INDEX

 (Where more than two references are given under one heading, the principal references, if any, are shown in heavy type.)

Acceptilatio, 25, 198 f.

Accepti relatio, 198.

Accessio, 116, 133 ff., 138 n., 172.

Accursius, 46.

Acquisition of corporeal things (i.e.

derivative, 116 ff.

original, 116, 120 ff., 121 n., 130 ff. natural, 116, 130 ff.

civil, n6ff., 120 ff.

Actio

ad exemplum institoriae, 203.

ad supplendam legitimam, 263. auctoritatis, 161 n.

de pauperie, 224.

de tigno iuncto, 135.

de dolo, 22 n., 190.

empti, 20.

exercitoria, 203. fiduciae, 151. furti, 214 f.

concepti, 212.

manifesti, 212.

prohibiti, 212.

in factum ex lege Aquilia, 221. iniuriarum, 216.

institoria, 203. mandati, 188, 229.

negotiorum gestorum, 228 n. praescriptis verbis, 191.

pro socio, 186 f.

Publiciana, 126 f.

quanti minoris, 181.

quasi-institoria, see actio ad exemplum institoriae.

redhibitoria, 181.

rei uxoriae, 88.

Serviana, 152. tutelae, 92, 163 n.

utilis,

ex lege Aquilia, 219 ff., 222. of assignee, 201.

venditi, 20.

vi bonorum raptorum, 215.

And see Condictio, Exceptio, Formulae, Querela, Vindicatio.

Actions (actiones), 20 ff., 23 ff.,

27 f., 35, 60 n., 101, 166. adiecticiae qualitatis, 202 f. ad poenam, ad rem, persequendam, 210. bonae fidei, 163 f.

in personam, 99 ff.

in rem, 99 ff, 226.

penal, 122, 210.

reipersecutory, 210, 215.

And see Cognitio extraordinaria, Formu­lary system.

Adoptio, 77 ff., 96.

Adoption, 77 ff

Adrogatio, 77 ff., 96, 235.

Advocates, lang=EN-US>29.

Aediles, curule, 4, 23, 181 f., 224. Aestimatum, 189, 191.

Agency, 92, 189, 201 ff., 206.

Ager vectigalis, see Public land.

Agnates, agnatic relationship, 66, 90, 244, 248 ff.

Alaric, Breviary of, see Lex Romana Visigotharum.

Alieni iuris, persons, 68.

Alluvio, 132, 134 η.

Alveus derelictus, 132, 134 η. Animals

liability for damage by, 224. ownership of, 130 f.

ownership of young of, 133 n., 138 ff.

Animus

furandi, 213.

necessary for possession, 112 ff.

revertendi, 131.

Assault, 216.

Assembly, 5 ff, 10.

Assignment, 200 f., 203 f.

Auctoritas of tutor, 93, 94, 96. Avulsio, 132, 134 η.

Baldus, 47.

Bartolus, 47.

Basilica, 45.

Beneficium

abstinendi, 240.

divisionis, 205.

inventarii, 241.

Bologna, 46.

Bona adventicia, 68 f.

Bona fide possessor, 125 ff., 128 n. acquisition by, through slaves, 147. right to fruits, 138 ff.

Bona fides, 122 f., 124, 163 f., 171, 176 f., 181, 186.

Bonitary ownership, 74 n., 125 ff.,

157, 265.         .

Bonorum possessio, 122 n., 243 ff. ab intestato, 248 ff.

contra tabulas, 260 f. secundum tabulas, 254 ff.

Burden, see Ius in re aliena, Servitudes.

Canon law, 85, 87, 206, 246.

Capitis deminutio, 96 f.

Care, standards of, in contract, 169 ff. Causation, 219 f.

Cause, see lusta causa, Unjust enrich­ment.

Censors, 4 f., 73, 85 f. Centumviral court, 261.

Cessio

actionis, 201. And see Assignment.

in iure, see In iure cessio.

Children

in potestate, see Filiusfamilias.

not in potestate, see Guardianship.

Christianity, 13, 84, 86 f. Citations, Law of, 37.

