Index

Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures and in bold indicate tables on the corresponding pages.

15M Indignados 181

access and benefit-sharing (ABS) 39, 73

A European Genebank Integrated System (AEGIS) 58

African Model Legislation for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders 135n29

African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) 69n31

Agrawal, A.

Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (AUPC) 202

agricultural biodiversity 36, 73, 144 agricultural biotechnology business 59 agricultural diversity 28

agricultural innovation chain 54 agricultural intensification 2 agricultural production systems 172 agriculture, birth and expansion 25 agrobiodiversity: erosion 74; for food security 78; governance 7 agroecology 9, 21n18, 63, 153, 208, 221;

definition 21n17; systems of 3 alternative generalizable rationality 174 American Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) 112 Andersen, R. 43, 78 anthropocene 3 anticommons 54, 74, 182; dilemma 11, 186-187

Anvar, S. L. 60, 62

Aoki, K. 53

appropriation 2, 54

Arche N. 66n6

Arusha Protocol 69n31 Association Kokopelli 58

Baland, J.-M. 190 Basurto, X. 192

Bayer-Monsato merger 149 benefit-sharing fund 88, 107-108,

134n16, 203, 204; definition 105; financial resources 105-106, 108-109; implementation 110-111; monetary and non-monetary benefits 106-107; monetary obligation 56, 84, 106-107, 109-110; non-monetary benefit-sharing obligations 109-110; website 135n30 Bertacchini, E. 62 biennium 207 biological diversity: biodiversity erosion 2;

conservation of 142; loss of 26-29, 37, 44n6, 167 biological manipulation 59 biopiracy 57, 60; slogans 34; see also Seed

Wars

Biosafety Cartagena Protocol 22n32 biotechnologically improved seeds 3; s ee also genetically modified organisms (GMOs) biotechnology and intellectual property rights 31-32

Bioversity International 144, 145, 164n16, 167 Blakeney, M.

Bogota Declaration 213n26 Bollier, D 189

Bosselmann, K. 46n27 Boyle, J. 53, 55, 173 Bragdon, S. 30 Brahy, N. 37, 60

Brazilian Agricultural Research

Corporation (EMBRAPA) 136n43 breeders 30; see also developers breeders' rights 6

Broccoli II (G 0002/13) 5

Brush, S. B. 33, 67n22

bureau of the Governing Body of the

Treaty 125

Burris, S. 56

Calabresi, G. 53

Capra, F. 3, 4-5, 174, 175, 180

CBD see Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD)

Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA) 66n10

centre of origin 44n5

CGIAR see Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

Charles, D. 60

Chiarolla, C. 40

civil society movements 79

Clearing House Mechanism 136n44; see also

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) climate change 2

Coase, R. 54

Collective Action and Property Rights (CGIAR System Wide Program on CAPRi) 164n14

collective-choice property rights 173 commercial seed systems 63; formal seed systems 62, 93, 151

Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) 32; member nations 143

Commission on Plant Genetic Resources

(CPGR) 32, 167

Committee on World Food Security

(CFS) 208 commodification of crop diversity 2, 40,

45n13

commoning 4, 12, 175 commonization 169 common crop pool 8, 26; s ee also global crop commons

common heritage of mankind 25, 31, 33, 34, 36, 47n40, 66n2, 169

Common-Pool Resource (CPR) 4, 14-15, 73, 168-169, 171, 172-174, 183; design principles 172; scale and of internal vs. external environment 177-178; towards ‘inappropriability' 69, 147, 150, 178, 203, 211, 219

common resource 170

commons 169; and human rights 179-180; and international treaty 181-183; and social movements 180-181 common seed pool 15; see also global seed commons

communal seed treasury 15 community 11 complexity 11 compliance procedures 119-120 Conference of the Parties (COP) 39 Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 27, 35, 44n8, 61, 99, 100, 167, 212n1; Bioversity International in the Treaty negotiation 144-145; history 143-144; objectives 144; treaty negotiating process 145 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

16, 24, 36-40, 71,76, 167; see also

Nagoya Protocol copyleft (feature) 88 Cordoba Declaration on the Right to Food 79 core administrative budget (Treaty) 105 crop-based alternative payment scheme (of

the SMTA) 103 cultural contacts 25

Dalits 176

Dardot, P 169, 174, 176, 178 Darwin, C.

digital/genetic sequenced information

(DSI) 7, 83, 84, 85 digital object identifiers (DOI): project 114;

tool 104, 205 Diouf, J. 72 Directive 98/44/EC (European Union)

