontology, 321 opinion, public, 261

use of the rhetoric of by League of Nations Secretariat staff, 265

Opium War, see War(s), Opium Oppenheim, Lassa, 113, 259 orality, 6

order

ideal global, 140 international, 152 global, 93 legal, 1 liberal global, 94

liberal international, 92 post-war liberal, 93 universal international, 111 absence of meaningful post-war (Schmitt),

134

conceived of as organized unequally around sovereignty, territoriality and comity, 378 precariousness of a law-based, 158 order, international legal,

constitutional position of United Nations in, 274

progressive universalization of, 75

order, political

quest for the ‘concrete' grounds of, 110 orders

legal, 109

national legal, 15

transnational, 139 orders, legal

personations of, 259

Orders, mendicant, 240, 243, 248

Orford, Anne, 2, 4, 60, 70, 77, 192, 274-5, 277, 357^-8, 3⁶⁸

organisations

as sites of social control, 11

international, 11, 74, 140, 171, 254, 274-5, 278-80

new forms of, 321

non-government (NGOs), 265 origins

narratives of, 4

relativism of normative power of historica,

57

search for, 105-6

pacifism, 140, 146, 150

as effeminate, 376

pacta sunt servanda, 65

Pagden, Anthony, 239, 365

Pal, Justice Radhabinod, 121

palace, 26

as institutional site of political discourse, 31 pan-Africanist thought, 215

Panama, 175

pan-Asian thought, 215

pan-Islamic thought, 215

Papacy, 107 paradiastolic redescription

as political action, 315 paradigm, 319, 324, 327, 331

concept of (Kuhn), 316, 318

paratext

as a zone of transmission and transaction, 27 Pardo, Arvid, 298 parenthood

as a legal and social institution under

Roman law, 353

parents

command to honour both (Decalogue), 346 parliament, 26, 136

as institutional site of political discourse, 31 parliamentary representation, 133 past, the, 3, 5-7, 15, 19-20, 31, 41, 73, 107, ³³á, ǹ¹, 357, 3⁶4

ability to learn from, 78

as stories, á

juridical and historical methods of critically ^eng^agⁱⁿg, ²77

meaning in, 40

narratives of, 16

popular accounts of, 112

readings of as fundamental to critical perspectives on the present and the future, 208

patria potestas, 346, 350, 352, 355 patriarchy, 91 patricide, 352

peace, 7, 51, 57, 65, 67, 74, 90, 93, 103, 112, 152, 154, 159, 178, 202, 376

debates on perpetual, 67 enforced (Diktatfrieden), 163 offenses against international, 203 progress towards global, 133 realpolitik of, 146 settlement, 256, 261 through law, 257

treaty, 152

universalistic proposals for perpetual (Kant),

150

Peace of Westphalia (1648), 56, 60, 115 peace-keeping, 203, 258, 275 peace-making, 50, 55

peoples

indigenous, 84

legal recognition of colonised, 58 mandatory, 255

movement of across the world, 214 multiple allegiances of, transcending borders of states and empires, 214 occluded, 104 of the South, 84

poor, 301

Permanent Court of International Justice, 146 personal status law, 364 personality, 257, 259

artificial, 11

group, 259

international legal, 260 legal, 254, 258-9, 262 split, 322

personhood, 11-12, 321-2 person(s), 9, 11, 320, 329

legal, 260

theorization of, 11

Peru, 72

Philippines, 56, 58 philology

historical, 45 political-philosophical, 45 philosopher(s), 55, 61, 275, 355

and politics, 133

philosophy, 23, 34, 36, 41, 66, 103, 116, 141-2, 3^O9, 3¹4

ancient, 347

as a politics of truth (Foucault), 40 as creative of new meaning, 40 dialogue with history, 40 histories of, 41 moral and religious, 35 political, 33

piracy, 106, 115, 286 Plato, 243, 346 pluralism, 10, 14, 90, 92, 259

as international not domestic, 154 legal, 367

pluriverse, political world as a, 139 Pocock, John, 23, 25, 41, 330 poetic technique, 116

poetics, historical and legal, 6 poetry, 37, 47, 117 poiesis, 40

Poland, 104 political economy.