Citizenship, 18, 36, 64 f., 83, 195,

247.

Civil law,

modem, 2, 49 n., 51 ff., 69, 79, 85,

87, 90, 95, 98, 118, 122, 129 f., *33 ⁿ·, ^J37, ×Î, 142,14Ç, MT *·, 149, 154, 156, 172, 178, 205 ff., 225, 226, 227, 229, 232 f., 241, 246, 251, 252, 256 f., 263 f., 269.

Roman, see lus civile.

face="Times New Roman">Classical period, 34.

Code, meanings of, 39 n.

Codes

ancient, see Codex.

modern, 51 ff.

Codex

Gregorianus, 38.

Hermogenianus, 38. lustinianus, 18, 38, 39, 42. Theodosianus, 18, 37 n., 38.

Codicil, 270.

Coemptio, 82.

Cognates, cognatic relationship, 66,. *^{49 f}.

Cognitio extraordinaria, 27 f., 188, 267.

Collatio bonorum, 249 n.

Colonia partiaria, 184.

Comitia

calata, 253.

centuriata, 6, 14.

curiata, 6, 62, 77, 207, 2^3. tributa, 6, 14.

And see Assembly. Commentaries, juristic, 23, 33 f. Commentators, medieval, 47.

Commercium, 64.

Commodatum, iiof, 167 ff., 171, 215·

Commodum, 180.

Common law, 2, 15, 33, 49 n., 50, 82, 87, 101 n., 107, 109 n., 118, 148, 172, 226 f., 229.

And see English law.

Concilium plebis, 6, 14· Concubinage, 83 ff.

Condictio, 24, too, 167, 168, 190 f., 215, 229 ff.

furtiva, 215.

incerti, 232. indebiti, 230.

ob causam datorum, 190 n., 191 n., 230.

ob turpem vel iniustam causam, 230. sine causa, 230.

Confarreatio, 82.

Confusio, 134.

Consensual contracts, 161 f., 171 ff. Consortium, 185 n.

Constitutio Antoniniana, 18, 36,195. Constitutiones principis, 17 f., 38,

39, 42.

Constitutum

debiti, 192, 205.

possessorium, 119.

Consuis, 3 f.

Contract, 158 fr.

bilateral, 162, 163 f.

classification of, 164 f., 189. consensual, 161 f., 171 ff. distinguished from conveyance, 103 ff.

formal, 159 f., 165, 193®.

history of, 159 ff.

imperfectly bilateral, 169 n. informal, 161 f., 165, 167 ff. in modern Civil law, 205 ff. innominate, 167 n., 168, 189 ff., 230. literal, 196 ff., 229.

no general principle of, 165 f., 206. real, 167 ff.

semi-bilateral, 169 n.

third party rights in, 199 ff., 206. unilateral, 162, 163 f.

verbal, 193 ff.

Contrectatio, 213.

Conubium, 64 f., 81, 83.

Conveyance, u6ff., 178 f.

abstract, 118.

by consent, 119 f.

distinguished from contract, 103 fr., i78f.

documentary, 120.

publicity of, 103 fr., 142. Corporeal things, see Res corporates. Corpus Iuris Civilis, 39 ff., 46 ff., 53 f·

Cretio, 239, 258.

Crime, distinguished from delict and tort, 207 f.

Criminal law, 2, 208 f., 211.

Cujas (Cujacius), 50.

Culpa

in contract, 170 f.

in damnum iniuria datum, 222.

Cura minorum, 92, 93 ff·

Curator

of minor, 94 f.

of lunatic, 96.

of spendthrift, 96.

Custodia, 170 f.

Damage to property, 218 ff. Damnum iniuria datum, 214, 215, 218 ff.

Debt

primitive idea of, 159 f.

promissory, 160 f.

real, 160 f., 162, 168.

Decreta principis, 18.

Dediticii, 76.

Defamation, 216.

Delegation, 200.

Delict, 101 n., 158, 207 ff.

actions, 208, 210. transmissibility of, 210.

archaic features in mature law, 207, 211 f.

distinguished from crime, 207 f. tort, 208, 226 f.

in Twelve Tables, 209 f. joint liability of wrongdoers, 21 o.

