CHAPTER III

1 Compare D. Daube in JRS, 1951, 66f£, with F. Serrao, La â€?iurisdictio’ del pretore peregrino (1954)

2 Jones, Studies, 73

3 Gai. Inst. IV, 31

4 See, however, Valerius Maximus VII, 7, 6 for a case

5 Cicero, II in Verrem 1,119

6 Jones, Studies, 72.

7 See the lex Rubria, Fontes I, no. 19, §§ 21-2, and the fragmentum Aiestinum, Fontes I, no. 20,1. 5

8 Jones, Studies, 75 and 77

9 Rabirius was prosecuted before the assembly in 63; Cicero would have been the object of a tribunician impeachment if he had not gone into exile in 58; Cicero in 70 threatened to use his aedileship in 69 to impeach anyone suspected of bribery in the trial of Verres; and Clodius as aedile impeached Milo for a fine in 56. The cases are collected in A. H. J. Green- idge, The Legal Procedure of Ciceros Time (1901), 3 53 ff

10 Th. Stangl, Cieeronis orationum schcliastae (1912, repr. 1964), 201

11 W. Kunkel, Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des römischen Kriminalver­fahrens (1962), ch. XII, and Introduction, 61-2

12 Senatusconsultum de Asclepiade, 78 bc, Fontes I, no. 35, Greek text, 11. 17#; Epistula Octaviani Caesaris de Seleuco, 42 bc, Fontes I, no. 55,11.

13 Jones, Studies, 75-6 (cf. Cicero, II in Verrem II, 36)

14 See A. N. Sherwin-White, RSNT, i4ff

15 Recent works on this most difficult topic are Jones, Studies, Essay no. V (originally published in 1955); J. Μ. Kelly, Princeps Iudex (1957); J. Bieicken, Senatsgericht und Kaisergericht (1962)

16 Suetonius, divus Julius, 44, 2. So did Pompey, according to Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae V, 1, 5. On Pompey’s intention see E. Polay in Acta Antiqua, xiii, 1965, 85#, and on Caesar’s the same author in Jura, 1965, 27S

17 For what survives see Acta divi Augusti, 142?

17a For the history of this appointment see Kaser, Das römische Zivilprozessrecht, 367-8; for a fideicomissary case before a iuridicus see D.

17b See Pliny, Ep. IV, 29,2 and Sherwin-White, Pliny, 309

18 Jones, Studies, Essay No IV

19 Tacitus, Annals XIV, 41

20 Cassius Dio, LXIX, 18, 3-4. Burrus in Seneca, de dementia II, 1, 2 is only carrying out sentences, pace Sherwin-White, Pliny, 639

21 D. 12. 4.15

22 D. 1.15. 3.1

23 Jones, Studies, Essay no. IV. See, however, P. Gamsey in JRS, 1966, 174fr

24 D. 1. 16. 9 pr.

25 See the article �iuridicus’ in E. de Ruggiero, Dizionario Epigrafico, 1941

25a In Fontes I, no. 49,1. 42, legionary commanders are coupled with juris­dictional magistrates; perhaps in the second century they took a share

25b On criminal appeal see Jones, Studies, Essay IV, and on civil appeal Essay V, 77-83

25c See Jolowicz, Hist. Introduce, 406 and Kaser, Das römische Zivilprozessrecht, 39WOI

26 I simplify here by speaking only of the �formulary system’ and not of its historical predecessor, the legis actio

27 See, for example, Gellius, Noctes Atticae I, 22, 6, quoted below

2,8 Fontes I, no. 65

29 F. Casavola, Studi suite azioni popolari romane (1958)

30 D. 5. 1 and D. 13. 4

31 D. 5.1.19.2

32 Cicero, II in Verrem III, 38

33 D. 5.1.1

34 D. 13.4.1

35 Cicero, ad fam. XIII, 14

36 Tab. Here., no. XIV

37 Cicero, pro Quinctio, 22-5 and 48-58

38 Horace, Satires I, i, 11 and ix, 36 and 75

39 Pace H. I^vy-Bruhl, La 'denegatio actionis* sous la procedure formulaire (1924), who denied its existence altogether

40 A loose statement of a rather complicated position; see Buckland, Textbook, 634

41 Juvenal, Satires XIII, especially 11.15-16 and 199fr

42 Gai. Inst. IV, 39frand n6ff

42a Cicero, pro Roscio comoedo, 24

43 Cicero, II in Verrem II, 30. See G. Broggini, Iudex Arbiterve (1951), 55fr

44 D. 5. i. 12. 2; 5. 1. 80; 42.1. 57; Gai. Inst.IV, 105. Quintilian apparently once pleaded a case in the presence (in Rome) of Queen Berenice, and implies that she was a iudex: Inst. Or. IV, 1,19; but seeAJP, 1951,169

