CHAPTER IV

1 The well-known system of Le Play (â€?extended’ family: â€?stem’ family: â€?nuclear’ family) is briefly described in C. C. Zimmerman and M. E. Frampton, Family and Society, A Study in the Sociology of Reconstruction (1935), 97-9· It is a mistake to classify family systems rigidly and ex­clusively on this or any other basis; see, for example, Olga Lang, Chinese Family and Society (1946), I4ff and 13 5f¥L For some comments on this as it affects Rome see CL Qu., 1967, art.

2 But for doubts about this see Cl. Qu., quoted in the note above

3 On which see P. E. Corbett, The Roman Law of Marriage (1930)

4 Testimony to this latter purpose runs all the way from the ancient censorial oath quoted by Gellius, Noctes Aiticae IV, 3, 2, to the betrothal document from Africa under the Vandals, Tablettes Albertini, no. 1,1. 3

5 D. 23.2. 44 pr.

6 Fontes III, no. 19

7 Details in Gai. Inst. I, 62-3

8 D. 12. 4. 8;D. 23. 2. 4

9 M. K. Hopkins in Population Studies, 1965, 309!?, following up papers by

M. Durry to which he gives references on p. 309, note 8

10 Valerius Maximus, IV, 3, 3

11 The considerations of social psychology that result from reflection on this pattern are very well summed up by Hopkins, op. cit., 327. It is fair to note that in the Graeco-Egyptian family of P. Fam. Tebt. they seem to have married comparatively late.

u

12 D. 50.17. 30

13 Gai. Inst. 1,63

14 Cicero, de oratore I, 183

15 Gellius, Nodes Atticae IV, 3, 3. For mantis see below

16 D. 32. 49. 4

17 Suetonius, divus Vespasianus, 3

18 Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Vita Marci, 29,10

19 D. 39. 5. 31 pr.

20 Especially P. Μ. Meyer, Der römische Konkubinat (1895) and J. Plassard, Le concubinat romain sous le haut empire (1921)

21 Plassard, op. cit., 160

22 Pauli Sententiae II, 20, 1

23 D.

24 For example, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V, 1918, quoted by Schulz, CRL, 139, which makes it likely that in Corpus VI, 1906 (to wife, con­cubine and another wife) the concubine was concurrent with one of the wives—contrary to the view of Plassard, op. cit., 126, note 7

25 D. 48. 5. 14 pr.

26 Plassard, op. cit., 69fr

27 Gellius, Nodes Atticae IV, 4

28 Juvenal, Satires VI, 2jf

29 See the so-called �Laudatio Turiae’, Fontes III, no. 69, i, 1. 16; and cf. Cicero, pro Flacco, 84

30 Schulz, CRL, 119

31 Gai. Zart. II, 63

32 See Buckland, Textbook, 325

33 Apuleius, Apologia, 71 and 91-2

34 D. 23. 4

35 D. 15. 3.21

36 D. 23. 3. 10 pr.

37 Cf. Apuleius, Apologia, 91

38 Valerius Maximus, VIII, 2, 3, describes a nasty little fraud tried out by one man

39 Valerius Maximus, VI, 3, 10-12

40 This is best set out in detail by V. Arangio-Ruiz in La legislazione, Chapter III of Augustus: Studi in occasione del bimillenario Augusteo (1938)

41 D. 24.2. 9. See Corbett, op. cit., 228ff

42 Pauli Sententiae V, 6,15

43 D. 24. i

44 D. 24 i. 40 and 42; Antoninus Pius

45 D. 17. i. 54 pr.

46 See, in addition to the passages about to be quoted, D. 9. 2. 33 and 19. 5. 5pr.

47 D. 20. I. 8 and D. 42. 5. 38 pr.

48 D. 28. 6. 45 pr.

49 Tacitus, Annals, XIII, 32, 2; cf. Suetonius, Tiberius, 35, 1

50 Cicero did not really consult his beloved daughter Tullia, ad Att. XI, 3; cf. Apuleius, Apologia, 77, and, on the limit imposed by Antoninus Pius, note 42 above

51 And see, on betrothal, D. 23.1. 13

52 Gellius, Noctes Atticae II, 7, 20

53 Horace, Satires I, iv, 48-50

54 Gai. Inst. I, 55

55 D. 1. 6. 9

56 Consuls and governors: D. 1.7. 3; senators: D. 39.5.7· 3; local magistrates: D. 15.1. 3. 13; D. 27. 8. 1.17; D. 50.1. 2 pr.