history of, 66 political realism, 32 political scientists, 79 political theory, 106, 180, 191, 309, 311 political thought, 10

European, 158 global history of, 2 historians of, 46, 191, 277, 314, 316, 341-2 importance of sexual and conjugal dimensions in, 354

limits of, 12 medieval, 44 realist, 9

Secretariat of the League of Nations as a site for, 275

political thought, history of, 2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 21, 26-9, 27, 34-6, 40, 42-3, 46, 65, 185, 191, 210, 314

‘international turn' in the, 19, 208 as an act of political thinking in the present,

21

political thought, history of (cont.) Cambridge school of, 23, 27 contextual, 23, 29-30, 32, 37 dialogue with history of international law, 31 evolution of as a discipline, 40 global, 37

history of itself as a stand-in for ‘history', 22 in the African present, 226 Janus-face of, 47 longue duree, 47 new histories of, 16 philosophical, 41

realist 35 temporality of, 22 twentieth-century, 47 view of law, 42 writing of, 33 political, the, 14-15, 35

as contracted, 341 autonomy of, 35 construction of as a construction of power,

40 constructions of, 9, 41 historicity of, 38 history of, 38 Indian, 38 theorization of, 9 politicians, 78, 162 politics, 1-2, 8, 10, 16, 23-4, 28, 30-5, 46, 64, 76,

94, 115, 257 absence of in Alexandrowicz’s legal historical argument, 195 agent-centred model of, 32 and the political, distinction between,

35

as being constructed in opposition to the social or the private, 342

as outside expert rule, 94

as political action to increase power, 7 as within Allgemeine Staatslehre, 159 boundaries between economics and, 12 conflictual as driver of linguistic innovation, 38

contemporary global, 71

differences between ‘man’ and ‘woman’ in,

342 different concepts of, 48 domestic, 32 early modern narratives of the emergence of, as gendered, 342

role of international legal doctrines in, 69

Hobbesian vision of, 36 imperial, 35

insistence on separation of law from, 307 international, 32, 42

legitimacy as defining characteristic of,

24

modern global, 139

of action, 41

of legitimation, 26

of the text, 41 patriarchal, 14 place of law in construction of, 31 practitioners of real, 10 real, 32 realist vision of, 7 polity/polities, 1

Amazonian, 355

as centred on male citizens/subjects, 342 Christian, 16

early-modern understandings of, 341 peripheral, 257 poor, the

authority to coerce and imprison, 248 care of in hospitals, 249 debates about rights and freedoms of in sixteenth-century Europe, 243

distinction between real and voluntary, 241 freedom of movement of, 248 global legal immobility of, 73 having access to things of necessity via charity not as a right, 247

natural rights of (Soto), 244

seen as enemies rather than honoured guests, 234 pope, 81, 240 papal,

encyclicals of as part of history of international law, 65 populism, 92—3, 95 Portugual, 198, 222

positivism, 65, 70, 87, 102-3, 105, 110, 117-18, 185, 279-80

Eurocentric, 194, 198 historical, 38 legal, 171 possession

right of, 239 postcolonialism,

feminist critiques of, 358 postmodern, 40 postmodernism, 6 poverty, 11, 89, 206, 233

as a sacred condtion within the Christian tradition, 243

criminalisation of, 243

of Christ as model for mendicant orders, 243 valorised by mendicant orders, 243

power, 7,11,16, 31-3, 39, 70, 73, 83-4, 89, 92-3, 109, 321

absolute paternal (Filmer), 345

as context of nineteenth-century international law, 81

as operating through international legal concepts and institutions., 362

as without gender, 356

balance of, 73, 109 colonial, 88, 177 construction of, 40

context for exercise of, 76 discursive, 39 distribution of state, 303 dynamics of movement and, 252 gender relations as a way of signifying or structuring legal, 357