Deminutio capitis, 96 f.

Detention, 112.

Digest, 33, 34 f., 40 f., 42 ff., 46 fr., 53 f·

Diligentia, 170 f.

Disinherison, 260 ff.

Divorce, 81, 85 ff., 88 f.

Dolus, 21 n., 170, 176, 190, 211, 213, 222, 223.

Dominium, see Ownership.

Donatio

ante nuptias, 88, 89.

inter vivos, 266. mortis causa, 266 f., 269 f. propter nuptias, 89 f. sub modo, 230.

Doneau (Donellus), 50.

Dos, 81, 86, 87 ff., 153, 250.

Dowry, see Dos.

Duress, see Metus.

Duties, 100 n. And see Rights.

Easements, see Servitudes, praedial. Edict (edictum)

of Aediles, 23, 181 f., 224.

of Emperor, 17.

of Peregrine Praetor, 23, 58, 163 n. of Provincial Governors, 23.

of Urban Praetor, 19, 21 ff., 53, 239 ff., 244 ff., 249 f. And see Praetor Urbanus.

Edictum perpetuum, tralaticium,

21 n.

Emancipation, 69, 80, 96, 117 n. Emphyteusis, 145, 148 f., lang=EN-US>157. Emptio venditio (sale), 20,57,102 £., 161, 164, 165, 171 ff., 191.

by non-owner, 180 f.

Emptio venditio (sale) {cont.}

cash or credit, 161.

defects, seller’s liability for, 161 n., 181 f.

distinguished from exchange, 174. hire, 172.

eviction, seller’s liability for, 161 n., 180 f.

mistake in, 176 ff.

of expectation, 173 f. of future thing, 173. of generic goods, 173.

of non-existent thing, 172, 173. price, 174 f.

rei speratae, 173 f.

risk, 179 f.

separation of title and risk, 179 f. spei, 173 f.

title, passing of, 178 f.

English law, 27 η., 31, 49 f., 69, 79, 80, 81, 85, 90, 91, 96, 104 η., no f., 114, 119 n., 120, 121, ΐ3θ, i3b ^:39> ^l4°, Ηΰί·, 148, 149, 150, 155 if., 162, 178, 184 n., 185, 187, 189, 200, 207 f., 209 η., 213, 217, 219 Π., 220, 221, 223 η., 224n., 226 f., 236, 246, 248, 25I, 255 f., 263 f., 269, 270. And see Common law.

Error, see Mistake.

Exceptio, 24.

doli, 135, 162 η., 164, 244.

iusti dominii, 126.

non numeratae pecuniae, 197 f. pacti, 25, 192, 199.

rei venditae et traditae, 125.

Exchange, 174, 190 f.

Execution, ΙΟΙ, 210, 21 i.

Exheredatio, 260 f.

Familiae emptor, 254 f· Favre (Faber), 50. Fideicommissum, 27, 267 ff.

hereditatis, 145, 243, 268 f. Fideiussio, 204 f.

Fidepromissio, 204 f. Fiducia, 151.

Fifty Decisions, 39. Filiusfamilias, 65 ff.

acquisition through, 68, 199. as suus heres, 239.

contracts of, 201 ff.

noxal surrender of, 210, 223.

peculium of, 68 f., 201 f.

status of, 66 ff.

Foreigners, see Peregrini.

Formalism, forms, 61 ff., 72 f,

77 f., 80, n6f., 1596, 193 ff, 196, 1986, 253 ff., 2576, 264, 265.

Formula, structure of, 24 f.

Formulae of individual actions

actio Publiciana, 126 f.

actio venditi, 24 n.

condictio certae pecuniae, 24 f. formula Rutiliana, 200 n., 202 n. vindicatio, 101 n.

Formulary system, 20 ff., 23 ff.,

35, 101, 163 f. And see Actio, Actions.

Fragmenta Vaticana, 37.

Fraud, see Dolus.

Freedmen, 74, 75 f.

