CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................. xü

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................

i. History of Roman legal science, not of Roman law. n. Definition of legal science, in. Definition of Roman legal science, iv. The study of the history of Roman legal science, v. The aim proposed.

PART I. THE ARCHAIC PERIOD OF ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 5

1. The period begins with the Twelve Tables, n. The period ends with the close of the Second Punic War.

CHAPTER I. THE JURISTS................................................................................................. 6

I. The Roman priests....... 6

1. The Roman priests were the first Roman jurists. 2. Their sociological character. 3. Their collectivism.

II. The pontifical science of private law..... 8

1. What Roman tradition says. 2. Explanation of the existence of a pontifical science of private law. 3. The individual pontifices; Tiberius Coruncanius.

in. The lay science of private law in the third century... 8

i. Appius Claudius Caecus and Cn. Flavius. Appius Claudius' work De usurpationibus. 2. Tiberius Coruncanius and the practice

of publice profiteri. 3. Sex. and P. Aelius Paetus.

iv. The science of public law....... n

v. Uniformity of the science of law in the archaic period..11

vi. Inferior jurists........ 12

vn. Legal science in the municipalities..... 12 vni. List of the pontifices during the archaic period...12

CHAPTER II. THE LEGAL PROFESSION....15

1. The science of sacral law...... 15

1. Discovery or finding of law. 2. Forms of sacerdotal declara­tions of the law. 3. Priestly assistance at sacral acts.

il. The science of private law...... 19

1. Discovery or finding of law. 2. The pontifex maximus and the comitia. 3. Responsa. 4. Judicial functions. 5. Instruction in

law. 6. Literary activity. 7. The lay jurists: iuris consulti.

in. The science of public law...... 22

CHAPTER III. CHARACTER AND TENDENCIES OF JURISPRU­DENCE IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD......................................................................................................................... 23

1. Aristocratic jurisprudence...... 23

n. Actional formalism....... 24

. 1. Description of actional formalism. 2. The stages of its develop­

ment. 3. Legal importance of forms.

in. Formalism in interpretation...... 29

1. In sacral law. 2. In profane law.

Contents vii

iv. Separation of sacral and profane law.....30

v. Abstract generalization....... 32

CHAPTER IV. LITERATURE OF THE ARCHAIC PERIOD: ITS FORMS AND TRANSMISSION......................................................................................................................................... 33

1. The literature of sacral law ···..· 33

1. The priestly archives. 2. The surviving materials. 3. Special points.

n. The literature of private law..... -34

1. Records for the pontifical archives. 2. Examples. 3. The first publications: Cn. Flavius; the Tripertita of Sex. Aelius Paetus.

in. The literature of public law......36

1. Generalities. 2. The surviving materials.

PART II. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD OF ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 38

Beginning of the period. End of the period....38

CHAPTER I. THE JURISTS............................................................................................... 40

1. The jurists of sacral law......

1. The priests. 2. Lay jurists.

11, The jurists of private law...... 41

1. The pontiffs. 2. The lay jurists. 3. The oratores.

in. The jurists of public law....... 46

iv. Chronological survey of the turis consulti....46

CHAPTER II. THE LEGAL PROFESSION....49

I. Responsa......... 49

r. Cautelary jurisprudence in private law. 2. Cautelary juris­prudence in the law of procedure. 3. Judicial responsa.

II. The consilium of the iudex and of the magistrate...52

in. Jurists as judges........ 53

iv. Jurists as advocates....... 53

v. Instruction in the law....... 55

vi. Literary activities....... 58

CHAPTER III. CHARACTER AND TENDENCIES OF JURISPRU­DENCE IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD.... 60

1. Aristocratic jurisprudence......60

1. Rejection of statutory law, of customary law, and of the prin­ciple stare decisis. 2. Authoritarian character of jurisprudence.

ii. Dialectical jurisprudence......62

1. The dialectic of the Platonian-Aristotelian school. 2. The juristic distinctiones. 3. The juristic principles [regulae, defini­tiones}. 4. The juristic definitions. 5. Appreciation of juristic