45 Pliny, Ep.

46Quintilian, Inst. Or. X, 1, 32; Juvenal, Satires NE, 115-17 and XVI, 13fr

47 J. Mazeaud, La nomination du �iudex anus' sous la procedure formulaire a Rome (1933). F. La Rosa in Labeo, 1958,39fr, argues that only persons on the album could be chosen as indices in civil suits, but does not discuss the references in lay literature

47a Kaser, Das römische Zivilprozessrecht, 43-4 and 141. The distinction is well brought out in Pliny, Natural History, Praef., 6fF

48Broggini, Iudex Arbiterve, passim

49D. 4. 8. 44; the whole title repays perusal

50Fontes DI, no. 164

51Tab. Here., no. LXXVI

52Tab. Here., nos. LXXVn, LXXVm and LXXIX, respectively

52a See Cicero, II in Verrem III, 135

53Fontes I, no. 44. See La Rosa in Labeo, 1958,19ff

54Cicero, de oratore 1,173

55Cicero, de oratore 1,180 and II, 140 and 221

56See back, Chapter I, p. 33 and note 93

57Cicero, ad Quintum fratrem 1,2,10

58See Kelly, Roman Litigation, Chapter V

59Gellius, Nodes Atticae XIV, 2

60Pliny, Ep. VI, 2, 7-8; cf. Martial, VI, 35

61D. 2.13, �de edendo*. See Buckland and McNair, 406

62 D. 32. 69 pr.; cf. Watson, Law of Obligations, p. 3 on stipulations and p. 93 on sales

63D. 22. 6.9 pr. and 2

64 D. 22, titles 3 and 5, respectively. On �burden of proof' see, with dis­cussion of several recent papers, G. Pugliese in Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquitö, 1956, 349fr

65D. 22. 5. 3

66D. 22. 3. 10

67Suetonius, Nero, 17

68Pauli Sententiae V, 25, 6

69D. 5. 1. 79. 1; cf. D. 22. 1. 32 pr.

70Gai. Inst. IV, 61-2

71 Buckland and McNair, 412, note 1; but on an earlier stage of specific performance of contract in the common law see H. D. Hazeltine, �Early History of Specific Performance of Contract in English Law, in Juristische Festgabe des Auslandes zu Josef Kohlers 60. Geburtstag (1909), 6yff

72D. 12. 3

72a On which see La Rosa, L^u actio indicati' nel diritto romauo classico (1963)

73 Cicero, pro Flacco, 48

74 Gai.

75 Jones, Studies, 81-3

76 Cicero, pro Flacco, 49

77 A. H. J. Greenidge, Infamia. Its place in Roman public and private law (1894);

L. Pommeray, Etudes sur I'infamie (1937); U. Brasiello, La repressione penale in diritto Romano (1937), I52ff; Zulueta, The Institutes of Gaius, II, 300-1;

M. Kaser in ZSS, 1956, 22off, L, Lombardi, Dalia fdes* alia 'bona fides⁹ (1961), A. Watson in Tijdschrift, 1963, 76S", Kelly, Roman Litigation, 24IF

78 Even, once, for bad fanning, according to Gellius, Noctes Atticae, IV, 12

79 See Kaser in ZSS, 1938, 74ff

80 Asconius, in Pisonianam, p. 8 of Clark’s Oxford Text; Livy, XXXIX, 42, 6

81 Gai. Inst. IV, 182

82 D. 3. 2. 1

83 Watson (quoted in note 77 above); cf. P. P. Zanzucchi in BIDR, 1916,93

84 Codex lustinianus, 2. 11. 2 and 5 and 18

85 See Chapter II, p. 66

86 Brasiello, La repressione penale, 546#

87 Cicero, II in Verrem n, 26

88 D. 1.18. 8

89 D. 3. 5. 46. 1

90 Cicero, II in Verrem II, 32 and 37ff

91 Cicero, pro Flacco, 47-8, and II in Verrem II, 41 and III, 28 and 13 5fF 91a Cicero, divinatio in Caecilium, 56; II in Verrem III, 55 and 69

92 Cicero, II in Verrem II, 30

93 See the fourth Edict of Cyrene, Fontes I, no 68 (p. 409)

94 Taubenschlag, Law of Greco-Roman Egypt, 512

95 Fontes III, no. 64. See also nos. 100,170, and 86 (the �Sententia Senecionis’), and the long report of a trial before a index datus in ad 124, P. Fam. Tebt. no. 24

