INDEX

citizen, categories of

bondsmen 107

Coloni Adscript!! 109

freedman 104-7

humiliores 108

infames 107-8

intestabiles 108

non-citizen See non-citizen

persons alien! intis 104 persons sui intis 104 women 104

citizen duties

judges/jurors/guardians, provision of 102 maintenance of roads 102

military service 102 payment of taxes 102 transport animals, provision of 102

citizen rights

commercium 102 conubium 102 testament! factio 102

citizenship

acquisition of 102

birth and 102-3

categories of See citizen, categories of citizen duties See citizen duties citizen rights See citizen rights grant of 103

manumission 103

proof of 103-4

civitas

status, element of 89

class warfare, Republican

plebeian discontent/concessions 5-6

Codex Hermogenianus 50, 52

Codex Gregorianus 52

Codex vetus 54-5 codicils 244

cognates

intestacy and 214

cognitio procedure

appeals 81-2

beginnings of 79

development of 80-1

execution 81

summons 80

trial 81

collegia 87-8

collapse of the Republic

armies and generals 10-11

Gracchi brothers 10

coloni adscriptii

citzen, category of 109

commercium

citizenship, basic right of 102 dominium, essential of 158

commodatum 302-3

canon law 368-9

concubinage 135 consanguinity

prohibited marriage and 125

consensual contracts 256, 259

accretions, entitlement to 272 actio empti, remedy 276 agreement, requirements of sale 265 arra, giving 265-6 buyer, duties of 277

future things 268 generic things 269

hire See hire, contract of mandate See mandate, contract of non-existent things 267-8

overview of 264

partnership See partnership (societas) perished things 267-8 price agreement 269-71 prohibited things 266

res aliena 268-9

risk, doctrine of 271-2 sale (emptio venditio) 265-6 seller, duties of 272-7 things belonging to the purchaser 267 things excluded from private ownership 266-7

things capable of being sold 266 variation by pacta 277-8

consuls

defined 4

Constantine

Christianity, conversion to 18-19 manumission in church 99 succession to 19-20

Constantinople 18, 19 contract

bonaefidei 258 capacity 262 causa 261-2

common features of Roman 257-9 consensual See consensual contracts contracts litteris See contracts litteris contracts re See contracts re definition of 256 delict 257 duress 261 fraud 261

hire See hire, contract of

illegality/immorality 262-3 impossibility, initial/supervening 263 innominate contracts See innominate

contracts

Justinian's classification of 256-7 mandate See mandate mistake, types vitiating a 260-1 modalities, dies/condiciones 264 pacts See pacts

partnership See partnership (societas) privity of 263-4

quasi-delict 257

quasi-amtract See quasi-contract slaves and 96-7

strict! iuris 258

verbal See verbal contracts

contracts litteris

causa and 261-2

classified contract, as a 256

early development 308-9 later development 309 novation and 309

contracts re

commodatum.302-4 depositum 304-6 modern use of 308 mutuum, development of 301-2 pignus 306-8

contractual proprietary interests

emphyteusis 173

general principles 172

real security 173

superficies 173

conubium

citizenship, basic right of 102 marriage and 123

Corpus luris Civilis See Justinian's codification

crime

enslavement and 91

curatorship

insane, of the 148

minors, of 149-50

prodigals, of 148-9

custom

source of law 28

D

decreta 41

defamation

insulting behaviour and 344

defendant

formulary system 73

delict

insulting behaviour See insulting behaviour

introduction/definition 321-2

penal nature of law 321

praetorian delicts See praetorian

delicts

quasi See quasl-delict

robbery See robbery

theft See theft

tort and 321

wrongful damage to property See wrongful damage

Digest, The (Pandects)

arrangement of material 59-60 compilation of 56-7 distortion, prevention of 58 interpolations 57-8

