CONTENTS

Preface.................................................................................................. v

Lists of abbreviations..................................................................................................................................................................................................

BOOK I

Introduction

CHAPTER I: The Study of Roman Law...................................................... 3

A. Medieval and Early Modern Study.................................................. 3

B. The Historical School and Pandect Law........................................... 4

C. The Crisis of the Roman Law............................................................ 5

D. The Present-Day Study of Roman Law............................................. 7

1. The Conceptual and Historical Value of the

Study of Roman Law........................................................................ 7

2. The Value of the Study of Roman Law Comparatively... Il

3. Ancient Legal History.............................................................. 13

4. Courses, Materials and Methods........................................... 17

5. Roman Law at Columbia University School of Law 21

CH APTER II: The Source Materials of Roman Law................................ 28

A. Legal Texts...................................................................................... 29

1. Corpus luris Civilis (Corpus of Civil Law)................................. 29

a. Institutiones lustiniani (Institutes of Justinian).... 31

b. Digesta lustiniani (Digest of Justinian).......................... 33

vili

c. Codex lustinianus (Code of Justinian)............................. 37

d. Novellae lustinianae (Novels of Justinian)..................... 39

2. Pre-Justinianian Juristic Writings................41

a.

b. Pauli Sententiae (Opinions of Paul)................................ 46

c. Ulpiani Regularum Epitome (Epitome of the

Rules of Ulpian)...................................................................................... 48

d. Fragmenta Vaticana (Vatican Fragments)....................... 50

e. Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum

(Comparison of Mosaic and Roman Laws)............................................ 52

3. Pre-Justinianian Compilations..................................................................... 54

a. Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hcrmogenianus.... 55

b. Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code)....................... 56

c. The Roman-Germanic Laws............................................ 58

4. Post-Justinianian Works............................................................... 60

5. Textual Criticism.................................................................... 62

a. The History of Interpolation Criticism......... 63

b. The Scope of Textual Criticism Today............................ 67

c. Illustrative Errors, Glosses, Interpolations....................... 72

B. Literary Texts........................................................................................ 83

C. Documents.................................................................................... 86

D. Archeological Remains............................................................... 88

CHAPTER III: Research in Roman Law..................................................... 90

A. Bibliographies....................................................................... -...... 90

1. Works on Roman Law........................................................... 90

2. Current Bibliography on Roman Law.................................... 93

3. Legal Papyrology.................................................................. 94

4. Legal Epigraphy...................................................................

5. Agrarian Law......................................................................... 96

6. Byzantine Law........................................................................ 97

B. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.................................................... 97

1. Dictionaries........................................................................... 97

2. Encyclopedias................................. -............................................................... 98

3. Chronological Surveys.......................................................... 99

C. Indexes and Concordances.......................................................... 100

1. Index omnium titulorum et legum.................................... 100

2. Citators................................................................................ 101

3. Word Concordances............................................................ 101

4. Indexes of Conjectured Interpolations, Glosses, etc..... 104

D. Comparison and Stratification of Texts...................................... 106

1. Parallel Comparison............................................................................. 106

2. Stratification of Texts......................................................... 106

E. Palmgeneses................................................................................ 108

1. Re-creation or reconstruction of texts......................................... 108

2. Writings of the Jurists.......................................................... 108

3. Justinian’s Institutes........................................................... 109

4. Imperial Constitutions...................................................... 110

CHAPTER IV: The Historiography of Roman Law........................................................................................................................ Ill

A. Periodicization of the Law..............................................................

B. Pomponius, Z>e origin? turis....................................................... 117

BOOK II

Archaic and Pre-Classical Law

Introductory Note.............................................................................. 131

CHAPTER V: Early Roman History....................................................... 133

A. The Kingdom, Rex and Leges regiae............................................ 133

1. The Authority of the Rex....................................................... 135

2. Leges regiae (Royal Statutes)................................................ 138

3. lus Papirianum (Papirian Law).............................................. 140