hegemonic, 93

historian's relationship with, 40

human will to, 143

international organisations as important sites of, 274

law as challenge to and product of, 62 legal construction of, 93 legitimisation of political, 341 location of in concept to hospitality, 244 military exercise of as ‘factual’ validity of authority, 166

moved from poor to rich in sixteenth­century Europe, 246

new institutions for the exercise of, 322 occupying, 181

of master over slave, 25

political, 25, 35

private, 88-9, 93-4

public as different from violence in a private capacity, 35

realities of, 36

relationship between law of sovereignty and law of property as ‘yin and yang’ of global (Koskenniemi), 362

role of in history of international law, 65 role of in the ascendancy of certain legal norms or institutions, 192

sovereign, 34, 42, 170, 172 supreme (summum imperium), of mothers over children in the state of nature, 343 to command, 32

transfer of in decolonisation, 212 withdrawal of administering, 59 practice, 6

international legal, 49 practices

legal, 63 pragmatics, 27 pragmatism, 91, 103, 306 precedent, 73, 75 present, the

requirements of, 106 presentism, 122 prestige, 89 principle of self-determination, 194 private, 2, 4, 89-90, 342, 363

boundaries between public and, 12 separation of, from public, 371 private ownership, 86

ocean as irreducible to, 286 private property, 312, 333 processes, legal

as themselves sites for creating or dismissing law, 307 profession

as context, 77 professionalisation, 103 progress, 7, 51, 75, 156, 158, 215, 219

modern concept of (Koselleck), 334 technological, 146 theory of, 329

progressivism, 51

reformist, 52 property, 89, 305

agriculturalist account of, used to defend settler colonialism (Vattel), 196

as basis for order, 151

as part of ius gentium, 67 discourse of, 232

division of (divisio rerum), 239

in religious orders, 251

law of, 361

of the marine environment, 293 private, 67 protection, 151, 175

protection of, 155

reform of colonial arrangements, 307

right to common, under the law of nations,

239

protection (cont.)

transmission of, 15

protectionism, 74

protectorate, 175 Protestantism, 61, 65, 84, 329, 369 Prussia, 131, 149, 196 psychology, 33-4, 150 public, 2, 4, 14, 25, 342

boundaries between private and, 12 public domain, 25 public good(s) 310 public opinion, 264, 272

as sanction against lawbreakers, 376 public order, 175 public spaces, 31 public/private dichotomy, 362 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 105, 197

race, 366 raison d'etat, 14, 65, 158, 309, 311 Rajagopal, Balakrishnan, 115

rape, 377 rational choice theory, 311 rationality, 141 readers/ audiences, 113 reading

deconstructive techniques of, 27 realism, 3, 7, 32, 34, 37, 62, 67, 108-9, 143, 151, 158, 272, 306

American, 110

as a paradigm of history, politics and law, 7 critical, 40

legal, 50 political, 33-4, 37-8, 42, 111 structural, 106

realities, 108 Realpolitik, 79, 316 reason, 246

expert and public, 76

universal, 88 reason of state, 309 reason, professional and public, 71 Rechtsstaat, 163 redescription, critical, 71

in legal thought, 71 reductionism, 314 Reformation, 330 reformism, 94 refugees, 73 relations

between the ‘natural' and the ‘political', 15

interstate, 15 relations, international, 69, 152-3, 202,

232

as an academic discipline, 7, 50, 64, 74, 101-2, 143, 206, 261, 276, 310, 358, 378

hegemonic realities of, 153 relations, transnational private

removing legal obstacles to, 363 relationship, parent-child

as dependent on issue of providing food, 353 relativism, 327 religion, 82, 87-8, 90, 142, 203, 249, 366

in dialogue with history, 38 Renaissance, 376 reparations, 162, 164, 168 representation, political, 180 res publica, 347 resistance, 77, 92

legal and political, 45 political, 45 passive, 164

resources

allocation of, 13

allocation of, to invention, 318 allocation of, to production, 335 claims legal subjects have to, 67 consumer-led allocation of, 312 deep seabed petroleum, 299 free movement of, 73