Nika riots, effect of 59

overview of 55-6

speed of compilation 58-9

Diocletian 17-18

distraint See missio in possessionem (distraint)

divorce

Christian Emperors and 130-1 free marriage 128-30 manus marriage and 128

dominium

acquiring ownership of property 192 essentials of 158-9

donatio propter nuptias (gift on account of marriage)

meaning of 134

dowry

Augustus, reforms of 132-4 donatio propter nuptias 134 expectation of 131 Justinian, reforms of 134 rights in the 131-2 unjust enrichment and 318

duress (metus)

contracts and 261 praetorian delict, as 348-50 threats amounting to 349-50

E

Eastern Empire

achievements of 22-3

Constantinople and 19, 22-3 influence on legal development 52-3 Justinian Seejustinian

edicta 41

emancipation 118-19

Emperors

sources of law 40-3

emphyteusis 173, 203

enemy property

occupatio and 195

England, roman law influence easements/bailments cases 390-3 introduction to 388 legal culture and 390 medieval period, in 388-9 modern law 390-3

Tudor period and beyond, 389-90

enslavement

birth 94

capture 93-4

children, sale of 91

punishment 91-2

European lus Commune

birth of 366-71

canon law 368

commentators 370-1

French scholars, influence of 373-6 Germany, influence of 376-80 Glossators 366-8, 370-1

Netherlands, influence of 380-3 podesta constitution 372

Reception of Roman Law in medieval

Europe 54, 364-6

Romanization of the law 371-2

school of Orleans 369-70, 371

Scotland 383-5

evasion of duty

enslavement and 92

execution

cognilio procedure 81 formulary system 77-8 legis actiones 70-1

F

familia

status, element of 89

family

adoption See adoption

basic notions of 113-14

curatorship See curatorship

divorce See divorce

guardianship See guardianship marriage See marriage paterfamilias See paterfamilias potestas See potestas

fideiii s s io

surety, form of 299

Fifty Decisions, the 54, 55

formulae

acceptance of 76

clauses of the 74-5

typical 75-6

formulary system

abolition of 79

honorum venditio (sale of the assets) 77-8 eessio bonarunt (surrender of the estate) 78 defendant (indefensus) 73 execution 77-8

formula 74-6

full trial 77

history of 72

interdicts 79

limitation of actions 77

missio in possessionem (distraint) 78 oaths, taking 76

peregrine praetor 72

praetorian remedies 78-9 praetorian stipulations 79 preliminary hearing 73-4 procurator 76

representation 76

Republican constitution and 79

restitutio in integrum (rescission) 78 summons 72-3

trial 73

vadimonium 73

France

'barbarian' codes S3, 373 codification, process of 376 humanists, work of 375-6 revival and Reception of Roman Law 373-6 french law, modern See French law,

modern

romanization of the law 373

fraud (dolus)

contracts and 261

fundamental/incidental 351

'noxal liability’ 351

praetorian delict, as 350-1

remedies for 350

free marriage

divorce and 128-30

financial protection for wives 128

form of 127

gifts and 127

legal consequences of 127

legal independence of wife 126

freedman

change of status 106

citizenship, category of 104 economic development role of 106-7 freedwomen, loss of services 105 gifts to patron 105

'grant of a gold ring' 106

legal disabilities of 104 patron, duties of 106 patron/freedman relationship 104-5 property 106

respect/obedience to patron 105-6 restitutio natalium 106

services, performance of 104-5

freedom (libertas)

basic notions of 89-90

slavery See slavery

status, element of 89

French law, modem

Roman Law survival in 166, 198, 199, 202, 217, 240, 257, 260, 262, 270, 276, 281, 316, 333, 350, 351

fruits

acquiring ownership of 202-3

colonus and 203-4

delivery of civil 202

gathering 203-4

natural or civil 202

separatio of natural 202

severance 203

usufructuary and 204 fungihlcs/non-fungibles 156

G

Gaius 48

gens, the

intestacy and 212

German law, modern

Roman law survival in 159, 185, 241, 257, 262, 276, 284, 293, 316, 333, 350 Germany

codification 379-80

customary law 376-7

Reception of Roman law 377-9 romanization of the law 376

gift (donatio)

donatio inter vivos 206

donatio mortis causa 206-7

donatio propter nuptias 134

ground for acquiring ownership 206

Gracchi brothers 10

guardianship

actio tuteiae, action for 145

authorization of transactions 144 capacity to act 141 children below puberty 139 curatorship See curatorship disqualification 141

embezzlement, action for 145 excuses 141-1

fiduciary form of 140, 146 magisterial form of 140-1, 146 management of affairs 143-4 removal of 'suspected' guardian 144-5 role of guardian 142-4 statutory form of 140,146 testamentary form of 139, 146