B. The Law of the Twelve Tables....................................................... 142

1. Publication of the Twelve Tables.......................................... 146

2. Text of the Twelve Tables................................................... 147

3. Content of the Twelve Tables............................................... 150

4. Authenticity of the Twelve Tables....................................... 153

5. The Embassy to Greece......................................................... 156

6. The Twelve Tables and Codification in Antiquity................ 157

C. The Pontiffs and the Divulgence of the Law................................ 158

1. Ius Flavianum...................................................................... 162

2. Tiberius Coruncanius; Ius Aelianum.................................... 164

3. Ius pontificium...................................................................... 167

D. Roman Magistracy....................................................................... 171

1. Magistracy in General.......................................................... 172

2. Particular Magistrates.......................................................... 180

a. The Consul..................................................................

b. The Praetor................................................................. 182

c. The Censor................................................................. 182

d. The Tribune of the Plebs............................................. 183

e. The Aedile................................................................... 185

f. The Quaestor................................................................ 186

CHAPTER VI: Legis Actiones..................... 188

A. Types of legis actiones................................................................ 189

1. Legis actio sacramento........................................................ 189

2. Legis actio per iudicis arbitrive postulationem........ 197

3. Legis actio per condictionem............................................... 200

4. Legis actio per manus iniectonem....................................... 203

5. Legis actio per pignoris capionem........................................ 211

B. Legis actiones Generally............................................................ 213

BOOK III

Classical Law

Introductory Note............................................................................. 219

CHAPTER VII: Statute and Custom....................................................... 221

A. Statute...................................................................................... 221

1. Definition of lex.................................................................... 221

2. Statute and the Law (lex iusque).......................................... 224

3. Legislative Assemblies......................................................... 228

a. Comitia......................................................................... 228

b. Concilium plebis........................................................ 232

c. Auctoritas patrum........................................................ 234

4. The Legislative Process........................................................

a. Rogatio......................................................................... 236

b. Validity of leges............................................................ 238

c. Promulgation, Publication, Archives............................ 240

5. Form of the Statute............................................................ 243

a. Prescripts and index.................................................... 243

b. The Text....................................................................... 244

c. Sanctio Clause............................................................... 245

a. Penalties Provided............................................... 246

Ä. Relation to Earlier Statute............... 249

i. Repeal of Contrary Legislation......... 249

ii. Self-limitation of the lex.............................. 250

y. Prevention of Repeal........................................................................ 251

6. Bibliographical Note........................................................... 252

B. Legislation and Custom.............................................................. 253

1. The Role of Custom.............................................................. 253

a. Ius ex scripto - ius ex non scripto....................................................................................... 254

b. Mores maiorum and ius................... 256

c. Mos and consuetudo.................................................... 258

2. Recognition of Legal Custom............................................... 259

a. In General..................................................................... 259

b. Mos (consuetudo) regionis (provinciae)......... 262

c. Constant Decisions and Case Law ................................ 264

CHAPTER VIII: The Jurists and Jurists’ Law............ 269

Introductory Note............................................................................... 269

A. Juristic Activity in General............................................................ 270

1. Cavere. Agere, Respondere................................................. 272

2. The Legal Profession.................................................................... 277

B. The History of Juristic Science..................................................... 283

!. The Controversies Among the Jurists............. 284

2. Regula Jurisprudence and Science of Law.......... 291

3. Ius respondendi ex auctoritate principis............................... 297

4. The Jurists and Imperial Service........................................... 302

C. The Individual Jurists................................................................. 308

1. Jurists of the Late Republic........................................................... 311

a. Q. Mucius Scaevola...................................................... 312

b. Servius Sulpicius Rufus.................................................. 315

2. Jurists of the Early Principale................................................ 317

a. M. Antistius Labeo......................................................... 318

b. C. Ateius Capito............................................................. 320

c. Massurius Sabinus........................................................ 322

d. Proculus...................................................................... 323

e. C. Cassius Longinus...................................................... 325

3. The Sabinian - Proculian Controversies and Schools.... 327

4. The High Classical Jurists...................................................... 330

a. L. lavolenus Priscus................................................................ -... 331

b. P. luventius Celsus...................................................................... 333

c. P. Salvius lulianus..................................................................... 335

d. Sextus Pomponius......................................................... 340

e. Sex. Caecilius Africanus......................................................... 342

f. Gaius........................................................................... 344

g. Q. Cervidius Scaevola................................................... 348

5. The Late Classical Jurists....................................................... 351

a. Aemilius Papinianus.................................................... 352

b. Julius Paulus................................................................. 355

c. Domitius Ulpianus....................................................... 358

d. Herennius Modestinus................................................. 364

D. Jurists’ Law.................................................................................. 366

1. Ius civile and Jurists’ Law.................................................... 366

2. Early Case Law..................................................................... 369

3. Juristic Decision-Making.................................................... 373

E. Juristic Writing.......................................................................... 383

Introductory Note....................................................................... 383