57 Gellius, Noctes Atticae II, 2

58 Though for hesitation as to senators see D. 39. 5. 7. 3

59 D. 15. 3. 7. 5

60 D. 14. 6. 1. 3

61 But the evidence is not unequivocal; see Cl.

62 Pliny, Ep. IV, 2

63 Titles from Ulpian XX, 10

64 Juvenal, Satires XVT, 51-6

65 Gai. Inst. 1,93 and II, 135 a

66 Pliny, Ep. X, 11,2

66a The magistrates of Salpensa gaining Roman citizenship ex officio got it (Fontes I, no. 23, §22), but this does not seem to have been universal: Pliny, Panegyricus, 37, 3. The government was quite capable of taking fiscal advantage of such anomalies, as the �Gnomon of the Idiologos* shows, passim

67 Gai. Inst. 1,97ff; Gellius, Noctes Atticae V, 19

68 See, for example, Gai. Inst. 1,19

69 D. 1. 7. 17. 3; cf. D. 1. 7. 15. 2-3

70 Cicero, de domo, 34-5

71 Gai. Inst. II, 138

72 Schulz, CRL, 145

73 Tacitus, Annals XV, 19

74 Gai. Inst. I, 132

75 Cf. D. 37.12. 5

76 See L’annte fyigraphique, 1946, no. 123, first fragment—a new piece of the Lex coloniae luliae Genetivae. The local magistrates can appoint guardians on application

77 Gai. Inst. I, 196

78 Apuleius, Apologia, 101

79 Fontes III, no. 25

80 D. 26. 7

81 On all this see, as well as the Digest title, E. J. Jonkers, Economische en sociale toestanden in het Romeinsche rijk, blijkende uit het Corpus Juris (1933), 2iff

82 D. 27. 2

83 D. 26. 10. 1 pr. The complaints were of maladministration, not of danger to the ward’s life: see Jolowicz in J RS, 1947, 82ff

84 Fontes in, no. 31

85 D. 27.1 and Fragmenta Vaticana 123-247, in Fontes II (pp. 494!?)

86 There is much room for divergent opinions on the detailed development, because the bit of Gaius’s Institutes that treated of curatio is lost

87 D. 4. 4. 1.1

88 D. 4. 4. 24.1

89 D. 4. 4. 11. 2

90 Cf. Horace, Epistles I, i, 102

91 Schulz, CRL, 198 and 201

92 Buckland and McNair, 190

93 See CL Qu., 1967, art. �Patria Potestas’, forthcoming

94 For the differences between legatum per praeceptionem and praelegatunt see Buckland, Textbook, 336 and 352-3, and Kaser, Das römische Privatrecht I, 624

95 Lists are given in Titles Jrotn Ulpian XX and XXII

96 Gai.

97 Gnomon, § 33, in Fontes I (p. 475)

98 Cicero, ad fam. VII, 21

99 As to heirship, Titles from Ulpian XXH, 5; as to legacy, Titles from Ulpian XXIV, 2%; not per praeceptionem, Pliny, Ep. V, 7,1 (it is, of course, obvious). Important for the history is G. le Bras in Studi in onore di Salvatore Ricco- bono III (1936), 33ff. See also Sherwin-White, Pliny, 330-1

100 Juvenal, Satires IX, 86ff

101 Petronius, Satyricon, 76, 2

102 For certain modifications in the late Republic and by the lex lunia Velleia, see Buckland, Textbook, 323-4

103 See E. Renier, Etude sur I'histoire de la �querela inoffidosi* en droit romain (1942); Schulz, CRL, 275fr

104 Pliny, Ep. VI, 33

105 D. 5. 2. 1

106 D. 5. 2. 8. 8 and Pliny, Ep. V, 1, 9 (where the young man, if not dis­inherited, would have been sole heir, so | of his intestate portion was | of the whole estate)

106a On this theme, see L. Boyer in RHDFE, 1965, 333ff

107 Oxyrhynchus Papyri, P. Oxy. 105,1. 5 and 489,1.5

108 P. Oxy. 104, 11. 14#

109 D. 33. 2. 33. 2

no D. 35. 2, frags. 68 and 55 and 3. 2. See P. Stein in Revue internationale des droits de I’antiquite, 1962, 33

ui D. 5. i. 52. 1; D. 31. 87 pr.

112 E.g. books, D. 32. 52; farms and furniture, D. 33.7

113 Pliny, Ep. II, 4, 1

114 D. 29. 4

115 D. 36. 3

116 D. 36.1. 4. Cf. P. Fam Tebt. no. 17,11. iiff., \.. in order not to be put to trouble...*

117 Cicero, ad Ait. XI, 2,1 and XIII, 46, 3

118 Fontes III, no. 60

119 Gai. Inst. II, 285

120 Cicero, de finibus II, 55

121 P. Hamb. 72, quoted in Wenger, Quellen, 807

122 Justinian’s Institutes II, 23, 1

123 Gai. Inst. II, 278; D. 1. 2. 2. 32

124 D. 36. 1. 1. 1—3

125 D. 36.1. 27

126 Pliny, Ep. X, 75. See Sherwin-White, Pliny, 663-4

127 Gnomon, § 18, in Fontes I (p. 472)

128 D. 34. 9. 10 pr.

129 Pliny, Panegyricus, 37-40

130 See Acta divi Augusti, pp. 221-2

131 Pliny, Ep. VII, 11 and 14

132 See Acta divi Augusti, p.

133 Description in Gai. Inst. II, 104. The will of a Roman citizen had to be in Latin: Gnomon, § 8; but Greek-speaking testators would have a copy in Greek. For such a copy see P. Oxy. 2348