women See guardianship of women guardianship of women (tHteia mulierutn)

fiduciary form of 146

functions of the guardian 146-7 magisterial form of 146 reasons for 145-6

statutory form of 146 testamentary form of 146

H

habitntio

personal servitude, as type of 169

heirs

beneficium inventarii 231

benefits 231

conditional appointment 225-6 debts 230-1

duties of 227

extranei 229-30 failure of 242 form of appointment 224-5 insulting behaviour and 345-6 necessarii heredes 228-9 overview of 227 plurality of 225 separatio bonorum for creditors 230 substitution 226-7

sui et necessarii heredes 228

trusts, legal relationship between beneficiary and 247-8

hire, contract of

hire of a piece of work 282-4

hire of a thing 279-80

hire of services 281-2

locator/conductor, duties of 280-1

sale, similarities to 279

humiliores

citizen, category of 108

hypothec

pignus, as modified form of 308

I

illegitimacy

potestas/paterfamilias and 119-20

infames

citizens in legal disgrace 107-8 debtor's failure to pay 77-8 paterfamilias 118, 128

ingratitude

enslavement 92

inheritance

intestacy See intestacy introduction to 209

wills See wills

immovables

classification of property 156 dotal 132, 134, 190, 266, 279 lex Aquilia extensions 330-1 possessory interdicts for 179

innominate contracts

aestimatum, defined 311-12 introduction/development of 310-11 permutatio, defined 312

precarium, defined 312-13

transactio, defined 311

insulting behaviour

action for iniuria 346-7 defamation 344

historical development of iniuria 343 hurt feelings 346

insulting act as essential of 344 insult must be unjustifiable 344-5 intention 345

lex Cornelia, relationship to action for iniuria 347

interdicts

possessory 179-80

praetorian remedy 79

interpretatio

outstanding jurists 38-9 overview of 35-6

work of the jurists 37-8

intestabiles

citizen, category of 108

intestacy

bona vacantia 217

gens, the 212

legislation in classical period 215-16 nearest agnate 212

outline of the law of 211

praetorian intervention See intestacy, praetorian intervention

S.C.

S.C.

succession reforms of Justinian 216-17 sui heredes 211-12

Twelve Tables and 211-12

intestacy, praetorian intervention

bonorum possessio system 214-15 children 21.3-14

cognates 214

heirs-at-law 214

husband/wife 214

order of succession 213-14

ius civile 35

ius honorarium 35

judges

appointment in legis actiones 69 erring 355

Julian 47-8

Julius Caesar 12

Junian Latins

citizenship, methods of acquiring 110

jurists, classical

advising/teaching/writing 43-6 categories of literature 46-7 outstanding 47-9

jurists, post-classical

absence of 50-1

jurists, Republican

outstanding 38

work of 37-8

Justinian

achievements of 22-3

acquiring ownership 181 adoption reforms 138-9 codification See Justinian's

codification

dowry reforms 134

intestate succession 216-17

law reformer, as 61 legitimation by imperial rescript 120 manumission reforms 101 querela under 240-1 trust reforms 248

Justinian's codification (Corpus Juris

Civilis) 23, 28, 31, 50, 52, 53, 54

Codex vetus 54-5, 61

Digest, The See Digest, The

Eastern Empire in the 'Dark Ages' 360-2

Fifty Decisions, the 55

Institutes, The See Justinian's Institutes intention of 61

New Code 61

novellae constitutiones 61

West, The, in the 'Dark Ages' 362-4

Justinian's Institutes 27, 48, 60-1

obligations, definition of 253

L

Labeo 47

land

accessio and 196-8

emphyteusis 173

ownership 159-60

latins

colonial latins 109

junian latins Scejunian Latins

latini prisci 109

non-citizen, as 109-10

Law of Citations 51

law schools

legal development and 53

legacies

conditional 235 enforcement of claim by legatee 233 failure after making of the will 243 incorrect form of 233 legatum debiti 235-6 legatum generis 235 legatum optionis 235 legatum partitionis 235 legacy sinendi modo 233 legacy per praeceptionem 233 lex Falcidia 234 overview of 231-2 per damnationem legacy 232-3 per vindicationem legacy 232 vindicatio 233 void ab initio 242-3