1. Types of Juristic Works................................................................. 385

a. Case Books................................................................. 385

b. Commentaries................................................................. 387

c. Notes and Epitomes............................................ 387

d. Digests...................................................................... 389

e. Teaching Handbooks and Practice Manuals.................. 389

f. Monographs on Offices................................................. 390

g. Miscellaneous Monographs.......................................... 391

2. Legal Systems................................................................... 392

F. Legal Education......................................................................... 397

CHAPTER IX: The Praetor and the Edict.............................................. 402

A. Praetor urbanus and praetor peregrinus..................................... 402

B. The Role of the Praetor as Judicial Magistrate........................... 404

C. The Edict and the ius honorarium.............................................. 410

1. The Nature of the Edict..................................................................... 410

2. The Edict and the ius civile.................................................. 418

3. Ius honorarium............................................................................ 422

D. The Historical Development and the Compilation of

the Edict......................................................................................... 427

E. The album................................................................................. 433

Introductory Note................................................................................................................................. 433

1. Edicta and formulae............................................................ 435

CHAPTER X: The Senate and Senatus Consulta.................................. 442

Introductory Note............................................................................. 442

A. The Legislative Role of the Republican Senate.......... 442

B. Senatus consulta......................................................................... 447

1. Republic............................................................................ 447

2. Principale............................................................................ 452

C. Senatus consulta as Source of Law................ 456

CHAPTER XI: The Emperor and Constitutiones........ 463

Introductory Note.............................................................................. 463

A. The Emperor, His Advisors and Chancellery................................ 463

1. Acta principis and Imperial Power.............................. 463

2. The Council of the Emperor................................................... 466

3. The Palace Secretariat....................................................... 474

B. Constitutiones............................................................................ 480

1. Edicta................................................................................... 481

2. Decreta................................................................................. 484

3. Rescripta................................................................................ 488

a. Epistulae...................................................................... 493

b. Subscriptiones......................... 497

4. Mandata............................................................................. 501

C. Constitutiones as Sources of Law................................................ 506

1. Jurists’View of constitutiones................................................ 506

2. Availability of the Texts of constitutiones........................... 511

3. Validity of constitutiones under Succeeding Emperors... 514

a. Edicta and mandata..................................................... 514

b. Decreta and rescripts.................................................. 517

4. Conclusion.......................................................................... 522

CHAPTER XII: Classical Law in Practice................................................ 525

Introductory Note............................................................................. 525

A. City Rome Law.............................................................................. 525

1. Ius civile - ius gentium.......................................................... 525

2. lus civile - ius honorarium..................................................... 531

3. Ius novum.............................................................................. 533

B. Roman Law and the Provinces.................................................... 537

C. Dual Citizenship and the Law...................................................... 541

CHAPTER XIII: Theoretical Considerations in the Classical Law 548

Introductory Note............................................................................... 548

A. Abstract Terms of Law................................................................ 549

1. Theoretical ius gentium................................................................................................ 549

2. Aequitas - bonum et aequum............................................... 551

3. Aequitas and ius naturale.................................................... 556

4. Ius civile - ius gentium - ius naturale................................... 558

B. The Concept of Customary Law................................................... 560

1. Early Views.......................................................................... 560

2. Desuetude....................................................................... 563

3. Recent Trends............................................................................................................................................................................................ 567

C. Influence of Greek Thought upon the Roman Jurists................. 569

1. Rhetorical interpretatio and Juristic Interpretation............. 569

2. Problem Thinking and Deductive Reasoning......... 577

A Note of Explanation......................................................................... 585

APPENDIX: Important Dates in the History of Roman Law... 587

Index of Sources Translated................................................................ 595

Subject Index 603