. dialectic. 6. Cicero on juristic dialectic.

hi. The limits of Roman jurisprudence.....69

1. Exclusion of philosophy, rhetoric, and sociology. 2. Attitude of the advocates.

iv. Formalism......... 75

1. Actional formalism. 2. Formalism in interpretation.

V. The various departments of the law.....80

1. Sacral law. 2. Public law. 3. Private law.

CHAPTER IV. LITERATURE OF THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD:

ITS FORMS AND TRANSMISSION..... 87

I. State Acts (leges, senatus consults, edicta magistratuum) considered

as juristic literature....... 87

II. Sacral law........ 89

in. The literature of public law...... 90 iv. The literature of private law...... 90

1. Collections of formulae. 2. Commentaries. 3. Collections of responsa. 4. Collections of judicial decisions. 5. Letters.

6. Forensic speeches. 7. Monographs. 8. Isagogic literature.

9. Quintus Mucius’ Ius civile. 10. The Edicts of the magistrates administering the law.

v. The language of the law......96

1. The language of the leges. 2. The language of the Senatus­consulta. 3. The language of the Edicts and the formulae.

4. The Greek of the Roman chancery. 5. The language of the solemn forms. 6. The language of juristic works.

PART III. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD OF ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 99

1. The meaning of the term'classical’, n. Two phases of the classical period

CHAPTER I. THE JURISTS................................................................. 102

I. Where the jurists came from...... 102

II. Participation of the jurists in government.... 103

1. The republican type of jurists. 2. The new bureaucratic type.

3. The new academic type. 4. Inferior jurists.

in. The forensic orators....... 108

iv. The scribes......... 109

CHAPTER II. THE LEGAL PROFESSION....111

I. Cautelary jurisprudence.......111

1. In private law. 2. In civil procedure.

II. The ius publice respondendi......112

1. Augustus' innovation. 2. Abandonment of the ius publice respondendi by Hadrian. 3. Responsa in the second and third centuries. 4. The Augustan ius publice respondendi in post- classical times. 5. Disputed texts: Gaius 1, 7 and Pomponius

D. 1, 2, 2, 48-51.

in. The jurist in the consilium......117

i. In the consilia of iudices and magistrates. 2. In the consilium of the princeps.

iv. The jurists as judges....... 118

v. The jurists as advocates....... 119

VI. Instruction in the law....... 119

. 1. The two Roman law schools. 2. Their organization. 3. No

basic opposition between them. 4. Continuance of the schools after Julian. 5. Legal education in the provinces. 6. Methods of teaching.

CHAPTER III. CHARACTER AND TENDENCIES OF CLASSICAL JURISPRUDENCE 124

I. Aristocratic jurisprudence......

1. Authoritarian character of jurisprudence. 2. Suppression of individuality.

II. Richness of the period....... 125

nr. Decline of productivity. Classical quietism....126

iv. The dialectical method........ 129

v. Formalism......... 132

1. Actional formalism. 2. Formalism in interpretation.

vi. The limits of classical jurisprudence.....134

1. Exclusion of legal history. 2. Exclusion of philosophy.

vii. The jurisprudence of sacral and public law....138

1. Sacral law. 2. Public law

CHAPTER IV. LITERATURE OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD: ITS FORMS AND TRANSMISSION..................................................................................................... 141

1. General characterization of the transmission.... 141 1. The study of palingenesia. 2. The post-classical revision of classical juristic works. 3. The Index Florentinus.

11. State acts creating or declaring the law considered as juristic literature........ 147 1. Leges. 2. Senatusconsulta. 3. Edicta magistratuum. 4. Imperial rescripts. 5. Collections of judicial decisions. 6. Local collections of leges, senatusconsulta, rescripta, and mandata.

in. Simple collections of formulae..... -155

iv. Isagogic literature........ 156 1. Massurius Sabinus. luris civilis libri Hi. 2. The Institutiones of Florentinus. 3. Gaius* Institutiones and Res coitidianae.

