CONTENTS
Preface x
List of abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
�Homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto’ 1
The meaning of �human rights’ 2 Questions of terminology 5
The enforcement of human rights 6
Structure and scope 7
Evaluation 8
2 Human rights: the Greek experience 10
Preamble: the meaning of philanthropia 10
Philanthropia: the Athenian model 11
Philanthropia: the defining moments 15
The Hellenistic period 16
Evaluation 19
3 Humanitas Romana 20
Preamble: the meanings of humanitas 20 The concept of humanitas Romana 21 Humanitas Romana: a first appraisal 23 The role of Panaetius 24
The debut of the word �humanitas’ 25
Humanus: Terence and universalism 26
Evaluation 27
4 Human rights prior to Humanitas Romana 28
Preamble 28
Early Rome: ius humanum 28
The Scipionic age: humanitas and maiestas 30
The Scipionic age: philanthropia 32
The Scipionic age: domestic humanitas 33
Primacy in humanitas: rival contenders 34 Evaluation 35
5 Human rights in the Late Republic: Cicero 36
Preamble 36
Cicero and universalism 37
Humanitas and punishment: the death sentence 41
Humanitas and punishment: exile 44
Humanitas and the law 46
Evaluation 50
6 Human rights in the Late Republic: curbs on
ill-treatment 51
Preamble 51
Maiestas, morality and humanitas 52
Curbs on rapacity: early attempts 53
Statutory relief for non-Romans: the lex Calpurnia 57
The problem of mass enslavement 62
Additional statutory relief: repetundae and maiestas 63
Evaluation 65
7 The new image of Humanitas: part one 67
Preamble 67
Humanitas and clementia: Augustus and Tiberius 68
Humanitas and clementia: Seneca 69
Humanitas and clementia: Flavians, Antonines, Severans 72 Clementia Caesaris: Julius Caesar 75
Clementia Caesaris: Augustus and Tiberius 77
Clementia Caesaris: Seneca and Nero 79
Clementia Caesaris: Domitian to Alexander 82
Evaluation 86
8 The new image of Humanitas: part two 87
Curbs on rapacity: jurisdiction 87
Curbs on rapacity: some cases 89
Universalism: the merits 96
Universalism: the demerits 100
Freedom of speech 101
Social welfare: the alimenta 109
Evaluation 110
9 Man’s inhumanity to man 112
Preamble 112
Genocide 112
Slavery 115
Racial prejudice 120
Death at the games 122
0 Conclusion 126
Notes 130
Select bibliography 168
Index to sources 179
General index 187