hierarchy of distribution of (Augustinian Rule), 241

ocean, 285, 289

optimal allocation of, to research and development, 337

rights to access, 11

role of law in distribution of, 66 resources, linguistic and cultural

unfamiliar deployment of, 316 resources, natural, 248, 289, 291, 303

appropriation of, 240 regimes for, 293 right to, 239

Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 206 revisionism, 72

third world historical, 89 revolution, 30, 319, 326-7

moments of as vantage points to observe history at its most vivid, 114

right of, 180 transformative moments of, 114 revolution, scientific, 324 theory of (Kuhn), 319 rhetoric, 28

Rhineland, 160, 162-3, 169, 172, 176, 178,

186

occupation of the, 178, 180—1, 186 Ricoeur, Paul, 21 rights,

civil, 365

contractual, 68 creation of as distinct from existence of, 57 human, 65, 67, 74, 82, 85, 87—9

in family relations, 68 land, 68 language of, 244 natural, 142

of nationals in foreign territory, 57 private, 116

reality of vested legal, 306 sovereign, 82

system of intervention, 178 universal (to elect one's own government),

234

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 65, 67, 184 rule, emergency, 154

rulers

as trained in the legal academy, 71 female, 355

Muslim, 198 rulership, 71—2, 76

as elite articulation, 75 colonial, 369 expert, 75 managerial, 75 training for, 76 rules, legal, 50 Russia, 108, 115, 269, 365 Rwanda, 113, 120

Saint-Pierre, Charles-Irenee Castel, abbe de,

67 Salamanca, School of, 77 San Domingo, 175 sanctions, 295 satire, 26

savages

as excluded from protections of the law of war, 83

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 49, 372 Scelle, Georges, 260

Schachter, Oscar, 55

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 146 schematism, 314

Schmitt, Carl, 9-10, 12, 15, 44, 62, 104, 108, 110-12, 114-15, 132-7, 139-48, 151-6, 158, 160-1, 163, 174-82, 184-6, 259, 271 anthropological assumptions of, 150 anti-Semitism, 134 as a German jurist, 136 as a politician, 140 as source for deconstruction of contemporary international law, 159 construction of the state as one historically contingent political form, 139

Großraum (great space), 152 importance of innate human aggressiveness, 149

importance of the exception/ extreme case, 138

influence of work on law-makers in

Germany, 142 intellectual formation of, 135 international thought of, 134 polemical concept of the state, 149 scholars, 72, 212

Asian, 86 contemporary left-wing Schmittian, 187 European, 246

German, 258 legal, 276 modern conflicts, 371 third world, 301

Western, 86

scholarship, 3, 97, 112, 132, 196 academic legal, used as propaganda in wartime, 133

as marred by present-mindedness, 357 contemporary international law, 91 early modern legal, 354 epoch-defining styles of, 108 feminist, 342, 344 feminist legal, 360

French, 260

German legal, 143

in common-law countries, 376

in context, 78 international academic, 142 international legal, 306 late medieval and Renaissance Roman legal, 44

legal, 35, 44-5, 137, 156

Methodenlehre in German legal, 138 scholarship (cont.) nineteenth-century, 371 public law, 155 style of, 109 traditions of, 43

scholasticism fifteenth-century, 77

Schumpeter, Joseph, 13, 310-14, 316, 319, 322-3, 3²5^-8, 33^i-2, 335

Schwarzenberger, Georg, 111 science(s), 85, 94, 317

creativity in (Kuhn), 319 history of, 316 human, 320 legal, 91

natural, 325 philosophy of, 316 social, 111

tension between innovation and tradition in the history of (Kuhn), 310

theory of (Kuhn), 317 scientists, 319, 322

political, 344 Scotland, 367, 369 Scott, James Brown, 61 scripture, 20, 23, 47 sea(s), 110, 204

law of, 296

as an example of a tragic commons, 296 ecological protection of, 308 enduring political economy of the law of, 288

freedom of the, 293-7 idea of a free, 287 imagined as an assemblage of jurisdictionally discrete sites of economic activity, 290

multilateral treaties concerning uses of the,

290 new law of the, 292, 303, 305, 308 old law of the, 293 political economy of the law of the, 293 protection of rights to access and use, 293 regulation of some uses of the, 287 sovereign jurisdictions at (piracy, fishing),