legal personality

churches/charities 88

collegia 87-8 municipia 88 State, the 88-9

legis actiones

execution in rem/in personam 70-1 faults of 72 full trial 69-70 joinder of issue 68-9 judges, appointment of 69 rnanus iniectio 71

oral summons (in ius vocatio) 66-7 pignoris capio 72 preliminary hearing 67-8

legitimacy

general test of 119 illegitimate children and 120 legislation

Empire and 39-43 Republic and 29-33 post classical 51-2

libertas See freedom (libertas)

status, element of 89

litigation

cognitio procedure See cognitio procedure corruption 64-5

early procedure See legis actiones economic factors 64 formulary system See formulary system perils of 63-6 procedural system 64 ritual shaming 65 roman advocate 63 settlement pressures 65 source of law, as 33-4

M magistrates edicts of 33-5, 43 hierarchy of 4-5 mandata 41-2 mandate

agency and 286-9 cognitio extraordinaria procedure 284 duties of the parties 285-6 essentials of 284

termination of 286

manumission See slavery, release from

Marius 10-11

marriage (matrimonium)

adoption 125

affinity 125

age 122

betrothals See betrothals

bonorum possessio on intestacy 214-15 concubinage 135

consanguinity 125

consent 122-3

conubium 123

dowry See dowry

formal requirements of 122-5 free See free marriage

manus marriage See manus marriage moral grounds 124-5

prohibited marriages 123-4 religious factors 124 roman law and 121

status/occupation 124

stuprum 135

mancipatio

formal requirements 182

legal effects of 183

mode of acquiring ownership 182-3

manus marriage

creation of 126

divorce and 128

intestacy and 213

legal consequences of 126

military property

booty 195

sons-in-power and 117

military service

citizenship duty, as 102

marriage ban 124 wills and 218, 223-4

missio in possessionem

(distraint) 78 mistake

consensus and 259-60

mistaken identity 260

mistaken subject matter 259

mistaken transaction 259

modalities

contract and 264

Modestinus 49 monarchy of Rome

Etruscan influence 2-3

events of 510 BC 3

kings of 2

origin of Rome 1-2

movables

accessio affecting 199-200 classification of property 156 commodatum and 302-3 personal servitudes and 165,172 pignus and 306 precarium 312-13

sequestratio and 306

municipia 88

N

Netherlands

humanists and the 374

ins commune and formation of Dutch law 380-3

Reception of Roman law 372

usus modernus 378

See also Roman-Dutch law

non-citizen

latins 109-10

peregrini (foreigners) 110-11

novation

constitutum debiti and 314 debts, of 298, 299, 309

noxal

'noxal liability' 351

surrender 97

obligations

classification of 254-5

contract See contract

correal 300, 303

delict See delict

Justinian's classification 256-7 nature of 253-4 natural 255 solidary 300, 303 source of 255-6

occupatio

abandoned property 195-6

acquiring ownership of property 193-4 enemy property 195

things never having owners 194-5

Octavian See Augustus pacts

constitution debiti, type of pact 314 informal bargains, as 313 praetorian pacts 313-14 receptum, type of pact 314 statutory pacts 314-15 subsidiary 313

Papinian 48-9 partnerships (societas)

actio communi dividundo, remedy of 291 actio pro socio, remedy of 291 bonae fiei contract, as 289

essentials of 290

expenses, reimbursement of 291 position of the partners 290 standard of care 290-1 termination 292-4

types of 291-2

paterfamilias

agnatio relationship system 113-14 contracts 117—18

definition of 113

divorce 116

emancipation 118-19

illegitimacy 119-20

infamia, risk of 118, 124, 128 legitimation 119-20

marriage and 116

miscellaneous rights 119

potestas See potestas property, rights over 116-17 sui juris 113

Paul 49

peculium See property (peculium) peregrini (foreigners)

