Contents

Introduction 1

I. The function of advocacy 13

1. Advocacy and legal orders 13

2. Rhetoric in modern discussions 17

(i) Proof

(ii) Philosophy: La Nouvelle Rhetorique and other developments

3.

4. Taking advocacy seriously 28

IL Prior Greco-Roman questions 30

1. For comparison: advocacy at Athens

and in the Hellenistic world 30

2. The two Roman legal professions 37

3. The boundaries of the subject: the legal

order broadly conceived 46

III. Advocacy in the papyri: the under-exploited source 58

Excursus: petitions and the �Narratio’ documents 113

vi Contents

IV. Advocacy in the traditional material 119

1. The uses of advocacy to client and advocate 120

2. Usus iudiciorum, the practice of the courts 131

Excursuses: 1. Terminology 146

2. The advocate as �representative’ 158

3. The controuersiae 163

4. Quintilian 167

V. The historical record 172

Abbreviations 198

Bibliography 204

Index 220