286 unconstrained use of, 293 uneven distribution of rights to access and use, 308

uses of the common areas of, 308 Searle, John, 23 secrecy, 148, 152, 263, 267 secularism, 133 self, the

as social, 371 conception of, 360 self-determination, 65, 69, 74, 215 self-government, 216, 219, 221, 311

dependent on having achieved a standard of civilization defined in terms of the modern West, 215 self-identity, 360 self-preservation

right of the political community to, 252 self-rule

social contract of, 221 shame, 92, 163, 220, 248 shipping

list of instruments relating to, 290 shipwreck

as a case of exception for poor relief/ hospitality, 246

Shotwell, James T., 144, 146 Siam, 365 siege, 161, 182, 185-6

military state of as distinguished from dictatorship, 179

‘real' military vs political ‘fictive' state of, 177 Skinner, Quentin, 13, 23-6, 28, 32, 36, 38, 43,

46, 78, 111, 113, 310, 314, 316, 319-21, 323-4, 327, 329-30, 342, 358 slavery, 248, 365-7 Smith, Adam, 67, 196, 203 social assistance, 234 social imaginary, 324 social imaginary significations (Castoriadis),

325 social interdependence, 76 social theory, 312 socialism, 335-6 society, 4, 325 sociology, 78-9, 92, 110, 150, 260, 268, 311, 327 Socrates, 346 solidarity, international

rise of, 378 Somerset’s Case (1772), 366 Soto, Domingo de, 244, 248 South Africa, 58-9, 222 South West Africa, 58-9 South, the

emanicipatory claims from, 85 sovereign(s), 81, 89, 91, 105, 342

as the origin and enforcer of law, 73

as who decides on the exception (Schmitt),

¹39

case for a unitary and supreme (Hobbes), 271 constitutional limitations on, 168 original claim of, 168

territorial jurisdiction of, 168

sovereign state(s) 242, see state(s), sovereign, sovereignty, 7, 12, 34, 56, 67, 70, 89, 103-4, 117, 124, 135, 141, 145, 164,168, 171, 174, 185-6, 207, 209, 219, 222, 224, 257, 346, 378 absolute, 142

African, 209

as a matter of military power, 81

as consolidated power, 82

as effective territorial jurisdiction, 183

as part of collective life, 220

as practices of government, 281

as protection, 57

as responsibility, 206

as right to reject external interference,

221

as source of law's authority, 81

as the ‘uninteresting leftovers of power’ (Carl Schmitt), 174

distinctions between formal claims to and actual territorial jurisdiction, 174 during occupation, 167

German over the Rhineland, 176 illusion of, 103

in formal juridical (and political) sense, 281 juristic definition of (Schmitt), 139 law of, 361

legal, 167

legal fiction of divided, mixed or suspended, 161

mixed, 160

nature of, 69

of imperial state, 175

of man over woman as God-given (Filmer), 345

political, 160 principle of, 152 public, 67 state, 62, 160, 184 state territorial, 164 state, as juristically fictive but historically and practically real, 172

territorial, 57 theorisation of, 255 transformative potential of, 219

Soviet Union (USSR), 317

space

theorisation of, 132

Spain, 11, 56, 61, 86, 109, 235, 238, 241-2, 244,

247-9, 251, 272 speech

as animating principle of the League of

Nations as a political actor, 269 speech act(s), 7, 26-7, 29-30, 33-4, 39-42 St Augustine, 240-1, 245, 271