non-citizen, as 110-11

personal servitudes

creation of 169-70

habitatio 169

overview of 165

protection of 170-1

services of slaves/animals 169 termination of 172

usufruct 165-9

usufruct 165-6

usus 169

persons alieni iuris

citizen, category of 104

pignus

borrowers/lenders, position of 307 contract re, 306-8

development of 306-7

hypothec 308

remedies 307

plebeian discontent 5 plebiscite 32

Pompey 11-12

Pomponius 48 possession

acquiring for another 176 acquisition of 175-6 animus 175-6

corpus 175

entitlement to 177

introduction 174-5

loss of 177-8

pigrtus/precarium contracts 177 possessory interdicts 179-80 protection of 178

potestas

contracts 117-18

emancipation 118-19 illegitimacy 119 legitimacy 119

marriage/divorce 116 miscellaneous rights 119-20 newborn infants, exposure of 114-15 power of life and death 115 rights over persons 114-16

rights over property 116-120 sale/surrender and recovery 115 sons and rights in property 117 praedial servitudes

creation of 169-70

defined 163

perpetual in nature 163 protection of 170-1

right to channel water 164, 165

res mancipi 164, 165 rustic, type of 164-5 termination of 171-2 urban, type of 164 praetorian delicts

duress 348-50

fraud 350-1

slaves, corruption of 348

praetors

defined 4

praetor peregrinus 33

praetor urbanus 4, 33, 34

remedies of 78-9

stipulations 79

private law

Twelve Tables and 31

Proculain-Sabinian dispute

specifcatio and 201-2

procurator 76 property (peculium)

classification of See property, classification of

ownership See property ownership possession See possession

proprietary interests See contractual proprietary interests

servitudes See servitudes

property, classification of corporeal/incorporeal things 154 fungibles/non-fungibles 156-7 movables/immovables 156

overview 153-4

public/private things See property, public/private

res mancipi/res nee mancipi 156-7

property ownership

acquiring See property ownership, acquisition of

commercium 158

dominium, essentials of 158-9 introduction to 157-8 land 159-60

mode of acquisition 159

nature of 159-61

private ownership, property capable of 159 restriction on owners 160-1

usufruct and 168-9

property ownership, acquisition of accessio See accessio

adiudicatio 205

cessio in itire derivative mode 183-4 derivative/original modes of acquisition 181

fruits See fruits

gift See gift

inheritance See inheritance mancipatio See mancipatio specificatio See specificatio traditio See traditio

treasure, what was/who owned 204-5 usucapio See usucapio

property, public/private

flowing water 165

public things, examples of 154

res communes 154

res miliis 155

res publicae 154-5

res religiosae 155

res sacrae 155

res sanctae 155

res universitatis examples 155

rivers 155

seashore 155-6

public law

Twelve Tables and 31

quaestors

meaning of 4

quasi-contract

actio funeraria 317

common ownership 319

condictio indebiti 317-18

condictio sine causa 318

Justinian obligation, category of 257, 315 negotiorum gestio 315-17

unjust enrichment, unifying principle 318, 319-20

quasi-delict

erring judges 355

overview of 353

'safety' notion as common link between cases 355-6

shippers/innkeepers/stablekeepers 354-5 things hung/suspended 354 things poured/thrown 354

Quintus Mucius Scaevola 38

R

real security

contractual proprietary

interest, as 173

Reception of Roman Law

England 388-90

France and 373-4

Germany 377-9

Glossators, role of 366, 368, 370

meaning of Reception 364-5

medieval Europe and 54, 364-6

Netherlands 381

pace of 372-3

Scotland 383-5

speed of take-up across Europe 373

Western Europe, in 365-6, 368

remedies

actio commodati 304 actio depositi 305 actio empti 276 actio ex stipulatu 132 actio iniuriarum 346 actio mandati contraria 286 actio mandati directa 286 actio pigneraticia 307 actio pro socio 291 damages for theft/robbery 338-41, 342 de vi armata 179 guardian/ward 144-5 interdicts 79, 155, 179 missio in possessionem (distraint) 78 praetorian 34-5, 40, 78-9, 150 praetorian delicts 347-51 praetorian stipulations 79 proprietary remedy of tenant 173 restitutio in integrum (rescission) 78 settlement 65 stipulatio 297 theft 337-41 unde vi 179 utrubi 179

Republic of Rome

class warfare 5-6 collapse 9-10 dates for 1, 3 magistrates 4-5 sources of law See sources of law in the