French law, see Civil law, modern.

Fructus (fruits), non., 13881.,

146 f.

Fungibles, 167 n. Furiosus, 96.

Furtum (theft), 209, 211 ff. effect on prescription, 123 f., 128. possessionis, 214.

usus, 213.

Gaius, 34 ff., 37. And see Institutes of

Justinian.

Gentiles, 248.

New Roman">German law, see Civil law, modern.

Glossators, 46.

Godefroy (Gothofredus), 50.

Good faith, see Bona fides.

Greek law, 162, 195, 257.

Grotius, 51.

Guardianship, 90 ff.

Habitatio, 144.

Heirs, see Heres.

Heres (heredes), 236 f.

classes of person incapable of being, 247, 267.

extraneus, 238, 241.

joint, 237.

necessarius, 239, 240.

successive, may not be appointed, 243·

suus et necessarius, 237 f., 240, 241, «47, 249, 250, 260.

voluntarius, 239.

Hereditas, 236 f.

damnosa, 236, 239 ff. entry on, 239. inalienability of, 242.

Hexabiblos, 45.

Honorarium in mandate, 188.

Hypotheca, 103 n., 152.

of wife over husband’s property, 89.

Immovables, see Res immobiles.

Imperium, 3 f.

Impossibility in contract, 172, 198.

Impubes, see Pupillus.

Inaedificatio, 135.

Incorporeal things, 106 f. Infamia, 217.

Infans, 93.

face="Times New Roman">Inheritance, see Hereditas.

In iure cessio, 63 f., 72 f., 78, 103 f., 106, 116 f., 118.

hereditatis, 242.

Iniuria

delict of, 131, 215 ff. atrox, 217.

in wide sense, 215, 218, 222.

Innominate contracts, 167 n., 189 fif., 230.

Insula nata, 132, 134 n.

Institutes of Justinian, 41. classification of, 41, 60 f., 98 f.,

158 f., 164 f., 189, 197 f., 210 f.

Intention

in furtum, 213.

in iniuria, 216.

in marriage and divorce, 81 f., 85 f. in negotiorum gestio, 228 f.

in possession, I I2,ff.

in sale (and contract generally),

in traditio, 117 f.

Interdicts, possessory, 108 f.

Interdictum Salvianum, 152. Interpolations, 40, 43, 53 f., 139 n. Interpretatio, 28 fif., 78, 219, 247,

253·

Intestacy, 245, 246 ff. dislike of, 237, 251 f.

Irnerius, 46.

Islands, ownership of, 131, 132.

Italic land, 88 f., 105, 128. Iudex, 24, 27.

Iura, see Ius.

Ius, 14 n. civile, 19, 21, 24 h, 26, 28, 59. gentium, 54 fif., 64, 71 f., 83. honorarium, 19, 26 f., lang=EN-US>59. And see Edict, Praetor urbanus.

in re aliena, 110, 111, 140 fif., 148 fif. italicum, see Italic land.

naturale, 50 f., 54 fif., 116. respondendi, 31 f. vitae necisque, 67.

And see Rights.

lusta causa

in traditio, 117 f.

in usucapio, 122 f., 156.

lustae nuptiae, 76, 83. lustus titulus, 122 f.

Javolenus, 29.

Jhering, 1 n., 113 n.

Judge, see Iudex.

Julian, 22, 27, 29 f., 34.

Junian Latins, see Latins.

Jurists, 28 ff. And see individual names. Justinian, 14, 38 ff.

Labeo, 32.

Laesio enormis, 175.

Latins, 64 f., 74, 127 n.

Lease, see Locatio conductio, Emphyteusis, Superficies.

Legatum (legacy), 264 ff., 269 f. by bonitary owner, 127 n., 265. classes of person incapable of taking, 267.

restrictions on amount of, 266. Legis actiones, 20.

Legislation, 14 ff. And see Lex.

Legitima portio (legitim), 262 ff., 267.

Legitimation, 84 f.

Lex, 14 ff.

Lex (leges), individual

Aebutia, 16, 21.