St Gregory, 244

state, 2, 7, 9, 12, 33, 35, 57, 73, 89

‘natural', 14

as a conceptual frame, 10

as a legal institution, 184

as international ‘person', 11 consequences of the gendered, 354 creation of, 15

duty of to protect its own people, 152 federal, 359

form of, 10 formation of, 8 interests of as exogenous to international

law, 303

model of the Westphalian, 212 modern, 136 modern, ideology of, 37

nascent global, 84 postcolonial, 11, 15 right of to set own commercial policy, 12 sovereign, 34, 174

targeted for international intervention imagined as helpless feminine victim, 368 totalitarian, 133

state interests

as class interests, 304 state of nature, 343, 349, 351, 354

as a state of war of men against women, 354 early-modern concept of, 341

state sovereignty, 120

state, modern

rise of, 309

state, sovereign, 34, 174

state, the, 15, 34, 42, 62, 139, 147, 319

as a contingent form, 228

as a historical phenomenon, 32

as a male entity, 342

as an artificial body, 341

as most mature political form for the exercise of violence, 148

as self-contained, 15

state, the (cont.)

as the primary arena of politics, 32 conceptualisation of, 254

early modern ideas on the beginnings of, 348 Hobbesian view of, 32

international law and, 134

limits and jurisdiction of, 211 modern, 43

modern, as focal meaning of politics, 44 Nazi theory of, 132

nineteenth-century ideas of the emergence of, 342

power of, 50 public law theory of, 260

radical pan-African critiques of existing models of, 209

re-ordering of through choice of law and rules on jurisdiction, 371 seventeenth-century philosophy of, 342 shift the conventional focus current theories

of, 275

space of as predetermined and limited, 42 theorisation of, 255

theorizations of, 14

Weberian view of, 24 Westphalian model of, 221

states, 9-10, 15-16, 254

African post-colonial, 224 as analogous to reasoning, liberal individuals

(Wilson), 261

as creatures in and of law, 276 as founded by fathers (Hobbes), 354 as legal equals but also global empires, 205 as legal equals regardless of size or power

(Vattel), 197

Asian, 85-6, 200

Barbary, 201 collapsed, 88 contingency of, 211 creation of, 347 emergence of contractual relations between,

142

equality of in international realm, 203 European, 134, 145, 200 formation of, 10, 86

imperial nature of modern liberal, 192 inequalities of, 89

international order made up of free and equal independent, 213

jurisdiction of, 10

Latin American, 85 legal equality of newly decolonized, 197 liberal, 205

new post-colonial in Africa, 223 non-European, 104 obligation between, 360 plurality of allows for diversity or identity, 151 plurality of creates viability of, 151 postcolonial, 16 powerful, 93 sovereign, 86 sovereign will of, 258 spatially alien, 152 Third World, 86 universal equality of, 204 states, colonial, 213 states, confederations of [Staatenverbindungen] legal nature of, 258 states, developed

pioneer investor status of in seabed mining, 300

states, developing, 206, 294, 296-302, 307, 360 statebuilding, 355

state-centrism, 371 statecraft, 93 statehood, 7, 257 state-theory, liberal, 141 status naturalis, see nature, state of status, civil, 362 stories/story-telling, 71, 73, 76 stranger(s),

as both guest and enemy, 232

as enemy (Schmitt), 151 classical conception of hospitality as welcoming the, 241

the poor as, 234

welcoming of as a law of nature,

240 strategy, 77-8, 91 Strauss, Leo, 133, 150 Strauss-Kojeve dialogue, 133 Strupp, Karl, 164, 170, 174, 178 style, 6, 97, 109 as method, 110 as persuasion, 97 Suarez, Francisco, 90 subjecthood

interwar thinking on, 254 subjects

acting on others, 321 royal, 368 succession, 362

suicide, 322, 327

Switzerland, 196

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Perigord, 183

Tanganyika, 213, 215-17, 220, 224

Tanzania, 209, 211, 221, 223

taxation, 285 reframing of as a duty of citizenship in post­colonial states, 221

Taylor, Charles, 324-5

technology, 133, 145-6, 158, 292, 300, 303, 305, 317, 327, 334, 336

investment in as a public good, 310 teleology, 5, 30, 43, 55, 105, 110, 114, 119, 314 temporality, 15, 22, 24, 39, 102, 311