21n10

di Robilant, A. 182 Dirzo, R. 44n6 diversification of cultivated crops 25 diversity 11; heterogeneity and complexity 191-193

DivSeek initiative 112, 114-115, 205

DNA techniques 30

domestication of crops 2, 25, 26, 44n2, 139, 187

DUS criteria (UPOV) 41

Dutfield, G. 56

Easy-SMTA online tool 207

Economic and Monetary Union of West

Africa (UEMOA) 69n31

Economic and Social Council

(ECOSOC) 208

economic classification of goods 171

Economic Community of West African

States (ECOWAS) 69n31

environmental decision-making 142

EPC see European Patent Convention (EPC) equality of autonomy (De Robilant) 182 erosion: of genetic diversity 2, 31; risk 186-187

ETC Group 154

European Parliament Resolution 6

European Patent Convention (EPC) 6, 20n3, 21n11

European Patent Office (EPO) 5

European Plant Genetic Resources Search

Catalogue (EURISCO) 112

European Seed Association (ESA) 135n32

European Union (EU) 143

European Water Movement 179

FAO see Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

FAO Conference Resolution 32, 47n39,

90, 95

FAO Treaty forum 140

FAO World Food Summit Plan of Action 78 farmers and farmers' organizations 151-152; farmers' movement 152; farmers' rights see farmers' rights; farmers' strategy 152-153

farmer's privilege 41

farmers' rights 10, 63, 64, 74, 153, 197-199; definition 89-91; implementing 91-94

first-generation breeders 6

fishery management system 172

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

26, 80, 213n23, 213n24

food insecurity 1

food processing industry 163n3

food security 5, 81, 144; concept 78-80; treaty, implementing the concept 80-82 food sovereignty 78, 79

forestry 172 formal seed systems 62, 93, 151 Fowler, C.

Frison, C 133n1 fundamental human rights 179 Fund for Agricultural Development

(IFAD) 161

funding strategy (Treaty) 98, 106

G-77 143

game theory 212n4 Garden Organic 7, 58, 67n16 Garforth, K 133n1 GATT negotiations 56 GCDT see Global Crop Diversity Trust

(GCDT) genebanks 58, 77, 86, 88, 101, 112, 167,

196-197, 213n25; objectives of 147, 215n41; conservation strategy at international level 147-148; DivSeek initiative 114-115; in formal seed systems 151; and plant genetic resources collections 146-148; generative ecological law (Capra and Mattei) 181 gene revolution 30 Genesys 112 genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

17, 64

genetic diversity for biological evolution 26 genetic resources management 71 genetic use restriction technology (GURT) seeds 54, 55, 67n16

genetic vulnerability 28, 45n12 Germplasm Resources Information

Network (GRIN) 112 Gezi Park in Istanbul 181 Girard, F. 202 Global Biodiversity Information Facility

(GBIF) 112

global commons 15, 66n2, 168, 169 global crop commons 15, 163, 182,

193; see also global genetic commons;

staple crops

Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) 77, 108, 136n40, 142, 145, 164n18; legal status 146; strategies and policy results 146 global environmental commons 173 global environmental facility (GEF) 161 Global Ex Situ Conservation Network 27 global financial crisis of 2007-2008 174 Global Forum on Agricultural Research

(GFAR) 39, 49n63, 93

global genetic commons 15, 182; s ee also global crop commons

Global Information System (GLIS) 104, 136n45, 205, 206

globalization 12

global open genome sequence data framework 189, 205

Global Plan of Action (GPA; FAO) 35, 76 global public goods 66n2

global seed commons 11, 181, 190, 193-195, 210-212; benefit-sharing and the benefit-sharing fund 203-204; facilitated access 199-203; farmers' rights 197-199; information and knowledge 205-206; participation and governance 207-209; scope 196-197; sustainable agriculture and food security 195-196; third party beneficiary 206-207

global seed community 189-191

Global Sustainable Development Report 136n48

global transaction costs 39

GMOs see genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Goal 2 Zero Hunger (UN Sustainable Development Goals) 8

governance of global food agriculture system 79

governance of seeds 1

governing body (Treaty) 124;

meetings 126

GRAIN 152

Graines de Troc 7 green gold 54

Green Revolution 27, 44n9, 54, 68n27

Halewood, M.