134 Horace, Satires II, v, 5iff

135 Gai. Inst. II, 108

136 Gai. Inst. II, 119

137 Pliny, Ep. II, 16. Pliny congratulates himself on his willingness to carry out the provisions in an unconfirmed codicil; it had presumably contained something that purported to be more than a mere fideicommissutn, which Pliny would have been legally obliged to carry out

138 D. 29.1.1 pr. See Chapter I, p. 22

139 D. 37.13.1 pr.

140 Gai. Inst. II, no. Gnomon, § 34 is probably a local rule for Egypt

140a See Arangio-Ruiz in BIDR, 1906,1 syS; inter alia it was to give men used to peregrine testamentary habits the assurance that their property could be left in ways which they understood

141 Fontes I, no. 78

142 Suetonius, divus lulius, 83, 2; divus Augustus, 101

143 Vita Donati, §§37 and 40, ed. C. Hardie in �Appendix Vergiliana’, Oxford Text (1957). Cf. the will of Persius described in his Vita, in the Ox­ford Text of Persius and Juvenal, ed. W. V. Clausen (1959), pp. 32-3

Cicero, ad Att. XIII, 46, 3

Pliny, Ep. Vin, 18. On Pliny’s place in the scale of senatorial wealth see R. P. Duncan-Jones in PBSR, 1965,177#

Fontes in, no. 48

Fontes m, no. 49

Petronius, Satyricon, 71-2

Fontes III, nos. 47 and 50

Suetonius, Tiberius, 23; divus Claudius, 4, 7; and Nero, 4, respectively Fontes DI, no. 47

The most recent general work is the important series of essays by F. De Visscher, Le droit des tombeaux rontains (1963)

For a picture, see R. Meiggs, Roman Ostia (i960), pl. XXXIII. And for a picture of the �Street of Tombs’ at Pompeii, see A. Aymard and J. Auboyer, Rome et son empire (1959), pl. XVH

For pictures, see J. M. C. Toynbee and J. Ward Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter and the Vatican Excavations (1956), pls. I and IV

Aymard and Auboyer, op.

ILS, no. 117

Horace, Satires I, viii, 8ff

Gai. Inst. II, 3 and 6 and 9. This is not just legal theory; imperial constitu­tions confirm the rule, e.g. Codex lustinianus, 3. 44. 2., and Trajan’s ruling in Gnomon, § 1, in Fontes I (p. 470)

See ILS, nos. 7893 ff, especially 7912-13, and Fontes III, no. 80, e,f, and^ Eg. ILS, 8226 and 8233

D. 11. 7. 2. 5

D. 11. 7. 2. 2

See Schulz, CRL, 342, and Principles, 26

ILS, 8382-3 and Fontes III, no. 85, h-e (cf. f and^)

ILS, 8386

De Visscher, Le droit des tombeaux remains, 6$K

See, for example, the �Sententia Senecionis*, Fontes DI, no. 86

See De Visscher, op. cit., 225«*, and P. Stein in Studi in onore di Biondo Biondi II, 115

See, for example, the lex coloniae Genetivae, Fontes I, no. 21, § 73; but cf. D. 47. 12. 3. 5

D. 11. 7, from frag. 12. 2 onwards

D. 11.7. 2.1

D. 47.12. 3

D. 11. 7. 5

Petronius, Satyricon, 71, 7

An example from hundreds: ILS, 7933 b

ILS, 8115,8283,8284, and the will of Dasumius, Fontes III, no. 48, p. 139 ILS, 8219; cf. 8226, etc.

ILS, 1798; cf. D. 33. 2. 34 pr. and ILS, 8351. (The other copy of this inscription, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum VI, 8750, contains a different wife.)

179 ILS, 8351, 7536 and 8366, respectively

180 Legal studies: besides Le Bras in Studi in onore di Salvatore Riccobono III (1936), 23ff, see P. W. Duff, Personality in Roman Private Law (1938), i68ff; E. F. Bruck in Scritti in onore di Contardo Ferrinipubblicati in occasione della sua beatiftcazione (Milan, 1947-9), vol. IV, iff (especially i8ff). Problems of trusts and of the growth of the notion of legal personality are involved; for comment on several general studies see R. Feenstra in Tijd- schrift, 1956, 38iff. On the Roman attitude to peregrine foundations see J. H. Oliver, The Ruling Power (1953), 963fr. Social Studies: R. P. Duncan- Jones in PBSR, 1962, 47ff; 1963,159ff; 1965, 189fr

181 Published by P. Μ. Fraser and B. Nicholas in J RS, 1958, nyff and 1962, 156ff (cf De Visscher, Le droit des tombeaux rotnains, I99ff)

182 L’annte epigraphique, 1940, no. 94. See De Visscher, op. cit., 24off

183 D. 18. i. 73. i, and the �Sententia Senecionis* (see note 167)

184 See Gnomon, § 1, in Fontes I (p. 470)

185 De Visscher, op. cit., 298

186 Codex lustinianus, 3. 44. 6

187 ILS, 8365 and Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum VI, 8861, respectively. Mommsen, as usual, put his finger unerringly on all the problems; see his Gesammelte Schriften DI, I98ff, especially 213-14