Contents

List of abbreviations page vii

Chronology viii

1 Introduction i

2 Roman law in antiquity 3

1 The law of the Twelve Tables 3

2 Legal development by interpretation 7

3 The praetor and the control of remedies 8

4 The ius gentium and the advent of jurists 12

5 The empire and the law 14

6 The jurists in the classical period 16

7 The ordering of the law 18

8 The culmination of classical jurisprudence 20

9 The division of the empire 22

10 Post-classical law and procedure 24

11 The end of the western empire 29

12 Justinian and the Corpus iuris 32

3 The revival of Justinian’s law 38

1 Roman law and Germanic law in the West 38

2 Church and empire 41

3 The rediscovery of the Digest 43

4 The civil law glossators 45

5 Civil law and canon law 49

6 The attraction of the Bologna studium 52

7 The new learning outside Italy 54

8 Applied civil law: legal procedure 57

9 Applied civil law: legislative power 59

10 Civil law and custom 61

11 Civil law and local laws in the thirteenth century 64

12 The School of Orleans 67

vi

Contents

4 Roman law and the nation state 71

1 The Commentators 71

2 The impact of humanism 75

3 Humanism and the civil law 76

4 The civil law becomes a science 79

5 The ordering of the customary law 83

6 The Bartolist reaction 85

7 The Reception of Roman law 86

8 The Reception in Germany 88

9 Court practice as a source of law 92

10 Civil law and natural law 94

11 Civil law and international law 96

12 Theory and practice in the Netherlands 97

5 Roman law and codification 104

1 Roman law and national laws 104

2 The mature natural law 107

3 The codification movement 110

4 Early codifications in Germany and Austria iii

5 Pothier and the French Civil Code 114

6 The German historical school 115

7 Pandect-science and the German Civil Code 119

8 Nineteenth-century legal science outside Germany 123

9 Roman law in the twentieth century 128

Index 133