Hardin, G. 13, 168, 169, 171 Harlan, J. R. 24, 27, 139 Hawkes, J. G. 27 Helfer, L. R. 47n42 Heller, M. A. 55 Herdt, R. 30, 45n15, 59 heredity, functional units of 83 Heritage Seed Library 7

Hess, C. 175 heterogeneity 11 Hodgkin, T. 51, 80 homogenization 3 Hope, J. 59, 148 humanity 57 human rights 18; international law on 180 hybrid seeds 60 hyperownership 6, 8, 35, 183, 196; over

genetic resources 2

ideal goods 178 inappropriability 69, 147, 150, 178, 203,

211, 219 indiscriminate crossbreeding 2 Institut National de Recherche

Agronomique (INRA) 30 intellectual property rights (IPRs) 6, 17, 25,

41, 55, 60, 141, 170, 201; compatibility with common heritage 33; conflicts between new technologies and 188; mergers and 59; in the multilateral system 97-98; modern biotechnology and 31-32; powerful industrialized countries pushing for 43, 45n18, 47n42; R&D and 150; seed exchange systems and 221-222; tension between public seeds and 52-57; traditional knowledge and 116 intercontinental exchange 26 interdependence 11, 185-186 intergenerational responsibility 75 Intergovernmental Committee (IGC)

22n28

International Agricultural Research Centres (IARC) 27, 144

International Assessment of Agricultural

Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) 65, 69n32, 79

International Association for the Study of

the Commons (IASC) 173

International Biological Programme (IBP)

27, 44n7

International Board for Plant Genetic

Resources (IBPGR) 27, 164n16

International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 20n5, 49n66

international dialogue series and the crucible group 156-159

International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD) 150 international governance of seeds see plant

genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA)

international law and international

relations 18

International non-governmental organizations

(INGOs) 34

International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty (IPC) 152

International Plant Genetic Resources

Institute (IPGRI) 45n10, 164n16 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 136n46

International Seed Federation (ISF) 149 international seed management 24-25;

biological diversity, loss of 26-29, 37, 44n6, 167; birth of agriculture and developments 25-26; breeding industry, modern biotechnology and IPRs 29-32; CBD and genetic resources 36-40; plant genetic resources 32-36; TRIPS Agreement 40-42; UPOV Convention 16, 40-42 international seed regime complex 51-52;

economic imbalance 58-61; North/

South divide 63-65; ownership and rights imbalance 53-58; social sharing disruption 61-63

International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources (FAO) 134n11 International Treaty on Plant Genetic

Resources for Food and Agriculture 4, 9, 22n19, 71, 99, 133n2, 181-183 International Undertaking on Plant Genetic

Resources (IU) 71 International Union for the Protection of

New Varieties of Plant (UPOV) 16, 40-42 intra-inequalities 176 invariable principles for global seed

commons 183; anticommons dilemma 186-187; diversity, heterogeneity and complexity 191-193; global seed community 189-191; interdependence 185-186; physical and informational components 187-189; sustainability 184 irrigation 172

Johannesburg Plan of Implementation

(2002 World Summit on Sustainable

Development) 39

Joint Capacity Building Programme (CBD and Treaty) 75, 93

Keystone Dialogues 131; Series and Crucible Group 156-159; Series on Plant Genetic Resources 34; Kloppenburg, Jack R. 7, 59, 66n10, 67n21

Laird, S.

(GRULAC) 32

Laval, C. 169, 174, 176, 178

La Via Campesina 7, 57, 66n7, 152 loss: biological diversity 26-29, 37, 44n6,

167; of custom designed seeds 58; genetic diversity 2, 31; of organic certifications 58-59

Louwaars, N. P. 150

Maison Franpaise d’Oxford (MFO) 22n31

Malthusian 170

market mechanisms 2

Mattei, U. 3, 4-5, 169, 174, 175, 180

McCarthy, J. 177

McGuire, S. 68n29

mega-diverse countries 143

Melamed, D. 53

Mendel, G.r J. 26, 29, 44n3

Metaforum thinktank (KU Leuven,

Belgium) 21n18

microbial commons 173 micro-institutional level 177 micro-level farming decisions 2

Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 8, 21n14, 79

(mis)appropriation 3; biopiracy 34, 57, 60 monopolistic agrochemical companies 57 mono-varietal large-scale cultivation 59 Monsanto 58, 149

Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser 58

Mooney, P. R. 25

Morgera, E. 180

Moser, P. 196

Multi-Crop Passport Descriptors

(MCPD) 112

multifaceted international seed regime complex. See international seed regime complex

multilateralism 12 multilateral System (MLS) 94; of access 10 multi-sectoral approach to PGRFA

management 75

multi-stakeholder cooperation 12

Nagoya Protocol 16, 24, 39, 40, 43, 75, 83, 180, 189, 201; see also Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Nairobi Final Act 74, 133n9