Aquilia, 16, 218 ff. duodecim tabularum, see Twelve Tables. Falcidia, 262, 264, 266, 267.

Fufia Caninia, 76. Hortensia, 6.

Junia, 65, 74. Liciniae et Sextiae, 6. Minicia, 83 n.

Plaetoria, 93.

Lex Romana Visigothorum, 35, 36, 38, 46, 48, II 7.

Lex talionis, see Talio. Libertinus, Libertus, 75.

Life interest, see Usufruct. Limitation of actions, 120, 122, 210. Literal contract, 196 if., 229.

Literature, legal, 33 f·, 38· Litis contestatio, 25, 201, 203.

Loan, see Commodatum, Mutuum.

Locatio conductio (hire), 110 f., 168, 172, 182 ff.

distinguished from sale, 172.

Longi temporis praescriptio, 128 f. Longissimi temporis praescriptio, 128 f.

Lunatic, 96.

Magistrates, 3 ff., 17, igff. Majority, age of, 91, 93 f.

Mala fides, see Dolus.

Mancipatio, 63, 78, 80, 82, 104, 106,

116 f., 118, 120, 127, 207, 253 f. cum fiducia, 151.

Mancipium (in mancipio), 67, 78, 80.

Mandata principis, 18.

Mandatum (mandate), 185, 1876*., 198, 229.

in rem suam, 201. qualificatum, 189 n., 205.

style='font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:92%;font-weight:bold'>Manumission, 72 ff., 78, 80, 264. by bonitary owner, 27, 127 n. consequences of, 75 f.

public control of, 76.

Manus, 82 f., 96, 235.

Marriage, 80 ff., 250. And see Wife.

Matrimonial property, 87 ff. And see Dos.

Maxims, 129 n., 142, 152, 172, 181, 185, 192, 215, 236, 241, 268.

Membrum ruptum, 209.

Merger, property rights affected by, 13Ç ff·

Metus, 176, 211, 223. Minors, 94 f.

Mistake

in consensual contracts, 176 ff. in conveyance, 118.

in primitive formal contract, 159 f. Modestinus, 37.

Mora (delay), 171.

Mortgage, see Real security.

Movables, see Res mobiles.

Mutuum, 167 ff., 197 f.

Natural law, 50 f., 54 ff., 116. Negotiorum gestio, 163 n., 205, 227 ff., 231, 232.

Novation, 199 f.

Novels of Justinian, 42.

Noxal liability, noxal surrender, 181, 207, 210, 211, 223 f.

Nuptiae iustae, 76, 83.

Obligations, 98, 99 ff., 158 ff., 168 f.

discharge of, 198 f.

Occupatio, 110 n., 116 n., 130 ff.

Omissions, liability for, 220.

Operae servorum, 144.

Os fractum, 210.

Orders, struggle between, 3 ff., 15.

Ownership, 100 n., 105, 107, 115, 121, 153 ff·

absolute, 154 ff.

acquisition of, see Acquisition.

as enjoyment, 154.

as title, 154 f.

bonitary, 125 fr.

distinguished from possession, 107 ff. indivisibility of, 127 f., 145 f., 149,.. ^I57.·.

inviolability of, 105, 129 f., 157. joint, 146.

passing of, in sale, 178 ff.

proof of, 116, 124 f., 155 f.

successive, 145 f.

And sec Vindicatio.

Pact (pactum), 25, 191 f., 199.

Pandects, see Digest.

Papinian, 30, 37.

Partnership, see Societas.

Paterfamilias, 65 ff., 238.

Patria potestas, 65 ff.

creation of, 76 ff., 81, 83, 84. termination of, 79 f.

Patrimonial rights, 235.

Patron, 75 f.

Paul, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41.

Peculium, 68 f., 70 f., 74, 147, 202. Penal actions, 210.

Peregrine Praetor, see Praetor pere­grinus.

Peregrini, 4, 7, 64.

acquisition by, on death, 247, 267.

law applicable to, 57 f.

marriage of, 83.

Periculum, 179 f.

size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman">Permutatio (exchange), 174, 190 f. Perpetuities, 268 f.