95a See, however, Pliny, Panegyricus, 36, 4

96 Parks, The Roman Rhetorical Schools, passim

97 Cicero, pro Cluentio, 139

98 Cicero, Topica, 51

99 Horace, Epistles I, iii, 23-4

100 D. 31. 29 pr.; Cicero, II in Verrem I, 73; Suetonius, divus Augustus, 33,2. See P. Gamsey in JRS, 1966,177-9

101 Pliny, Ep. VI, 11

102 D. 4.2.9. 3

103 Gellius, Noctes Atticae I, 22, 6 (the verbal joke slightly adapted)

104 Cicero, II in Verrem II, 71 if; cf. I, 73-4

105 Gellius, Nodes Atticae XII, 13

106 Ibid.

107 Valerius Maximus, VIII, 12,1

108 See Cicero’s puns on cavere in ad fam. DI, 1, 3, VH, 6,2 and VH, 13,2

109 On this process see Schulz, Roman Legal Science, 42ft and iO2ff

no Of the problems connected with the ius respondendi ex audoritate Caesaris something has been said in Chapter I; see p. 26

in See, for example, Schulz, Roman Legal Science, upfF; Honors, Gaius, 18ff; but cf. Kunkel, Introdudion, 106: �The two schools were not teaching institutions’

112 Gellius, Nodes Atticae XIII, 13

113 On which see Jones, Later Roman Empire I, 507#*

113a Cicero gets some fun out of the brothers Caepasius, who were only too glad of any brief: pro Cluentio, 57

114 Cassius Dio, LIV, 18, 2

115 Tacitus, Annals XI, 5 and 7

116 An interesting series of letters, Pliny, Ep. V, 4 and 9 and 13

117 Buckland and McNair, 299

118 Juvenal, Satires VH, io6ff (paraphrased)

119 Passages quoted by Kelly, Roman Litigation, 84, note 1

120 Fontes IB, no. 57 (cf. no. 30)

121 Martial, VI, 19

122 See ILS, no. 7750, for a man who �wrote wills for 25 years without a jurisconsult’

123 P. Hamb. 72; see Wenger, Quellen, 745, note no, and 807

124 Fontes III, no. 92. See below, Chapter VII, p. 245

125 See Revue beige de philologie et d’histoire, 1957, 361, and Ch. Saumagne in Courtois, Leschi, Perrat and Saumagne, eds., Tablettes Albertini, Ades prives de Fepoque vandale (1952), 8iff

126 R. von Ihering, "Reich und Arm im altromischen Civilprozess’, in Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudent* (1885), 175#

127 Cicero, de oratore 1,177

128 Gellius, Nodes Atticae V, 13, 2

129 Cicero, II in Verrem II, 36. And on reiectio Romae see p. 70, above

130 The theme of Lombardi’s Dalia Jides⁹ alia "bona fides’.

131 Cicero, adfam. XIV, 1, 5

132 Cicero, adAtt. 1,18, 8

133 Cassius Dio, LIX, 26, 9; see J. A. Crook, Consilium Principis (1955), App. 4

134 Crook, ibid., p.

135 Fontes I, no. 103 (p. 497)

136 Apokrimata, no. 5. See also Chapter I, note 17a. Provincial governors were supposed to protect humble litigants and assign them counsel: D. 1. 16. 9. 4-5

137 Jones, Later Roman Empire I, 470#

138 See the judgment quoted by Megarry, Misce!lany-at-Law. 116-17

139 Tacitus, Annals XIV, 28

140 D. 2. 14. 53 and 48. 7. 6

141 Kelly, Roman Litigation, 85. For some criticisms see CR, 1967, 83 ff

142 Juvenal, Satires XVI, 36-47; see Kelly, op. cit., Chapter VI

143 D. 4. 6. 23 pr.

144 Pliny, Ep. 1,18, 1; Juvenal, Satires III, 212-13

145 D. 4. 6.15.3

146 Apuleius, Metamorphoses (the �Golden Ass*) IX, 35-8

147 For the history see Schulz, CRL, 6ooff; and on the actio metus causa see also Kelly, op. cit., isfF

148 D. 4. 3.11.1

149 D. 22. 5. 3

150 D. 48. 2. 10 and 11 pr.

151 The fundamental treatment of the whole subject is by G. Cardascia in RHDFE, 1950, 3osff and 461S

152 D. 48.19.15

153 Jones, Studies, 65