Naples water management 181

National Genetic Resources Programme

(NGRP) 112

National Information Sharing Mechanisms

(NISM) 112

National Research Agency (ANR) project 22n30

National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) 26 native trait 20n4

neo-liberal monopolistic seed market 62 nested enterprises 191

New Vogue (commons theory) 174 non-governmental organizations: at FAO 153-154; strategy and mixed influential outcome 155-156

non-industrial seeds 21n12; non-industrial varieties 7

non-monetary benefit-sharing. See benefit­sharing fund

‘Nuits Debout’ in France 181

OECD group 143

Olson, M. 13, 170

‘one-size-fits-all’ rule problem 56 on-farm conservation 76, 78

Oosterveer, P. 186

open-pollinated seeds 29, 54; privatizing 66n1 Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) 7, 57,

66n11, 135n27, 214n30

operational activities 14, 173 operational-level property rights 173 Organization for Economic Co-operation

and Development (OECD) 60

OSSI see Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) Ostrom, E. 5, 14, 22n24, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 177, 187, 192, 209

Ostrom’s model 175; theory 15 over-regulation of access to seeds 61-63 Oxfam 70n35

Palacios, X. F 80

‘Patentgesetz, PatG,’ Section 2a 21n9 Pautasso, M. 62, 63

Permanent Unique Identifiers (PUID) 114 PGFRA see plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA)

physical and informational components of PGRFA 187-189

plant breeder’s rights (PBR) 6, 40, 150 plant breeding and seed industry: companies 148-149; private seed industry 149; seed industry’s strategy in the international PGRFA forum 149-151

plant domestication. See domestication of crops

plant genetic resources 55; IU on 36

plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) 1, 19, 20n1,24, 26, 76, 82, 179, 181-183, 186; commons 15; compliance 119-120; conservation and sustainable use 75; conservation strategy at the international level 147-148; digital object identifiers project 114; DivSeek initiative 114-115; exchange of 51-52; economic imbalance 58-61; genebanks, objectives of 147; global information system 111-113; global open genome sequence data framework 115; implementing governance procedures 126-131; information and knowledge 110-111; legal rules and procedures 117; North/South divide 63-65; ownership and control of 53; ownership and rights imbalance 53-58; PGRFA appropriation through UPOV 1991 and the TRIPS Agreement 40-42; predominance of ex situ conservation 146-147; progressive commodification of 30; social sharing disruption 61-63; traditional knowledge (TK) 116-117

Plant Patent Act of 1930 20n6, 30, 46n20 Plant Treaty 10, 24, 71-73, 82-85, 140, 182; benefit-sharing 105-111, 167; facilitated access to PGRFA 94-105; farmers' rights under 89-94; on food security 78-82; implementation 87-89, 91-94; 168; information and knowledge related to PGRFA 111-117; legal rules and procedures 86-87, 117-123; material covered by 82-85; multilateral system 85-87, 167 scope of 82-89; on sustainable agriculture 74-78; treaty governance and stakeholders’ participation 123-131

Plant Treaty negotiators 49n64

Plant Variety Protection Act (PVP Act)

30, 201

Platteau, J.-P 190

Podemos 181 polycentricity 177 positive commons 15 privatization of biodiversity management 76 progressive commodification of PGRFA 30 Pro Specie Rara 66n6 protecting plant varieties 41 public domain 66n2 public seeds 53 pure global commons 66n2. See also global commons

Raven, P H. 44n6

Red de Semillas 66n6 regulation of access to biological resources (African model legislation) 135n29 renewal of Treaty secretary’s mandate 127

Reseau Semences Paysannes 7, 66n6

Resolution 5/2009 215n45

Resolution 5/2011 215n45

Resolution 8/83 212n2 resource degradation (tragedy of the commons) 14

Rete Semi Rurali 66n6

Right to Food 9, 79

Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development 95

Roa-Rodrigue, C. 192

Rockefeller Foundation 143

Rodotà Commission 179

Rome Declaration on World Food

Security 78

Rousseau, J.-J. 1 Runge, C. F. 57

Safrin, S. 6, 71

Schlager, E. 172

Secretary (Treaty) 125-126 sedentary farmers 26 seeds 22n20; appropriation 54; conservation 3; diversity 2; exchanges 24; governance 4; management 61; network 62; physical and informational components 11. See also plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA)

