Conclusion

Our modern, globalized world is more open than closed, and increasingly interconnected, interdependent and dynamic. Order, it is now clear, does not necessarily come from above, but may emerge from small, distributed and con­nected parts.

The new anthropology and the science of complexity have led many to con­clude that the social sciences need to be completely rebuilt. How to do that is still being developed and will take time. At a minimum, this paradigm shift will require relinquishing the chimera of control that positivism has given us. It will require fostering freedom, individual responsibility and trust in the moral purposes of the average man and woman. Rejecting this option is to hold to the false promise of human control, to believe that the elites at the top can control and direct, to dismiss the average person's actions as inconsequential to the final outcome—in short, to ignore what complexity has made clear is impossible.

While complexity science is new, the ideas are not. There are deep echoes here of Aristotle and Althusius, Smith and Hume, Madison and Tocqueville,

Elazar and Ostrom—philosophies the standard model has discounted in favour of power and structures.^[20] As we think about a new paradigm of government, federalism with its supporting philosophies of freedom, self-government, indi­vidual responsibility, divided sovereignty, local control and a limited but strong national government has much to contribute.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank iacfs for the call and conference where this chapter was first presented, and also Erik Shane Munton, Alena Smith and Morgan Smith for their suggested revisions.

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