Person, meaning of, 60 f.

Personal security, 149 f., 151,189 n., 192, 204 f.

Pignus (pledge), 112 n., 113m, I5if., 167 ff., 171. And see Hypotheca.

Plebiscitum, 6, 14 ff.

Pledge, see Pignus.

Pomponius, 31, 33.

Pontifex maximus, pontifices, 28,

77, 78, 253.

Possession, 105, 106, 107 ff.

animus and corpus in, 112 ff.

as a fact, 114 f.

importance of, 109 f.

physical control necessary for, 112 ff., I 18 ff.

protection of, 108 f., I2I, 126, 226. transfer of, in traditio, 118 ff.

who has, 110 ff.

And see Bonorum possessio. Post-classical period, 36 ff. Post-glossators, 47. Postliminium j 71 n.

Praescriptio longi, longissimi, temporis, 128.

Praetor

fideicommissarius, 27, 267.

peregrinus, 4, 7, 23, 58, 163 n.

urbanus, 4, 19 ff., 23 ff., 29, 71, 74, 94 f., 125 f., 152, 192, 202 f., 216 f., 219 ff., 222 f., 239 ff., 243 ff., 249 f.

And see Edict.

Precario, holder, 112 n., 113 n., 151.

Prescription

acquisition of manus by, 82. ownership by, 120 ff.

proof of ownership by, 124 f., 156. And see Usucapio, Praescriptio.

Princeps, 10 ff., 17 ff.

Privity of contract, 199 fr., 206.

Procedure, see Actions, Cognitio extra­ordinaria, Formulary system.

Proculian school, 32, 137. Procuratio in rem suam, 201. Puberty, age of, 91.

Public land, 112 n., 113 n., 148. Public law, 2, 208.

Pupillus, 90 ff., 153. capacity of, 93.

Qua si-contract, 159 f., 168, 2240., 227 ff.

remedy in, distinguished from con­tractual reihedy, 190.

Quasi-delict, 224 ff. Quasi-usufruct, 146.

Querela inofficiosi testamenti, 261 ff.

Rapina, 211, 215.

Real contracts, 167 ff.

Real debt, 160, 168.

Real security, 149 ff. And see Hypo­theca, Pignus.

Reception of Roman law, 2, 48 ff. Registration of property rights, 104, 129 f., 142, 153, 156.

Remedies, see Actions.

Replicatio, 25.

rei venditae et traditae, 127.

Res, 98, 99 m, 158.

corporales, io6f. acquisition of, see Acquisition.

immobiles, 105.

incorporales, 106 f.

mancipi, 63, 105 f., 116 f., 122 f., 143. mobiles, 105.

nec mancipi, 105 f., 117. nullius, 130.

Rescripta, 18.

Responsa (of jurists), 31 f·, 34·

Restitutio in integrum, in favour of minors, 94.

Rights, 98, 107, 158.

in personam, 99 ff., 103 f., 158, 180 n. in rim, 99 ff., 103 f., 141 n., 180 n.

And see I us in re aliena, Owner­ship, Registration.

Risk, 179 f.

Rivers, property rights affected by, 132 f., 134 n.

Sabinian school, 32, 36, 136 f.

Sabinus, 32, 33.

Sale, 161, 164. And see Emptio venditio.

Savigny, 51 f., 113 n.

Scaevola, Q. Mucius, 40.

Schools, Proculian and Sabinian, 32, 136E

Scots law, 50 n., 225, 257, 263.

Security

Real, 149 fr.

Personal, 149 f., 151, 204 f.

Self-help, 209.

Semel heres, semper heres, 241 f., 268.

Senate, senatusconsulta, 5, 7, 10, 12 f., 16 f.

Senatusconsultum Neronianum, 127 n., 265.

Separatio bonorum, 240, 241. Sequester, 112 n., 113 n.

Servitudes, n6n., 140 fr.

meaning of, in classical law, 144. personal, 144 fr.

praedial, 141 if.