Republic

territorial expansion 6-9 res mancipi/res nec mancipi classification of property 156-7 rescripta 42-3

restitutio in integrum (rescission) 78 risk, doctrine of

consensual contracts and 271-2

robbery

actio vi bonorum raptorum, essentials of 341-2 damages as remedy 342 infamia and 342 See also theft

Roman-Dutch law

codification of Dutch law 382-3 latent defects 276 unjustified enrichment 318-19 use of the term 381-2

Roman Empire 1, 13

collapse of 21-2 constitutional developments 15 Eastern Empire See Eastern Empire economic problems of 17 empire under strain 16-17 emperors, plethora of 17 golden age of 15-16 role of the army 15 romanization process 16 Western Empire See Western Empire

romanization of law

Europe and 371-2

France 373

Germany 376

meaning of 16

medieval period and 364

Scotland 383-4

royal decrees

source of law, as 28-9

S.C. Claudianum

cohabitation 40, 92, 94

S.C.

S.C. Orphitianum

succession on intestacy 216

S.C. Pegasianum 248

S.C. Tertullianum

succession on intestacy 40,215-16

S.C. Trebellianum

trust reforms 248

S.C. Velleianum

prohibition on women interceding 300 Sabinus 47 school of Orleans 369-70,371 Scotland

mixed jurisdiction historically 383-5 Roman law in modern Scots law 385-8 selling oneself

enslavement 92

Senate

source of law, as 32-3, 39-40

servitude

active duties, non-imposition of 163 benefit, material 162 creation of 169-70 exercised reasonably 163 general principles of 162-3 incorporeal thing, incapable of possession 162 introduction to 161-2

personal See personal servitudes praedial See praedial servitudes protection 170-1 right in another person's property 162 termination 171-2

Servius Sulpicius Rufus 38 Sextus Aelius 38 slave

agency and 287-9 capacity to take under a will 219 children, sale of 91 contracts and 96-7 corruption of 348 enslavement See enslavement insulting behaviour and 345 legal position of slave 94-7 legal proceedings and 97 maltreatment 94-5 noxal surrender 97 personal relationships and 97

property and 95-6

release from slavery See slavery, release from

slave in roman society 90-1 slavery, release from abandonment of slave 97 citizenship conferment 103 informal manumission 99-100 manumission by census 98 manumission by will 98-9 manumission in church 99 manumission, process of 98 manumissio vindicta 98 overview 97-8

reforms of Augustus 100-1 reforms of Justinian 101 reward for services 97

sons-in-power

commercial agents, as 287, 288 delicts committed by 351 disinheritance 236 legal rights in property 117

sources of law

custom 28

Empire See sources of law in the Empire

monarchy period and 27-9 post-classical See sources of law, post-classical

Republic and See sources of law in the Republic

royal decrees 28-9

sources of law in the Empire

decreta 41

edicta 41

Emperor 40 jurists, advising/teaching/ writing 43-7 legislation 39-43 mandata 41-2 magistrates, edicts of 43 New Code 61

novellae 61

outstanding jurists 47-50 overview 39 republican assemblies 39 rescripta 42-3

Senate 39-40

sources of law in the Republic

assemblies 31-2

edicts, issuing 34 interpretatio 35-8 ius civile 35 ius honorarium 35 legislation 29-30 litigation 33-4 magistrates, edicts of 33-5 outstanding jurists 38 praetor peregrinus 33 praetor urbanus 33 Senate, the 32-3

^Index 42i

Twelve Tables 30-1 work of the jurists 27-8

sources of law, post-classical era

'barbarian' codes 53

Christianity, impact of 52

Eastern influence 52-3 law schools 53-4

specificatio

acquiring ownership, method of 201 compensation 202 novn species 202

Proculian-Sabinian dispute 201-2

status

children and 89 elements of 89

freedom (libertas) See freedom (libertas) full 89

'greatest' (maxima) loss of 89

'least' (minima) loss of 89

'middle'(ineifw) loss of 89

statutes

leges Liciniae Sextiae 32 lex Aquilia 32 lex Hortensia 32 lex Julia 135

stipulatio

adprornissio, form of surety 299-300 adstipulatio, form of surety 299, 324 classification of 297-8

finance and 298-300 formal requirements of 295-7 introduction to 294-5

novation 299

penalties, imposition of 300 remedies 297

sureties created by 299-300 verbal contract, as a type of 294

straying (dediticii)

enslavement and 92

stuprum 135

Sulla 11

summons

cognitio system and 80 formulary system and 72-3 legis actiones 66-7

superficies

contractual proprietary interest, as 173

T

territorial expansion, Republic

Carthage 8

eastern Mediterranean 8-9

Gauls, the 9

Italy, within 6-7

testamenti factio

citizenship, basic right of 102

theft

'a thing' an essential of 336 damages, measure of 339 delict, as 269, 333 divorce and 128

