Types of people present

What types of people were present at a hearing? First, there had to be a per­son or persons judging the case. Of the groups within the courtroom, this one encompasses the greatest number of permutations.

For this reconstruction, however, a presiding magistrate and a panel of judges must be included. Most often the litigants were also present, though the law does not appear to have required their attendance; Quintilian does note that for specific rhetorical devices one’s client had to be present and act accordingly.² Advocates typi­cally would be present for both sides, and multiple advocates representing the same side were not uncommon; Pliny mentions multiple advocates appeared for both litigants in the case of Attia Viriola.³ Advocates had various aides, and we hear of minores advocati, librarii, and pragmatici accompanying them into the courtroom.⁴ Pliny cites an occasion when his two attendants were paid to applaud for one side in the centumviral court; the word he uses for them, “nomendatores" (name-providers) identifies their function.⁵ Also present were witnesses for the case.⁶ Finally, the rest of the court would be filled with an audience of variable size. While audience composition will be discussed in a subsequent chapter, we will first consider the physical characteristics of the audience as an entity in the courtroom.

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