Settlement, family, 145 f., 268 f. Slaves, 8, 55, 69 ff.

acquisition through, 7of., 146f., 199. as heirs, 239, 242 f.

children of, ownership of, 124 n., 140. compassionate release of, 214, 221. condition of life of, 70, 185. contracts of, 201 ff.

corruption of, 21 n., 213. defective, sale of, 181.

killing or injuring of, 218 ff. noxal surrender of, 210, 211, 223. peculium of, 71 f., 74, 147, 201 ff. status of, 60 f., 66, 69.

Societas (partnership), 171, 185 ff., 198.

Sources of law, 14 fr.

Specificatio, 134 n., 136 fr. Spendthrift, 96.

Sponsio, 193, 204 f.

Sponsio et restipulatio tertiae partis, 161 n., 192 n.

Status, 61. Statutes, 14 ff.

Stipulatio, 24, 59, 62, 104, 159 fr., 166 f., 169, 193 ff., 206, 229.

Struggle between the Orders, 3 fr., ■5-

Substitutions

fideicomissary, 269.

pupillary, 259. vulgar, 258.

Succession, 98, 99 n., 234 ff.

Sui iuris, persons, 68.

Superficies, 148/., 157.

Suretyship, 149 f., 151, 189 n., 192, 204 f.

Talio, 209, 216.

Testamenti factio, 65. Testamentum (will), 73, 253 ff.

restrictions on disposal of property by, 260 ff.

Theft, see Furtum.

Theodosian Code, see Codex Theo­dosianus.

Theophilus, 41, 45, 191, 224 η., 225.

Thesaurus, 140. Things, see Res.

Traditio, 104, 107, no, 116, ιιγΑΓ. brevi manu, 119, 138.

longa manu, 118.

symbolic, 119.

Treasure trove, 140. Tribonian, 39 ff.

Tribunes, 6.

Tutela

of impuberes, 90 ff.

of women, 95 f.

Tutor, appointment, accountability, and functions of, 90 ff.

Twelve Tables, 15 f., 77 f., 122, 159, 193, 208, 209, 216 f., 247 f.

Ulpian, 30, 33, 37, 38. Universal succession, 235.

devices to mitigate inconveniences of, 239.

Unjust enrichment, 135, 231 f.

Usucapio, 105, 107, no, 116 n., 122 ff., 128, 211.

proof of, 156.

And see Prescription.

Usufruct, no, in, 138, 144 ff.,

24Ç·

acquisition through slaves held under, 146 f.

inalienability of, 146.

reservation of, 119 f.

Usus, acquisition of manus by, 82 f. personal servitude of, 144.

Verbal contracts, 193 ff.

Vindicatio, 63, 100, ιοί η., 109, I2i, 125 ff., 135, 156, 227.

Vindicta, manumissio, 72 f., 117 η. Vis maior, 170, 171.

Vulgar law, 36, 46, 195.

Wagers, procedural, 192 n.                             status of, 82, 214.

Wife                                                                         succession by and to, 249 f.

gifts between husband and, 81, 90, Will, see Testamentum.

175.                                                    Women, 91, 95, 248. And see Wife.

iniuria to, 216.                                    Writing, use of, 117, 120, 194

property rights of, 82, 87 ff.                            196 ff.

Formation of the contract. Societas was an agreement between two or more persons to co-operate for a common purpose. Its earliest form involved a merger of all the assets of the parties (societas omnium bonorum)⁴ but it came to include any agreement for joint activity, great or small, brief or prolonged. Since Roman law had no concept of a corporation, every joint commercial venture necessarily took the form of a societas, but the making of a pro­fit was not an essential part of the common purpose. In this respect societas was wider than English partnership. It would include, for example, an agreement to share the expenses of a journey or to buy land to preserve it as an open space. In this last case, and in many others, the partners would be joint owners,

¹              See above, p. 183, n. 1.

²              See above, p. 110.

³              The sale did not terminate the hire: it enabled the purchaser to exclude the conductor from the enjoyment to which, as against the seller, the hire entitled him.

⁴              For consortium as a probable forerunner of this, see Jolowicz and Nicholas, Historical Introduction to Roman Law, 3rd edn., p. 296.