Seed Wars 31,72; see also biopiracy Serageldin, I. 61

sexually propagated plants 46n21 shifting cultivation 2

Shiva, V 60 small-scale farmers 152 Smolders, H. 45n14

SMTAs see Standard Material Transfer

Agreements (SMTAs) social cost 170 socio-ecological systems 173 socio-environmental activists 60 Southeast Asia Regional Initiatives for

Community Empowerment (SEARICE) 155

Southern African Development Community (SADC) 69n31

Sperling, L. 68n29 spiritual identity 116 staple crops 8, 26; see also global crop commons stakeholder consultation 134n18 stakeholders 140

Standard Material Transfer Agreements (SMTAs) 36, 58, 88, 95, 96, 100, 131, 133, 161, 197, 206

stewardship 178

Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment 95

Stoll, P-T. 33

‘subject-object’ position 175 subscription payment (SMTA) 103-4; 122 sui generis management mechanism 53 sustainability 11, 184 sustainable agriculture 5, 73, 74; characteristics pertaining to PGRFA 74-75; conservation and sustainable use provisions 76-78; treaty obligations 75-76

sustainable agriculture and food security 73 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7-8, 79; Zero Hunger 8, 79

sustainable use of plant genetic resources 76 Suthersanen, U. 56

Svalbard Global Seed Vault 147 Swaminathan, M. S. 34System-wide Genetic Resources Programme (SGRP) 164n13 System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER) 112, 144

Tansey, G. 55, 56

Teatro della Valle 181; 213n17

Ten Kate, K. 150 terminator seeds see genetic use restriction technology (GURT) seeds theory of the commons 11, 169; commons and human rights 179-180; commons and social movements 180-181; Hardin’s ‘tragedy of the commons’ 169-171; ‘new vogue’ of 174; Ostrom’s influence of the economic approach to the ‘good/resource’ 174-175; Ostrom’s institutional analysis of common-pool resources 171-172; power relations and of rationality by members of community 176-177

third party beneficiary (3PB) 117-119, 206-207

Tomatoes II (G 0002/12) 5 trade-related Aspects of Intellectual

Property (TRIPS) Agreement 16, 17, 31, 40-42, 46n26, 56, 179

traditional knowledge (TK) 116 traditional (seed) varieties 2, 57-58, 67n13 tragedy of the commons 13, 169 transaction costs 38, 54 treaty constraints identified by stakeholders 159; clarification of Treaty provisions 159-161; treaty implementation 162; treaty mechanisms and strategies 161-162 treaty decision-making process 177 Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for

Food and Agriculture 71-73; facilitated access 94-95; farmers' rights 89-91; implementation 91-94; food security 78-80; in treaty 80-82; MLS, facilitated access 95; Annex I PGRFA 96-97; facilitated access to the Multilateral System 98-105; intellectual property rights and multilateral system 97-98; prevalence of state's sovereign rights 95-96; scope 82; coverage of the MLS 86-87; defining 82-85; Implementing the provisions 87-89; multilateral system 85-86; sustainable agriculture 73; conservation and sustainable use provisions 76-78; PGRFA, characteristics pertaining to 74-75; treaty obligations 75-76

Treaty Secretariat 77, 205

Treaty stakeholders 141-142; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 143-145; dys­functioning 140; farmers and farmers' organizations 151-153; genebanks and plant genetic resources collections 146-148; Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) 145-146; Keystone International Dialogue Series and Crucible Group 156-159; non-governmental organizations 153-156; plant breeding and the seed industry 148-151; states 142-143

treaty topics 194 Tsioumani, E. 180

‘uncontrollable' seeds 55 under-utilized seeds 54 UN Human Rights Council 195 uniform crops worldwide 8 Union for the Protection of New Plant

Varieties (UPOV) 6, 31, 40, 49n66, 150, 179

United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development (UNCTAD) 163n8

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 161

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 27

United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 7

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 30

UPOV see Union for the Protection of

New Plant Varieties (UPOV)

US National Seed Storage Laboratory 147

US Plant Variety Protection Act, 1970 46n22

utopian socialism 71

Van Dooren, T. 192

Van Overwalle, G. 188

van Zimmeren, E. 135n24

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich 26, 44n4, 147 vernacular movement 175

Vienna Convention 84, 133n6, 142

Weinstein, O. 177

Wisconsin-Madison University 57 working group on the multilateral system (WG-MLS) 121, 129

Work Programme on Sustainable Use (WP-SU) 77

World Food Security 209

World Food Summit 61

World Information and Early Warning System (WIEWS) 112

World Summit on Sustainable

Development 39

Wratten, S. 9

Wynberg, R. 148, 149