'fraudulent' an essential of 335-6 'interference' an essential of 334-5 manifest theft, damages for 321, 333 _g non-manifest theft, damages for 33g g other remedies 341

'possession', theft of 337 recovery of property as a remedy 321, 337-8

Twelve Tables and 31

'use', theft of 337

who could sue/be sued under actio furti 339-41

'with a view to gain' an essential of 336-7

Theodosian Code 52, 54 traditio

constitutum possessorium 185 delivery 184-5 intention 185-7

iusta causa 185

ownership and 184

symbolic delivery 185

traditio brevi manu 185

treasure

what was/who owned 204-5

trial

cognitio procedure 81

formulary system 73, 77

legis actiones 69-70

tribunes

defined 5

trusts (fideicommissa)

form of 246-7

heir/beneficiary, legal relationship 247-8

Justinian’s reforms 248

origin of 245

overview 244

purpose of 245-6

S.C.

S.C. Trebellianum, reforms 248

Twelve Tables 30-1, 69, 72

intestacy under 211-12

V

Ulpian 49 unjustified enrichment

condictio sine causa 318

development of principle 318 modern 318-19

usucapio

bonitary owner 192-3 continuity 188-9 good faith 189-90 iusta causa 190 lapse of time 188 longi temporis praescriptio 191-2 original ius civile mode of acquiring ownership 187-8

possession 188

possessor in good faith 192-3 property capable of usucapion 190-1 protecting those acquiring through 192-3

usufruct

fruits, right to take 167-8,204 non-use of 172 ownership and 168-9 personal servitude, as type of 165-9 quasi-usufruct 168 survival into modern French law 166 use of property 166 usufructuary, general position of 165-6 usus

non-use of 172

personal servitude, as type of 169 services of slaves/animals 169

V verbal contracts

dotis dictio 294

iusiurandum liberti 294 meaning of 256 stipulatio See stipulatio

Vestal virgin

marriage and 124 paterfamilias and 114 retirement from office 114,124

'vulgarization' 53

W

Western Empire

collapse/oblivion, causes of 20-2, 53, 360, 362-4

wills

changes in late Empire period 223 codicils 244 comitial will 221 heirs See heirs incertae personae 220 ineffectual/broken 241 ius capiemdi 220-1 legacies See legacies make a will, capacity to 217-18 mancipatory will 221-2 outline of making 209-10 praedial servitude, creation of 170 praetorian will 222-3 religious beneficiaries 220 slaves, capacity to take under 219

soldiers'will 223-4

take under a will, capacity to 219 testamentary freedom See wills,

testamentary freedom

tripartite will 223

trusts See trusts

void ab initio 241

will in procinctu 221

witness a will, capacity to 218-19

women, capacity to take under 219

wills, testamentary freedom

exheredatio, ins civile position 236-7

exheredatio, Praetorian 237

exheredatio, Justinian's reforms 238 legitma portio, concept of 240-1 querela, consequences of 239-40 querela, overview of 238 querela, under Justinian 240-1 querela, when/who could buy/bring 238-9 women

adoption 136

adrogatio and 137

age of marriage 122

assemblies and 32

citizen, category of 104

curatorship 149

freedwomen, loss of services 105 guardianship See guardianship of women

representatives in litigation 127

roman citizenship 102

surety, acting as 300

willsand 145, 218, 219

wrongful damage

Aquilian action for recovery 330 causation 329-30

damage caused indirectly 332

damages 327

fault, under lex Aquilla 327-9 history/evolution of 323 lex Aquilia enactment 323 lex Aquilla, extensions to 330-1 lex Aquilia, First/Third Chapters 324-6 loss under lex Aquilia 326-7 miscellaneous extensions 331-2 modern developments 332-3