THE SCHOOL OF ORLEANS

After the publication of the Accursian Gloss, the study of the civil law in Bologna, while still intense, lost some of its freshness and excitement. In the second half of the thirteenth century, the focus of study of Justinian's texts switched to Orleans, where civil law studies received a boost from the papal prohibition of its study in Paris.

The two teachers who gave Orleans its special character, Jacobus de Ravanis (Jacques de Revigny) and Petrus de Bellapertica (Pierre de Belleperche), both learned their law at Orleans. They did not introduce

any particular novelty into the teaching of the civil law but extended certain tendencies which were already observable at Bologna, particu­larly the use of dialectical reasoning. Instead of the ingenious citation of texts, they adopted a freer approach, relying on logical argument and frequently extending the ratio of a text by analogy to what the Bolognese would have regarded as beyond the permissible limit. Quaettionet de facto, discussions of problems arising out of fact-situations (which might be hypothetical), were given an important place in the curriculum and some of these involved the effect of local customs. Both Jacobus and Petrus were clerics, who ended their careers as bishops. Yet they treated the civil law as quite distinct from the canon law. Their students, who were almost all clerics, made Orleans for a short period the Bologna of the north.

The Orleans masters expounded all parts of the Corpus iuris in detail, but since they scrupulously followed the original order of the texts they made no attempt to arrange their material systematically.

FURTHER READING

The standard reference works for medieval law and early modern law are F. Wieacker, trans. T Weir, A History of frirato Law W Europe, Oxford 1995; Μ. Bellomo, The Ccomm Legal Pcut p Eitrojfe 1000-1800, trans. L. Cochrane, Washington, D.C. 1995; O. F Robinson, T D. Fergus and W M. Gordon, An Introduction to European Legal History, 2nd edn, London 1994; E Vinogradoff, Roman Law in Medieval Europe, 2nd edn, Oxford 1929; The Roman Law Tradition (essays on selected topics), ed. A. D. E. Lewis and D. J. Ibbetson, Cambridge 1994; the various fascicules of lut Romanum MediiAeai, Milan from 1961; J. A. C. Smith, Medieaal Law Teachert and Writers, Ciailitt and Canonist, Ottawa 1975; F. Calasso, Medio Eao del Diritto, I, Milan 1954; H. Coing, Handbuch der Quellen und Literatur der neueren europäitchen Priaatrechttgetchichte, Munich 1973; A. Padoa- Schioppa, IlDiritto nella Storia dEuropa, Il medioeao, i, Padua 1995.

3.1. J. F Winkler, ‘Roman law in Anglo-Saxon England’, Journalof Legal History, 13 ^(l99²), 101.

3.2. For the Gregorian Reforms and legal development, H. Berman, Law and Reaolution: The Foomatioo of the Western Leg/il Tradition, Cambridge, Mass. 1983.

3.3. For Pavia, C. Radding, The Origins of Medieealjuriuprududee, Paola andBdloBia 850-1150, New Haven 1988, and review of A. Gouron, TaR, 57 (1989), 178.

3.4. S. Kuttner, ‘The revival of jurisprudence’, in Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, ed. R. L. Benson and G. Constable, Oxford 1982, 301; P Stein, Introduction to The Teachinn of foman Law in Englann ammd 1200, S elden Soc.

3.5. J. Brundage, Medieaal Canon Law, London 1995; Gratian, The Treatise on Laws (Decretum DD.1-20), trans. A. Thompson, with the Ordinary Gloss, trans. J. Gordley, Washington, D.C. 1993; R. H. Helmholz, The Sput of flacsical Canm Law, Athens, Ga. 1996; on Larentius Hispanus, E. F Vodola, ‘Fides and culpa: the use of Roman law in ecclesiastical ideology’, Authority and Power: Studies for W Ullmann, ed. B. Tierney and P Linehan, Cambridge 1980, 83.

3.6. A Garcia y Garcia, ‘The faculties of law’, in A HHtsny °f fa Univâsitd in Europe, vol. i, ed. H. De Ridder-Symoens, Cambridge 1992, ch. 12; M. Bellomo, Saggio sull' Uniadisitn nell'eW del diritto comune, Catania 1979.

3.7. A. Gouron, La science du droit dans le midi de la France au Moyen Age, London 1984; P Stein, ‘The Vacarian School’, Journal of LegalHistooy, 13 (1992), 23.

3.8. L. Fowler-Magerl, Ordo iudiciorum ael ordo iudiciarius, lus Commune Sonderhefte 19, Frankfurt 1984. J. P Dawson, A Histmy tf Low Judgru, Cambridge, Mass. i960, ch. 2; R. C. van Caenegem, Procedure (History), International Îòóï^è^à of fcoaucalwa Law, xvi, 2.

3.9. K. Pennnington, The Prince and the Law, 1200-1600, Berkeley, Calif. 1993; M. P Gilmore, Argument from Rioman Law in Political Thought, 1200-1600, Cambridge, Mass.

3.10. P Stein, ‘The Civil Law doctrine of custom and the growth of case law’,

Studi G. Gorla, Milan 1994,1.371; A. Gouron, ‘Coutume contre loi chez les pre­miers glossateurs’, Renaissance du pououia nt ³³ïγº ds l’otat, cd. A. Gouron

and A. Rigaudiere, Montpellier i988, ii7.

3.11. J. M. Powell, The d Lae augustaUa os Cmetiti^tdon^u tf Molfi, Syracuse, N.Y 1971;

E. N. van Kleffens, Hispanic dww ustn ile Edd of the Middle Edinburgh 1968;

E. Galto, J. Alejandre Garcia and J. M. Garcia Marin, El derecho historico de los pueblos de Etpana, 3rd edn, Madrid 1982; for Anders Sunesen, R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultuual Change 950-1350, London 1993, 289; J. M. Aubert, Le droit romain dans l'oeuare de Saint Thomas, Paris 1955; F. Cancelli, ‘Diritto romano in Dante’, in Enciclopedia Dantesca, 11. 472.

3.12. R. Feenstra, ‘L’Ecole de droit d’Orleans au treizième siecle et son rayonne- ment dans l’Europe medievale’, Reaue d’histoire des Facultes de droit et de la science juridique, 13 (1992), 23.