modern, 46

of thought and of law, 21

terra nullius, 88 territoriality, 24-5, 73, 378 absolute, 378 non-self-governing, 58

territory/territories, administration of ‘internationalised',

256 administration of Ottoman, 256 annexation of, 176 colonial, 58 gaining de facto control over, 178 immediate change in sovereignty when occupied, 183

no part of ocean can be counted in any people’s, 286

occupied, 166

terror

war on, 106

terrorism, 111

text(s)

and history of international law, 65 as acts, 28 fidelity to, 116 making historical sense of, 41 new editions of as new acts, 27 nineteenth-century legal, 60

The Law of War and Peace, 48 theology/theologians, 55, 180, 355 political, 44, 133

theorist(s), feminist legal, 368 French post-Marxist, 324 legal, 275

political, 275, 342 social, 309 theory,

feminist critiques of political, 358 feminist legal, 360—1 history of international legal, 79 normative claims of, 193 theory-practice distinction, 2 Third Reich, 111-12, 132 third world, 70, 89

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), 78, 86,118

marginalization of histories by, 358 Thirty-Years' War, 60 time, 101-3, 115

immemorial, 106 international law's preoccupations with, 114 legal, 73 totalitarianism, 140, 143 trade, 63, 67, 88

effects of in history of international law, 365 right to (ius negotiandi) under the law of nations, 239

trading companies

roles of in international law, 64 tradition(s), 288

critical interpretive practice within, 79 enlightenment, 135

family, 86

historical, 81 intellectual or religious as context, 77 ‘law and context', 79

scholarly, 106

translation

cultural, 40 travellers, 247 treaties, 74, 114, 124, 256, 278, 303, 305, 362-3

as contested legal interpretations, 63 as instruments of anachronism, 125 as source of law, 279 as sources for international law, 113 bilateral, 290 international, 34 interpretation of, 53 inter-sovereign, 286 multilateral 290 obligations of, 178 of ancient Near East, 60

Treaty of Paris (1898), 56 Treaty of Utrecht, 109 Treaty of Versailles, 103

tribunal(s)

war, 134

human rights, 53

international, 4 international criminal (ICT), 84 war crimes, 113

Trusteeship Territories of the United Nations,,

222

truth, 39, 321, 329 historical, 186

Tully, James, 39, 193 Turkey, 58, 201, 365, 373 TWAIL 86, see Third World Approaches to

International Law tyranny, 180, 346, 355

Uganda, 224-5 uncertainty, 323, 326, 332, 337

as a political choice (Dobb), 335, 337 as an inevitable product of development driven by innovation, 325

as one of the wages of capitalism, 335 is the result of dynamic competition, 326 United Kingdom, 299 United Nations, 51, 53, 58-9, 73-4, 89, 105, 155,

214, 216-17, 222-3, 273-4, 277

United Nations General Assembly, 206, 296-8 discredited use of resolutions of, 307

United Nations Secretary-General, 301 United Nations Trust Territory, 211 United Nations Trusteeship Council (1947),

216

United States of America, 50-1, 56, 61, 72, 84, 89-90, 92-3, 109-11, 131, 143, 152, 156, 161-2, 175-6, 178, 199, 205, 207, 268, 290, 294, 299-300, 317-18, 327, 335, 376

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(UDHR) 215 universalism, 109, 156, 194, 201-2, 204,

240

as based on the law of nature, 194 late-mediaeval, 109 legal, 197 moral, 191 universality

claim to of international law, 71 universities, 90, 136

as sites of socio-culturally authoritative discourse, 31

utilitarianism, 50 utopian, 52

Vattel, Emer de, 10, 65, 68, 90, 102, 113, 194-6, 198-9, 202-5, 207, 213

as used by China, 200

mixed legacy of to twentieth-century international thought, 202

on commercial independence, 200 reception of his Droit des gens (1758) in early nineteenth-century British debates, 193 republican doctrine of, 198

Versailles, 120, 135, 141

Peace Conference (1919), 112

Treaty of, 161-3, 172, 176

Vienna Congress, 183

Vienna School, 258

violence, 32, 62, 141, 144-5, 148, 207 a global system dominated by empires as doomed to incessant (Bentham), 203 legitimate, 24

normalisation of, 40

literary, 122-3

Vitoria, Francisco de, 65-6, 77, 81, 84, 90, 111, 118, 233, 238-42, 244-7

appeal to principle of hospitality, 238-40 facilitation of appropriation of natural resources, 239

right to hospitality as ius communicandi,

239

use of ius negotiandi, 239

normative, 315, 325

of elite rule, 93

of historicism, 309

oflaw as vector for significance of past events in the present, 280

of Protestant Christianity, 315

social, 325

vocabulary(ies), 81, 257

choice of, 50

war, 7, 50, 55, 57, 63, 67, 82, 90, 111-13, 139, 142, 144-5, 151, 156, 159, 161, 166, 170, 178, 311, 331, 362

abolition of, 178 against terrorism, 83 as a case of exception for poor relief/ hospitality, 246

as lawful if hospitality denied, 242

as neither the purpose nor content of politics (Schmitt), 150

condition of, 349

civil, 141

criminalisation of, 145 effects of on history of international law, 365 enemy nationals as domiciliaries in time of, 373 English maritime (total), 183 Franco-Prussian, 177 humanisation of, 103 international laws of, 169 just (bellum iustum), 65 laws of, 118, 168

of aggression, intellectual preparation of, 132 on terror, 118 outlawing of, 145

perceiving the state through, 153 prevention of as part of the work of the League of Nations, 256

purely state character of (Talleyrand), 183 role for law in, 81

state of nature as a condition of, 341 the just, 65

use of academic legal scholarship as propaganda in times of, 133

wars, 73

as a legitimate exercise of sovereignty, 145 as not authored by Great Men, 112 colonial, 207

introduction of in ius gentium, 355 just, 81

of decolonization, 206 trade, 89

War(s)

Algerian, 207

American Revolutionary, 197, 202

Cold, 274

Napoleonic, 183 of Jenkins' Ear, 203

Opium, 199—201, 207

Seven Years’, 202

Vietnam, 207

war crimes, 118

law of, 117

war crimes trials, 112

war criminals, 120

German, 132

warfare, 86

history of European, 60 wealth, 11, 16, 89, 92-4, 313 Weber, Max, 24, 32, 95, 149, 313, 315

Wehberg, Hans, 140, 258-9 Weimar, 114, 134, 141, 155 West Indies, 197

Westlake, John, 63, 374 Westphalia, 102, 104-5, 156

Wheaton, Henry, 115, 199, 201 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 163 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 23, 41 Wolff, Christian, 113, 197 women, 364, 368-9

and the social contract, 354-5 as legal subjects or actors in international law, 357

as slaves in a pre-contract state of war, 354 as subjects of international law, 379 as subordinated by the civil law, 355 guatapera community as basis of hospitals especially for, 251

historical subordination of, 14 in international law, 360 in matters of royal succession, 362 in the state of nature (Hobbes),

344 inclusion of in political life, 362 nationality of married, 362 position of, 2

repression of the traffic in, 256 rights of in international treatises,

362 role of in the emergence of civil

government, 354 status of, 362 status of children born to enslaved,

362 words, see language World Bank, 78, 89 World War I, 117, 119, 135, 146, 155, 161, 255, 269 consequences of, 144

World War II, 10, 74, 111, 117, 131, 150, 155-6, 159, 206, 266, 273

writing, 6 conventions of historical, 41 history of political thought, 26

Zasius, Ulrich, 350-2 Zilliacus, Konni, 268-74, 276, 279

England (London: Saunders and Benning, 1838).