4. Pomponius' Enchiridion. 5. The Institutiones of Paul, Calli­stratus, and Ulpian. 6. Martian's Institutiones.

v. Regulae, definitiones, differentiae, opiniones....173

i. Neratius Priscus. Regularum libri xv. 2. Pomponius, Regu­larum lib. sing. 3. Gaius, Regularum libri Hi and Regularum lib. sing. 4. Cervidius Scaevola, Regularum libri iv. 5. Fragmentum Dositheanum. 6. Papinianus, Definitionum libri ii. 7. Paulus, Regu­larum libri vii and Regularum lib. sing. 8. Paulus, Sententiarum libri v. 9. Paulus, Manualium libri Hi. 10. Litinnius Rufinus, Regularum libri xii or xiii. 11. Ulpianus, Regularum libri vii and Regularum lib.

vi. Commentaries, including commenting Epitomae... 183

Introduction: lemmatic commentaries, editions of texts with commentary, marginal commentaries, epitomes.

A. Commentaries on leges and senatusconsulta...186

1. On the Twelve Tables. 2. On individual leges of the Republic. 3. On leges of the Augustan period. 4. On leges

of the post-Augustan period. 5. On senatusconsulta.

B. Commentaries on the Edicts of the praetors, aediles and provincial governors...... 189 1. Labeo. 2. Massurius Sabinus. 3. Caelius Sabinus. 4. Vivia- nus. 5. Sex. Pedius. 6. Gaius. 7. Pomponius. 8. Satur­ninus. 9. Callistratus. 10. Paulus. 11 Ulpianus. 12. Furius

Anthianus. 13. Commentaries on individual edictal titles, in particular ad formulam hypothecariam.

C. Commentaries on, epitomes of, and notes on juristic works. 204 1. Works on Quintus Mucius* Ius civile. 2. On Alfenus Varus' Digesta. 3. On Labeo’s Pithana. 4. On Labeo’s Libri posteriores. 5. Works Ad Vitellium. 6. On Massurius Sabinus' Ius civile, q. On Cassius* I us civile. 8. Epitome ex Viviano. 9. Works on Plautius. 10. lulianus, Ad Urseium Ferocem. 11. lulianus Ex Minicio. 12. Paulus Ad Neratium. 13. Annotated editions of texts. 14. Collections of excerpts.

vii. The literature of problemata...... 223 Introduction. Origin of this form of literature. Origin of the materials. Transmission of the problematic literature.

The individual problematic works.

1. Labeo. 2. Capito. 3. Massurius Sabinus. 4. Proculus.

5. Fufidius. 6. Plautius. 7. Urseius Ferox. 8. Minicius.

9. Aristo. 10. lavolenus Priscus. 11. Neratius Priscus. 12. Cel­sus. 13. lulianus. 14. Africanus. 15. Pomponius. 16. Gaius.

17. Marcellus. 18. Maecianus. 19. Cervidius Scaevola. 20. Try- phoninus. 21. Papinianus. 22. Callistratus. 23. Tertullianus.

24. Papirius Fronto. 25. Paulus. 26. Ulpianus. 27. lulius Aquila. 28. Modestinus.

vili. Works on the duties of the magistrates.... 242 Introduction: a special forms of literature. In detail:

1. De officio consulis. 2. De off. proconsulis. 3. De off. praesidis.

4. De off. praefecti urbi. 5. De off. praef. vigilum. 6. De off. praefecti praetorio. 7. De off. quaestoris. 8. De off. curatoris rei publicae. 9. De off. assessorum. 10. De off. consularium.

ii. Papinian's 'AarwofUKos 12. De off. praetoris tute­

larii.

ix. Small works. Monographic literature..... 252 x. The language of the law....... 258

PART IV. THE BUREAUCRATIC PERIOD OF ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 262

1. Demarcation of the period. 11. Characterization of the period.

in. End of the period, iv. Study of the period.... 262

CHAPTER I. THE JURISTS AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION. 267 1. The bureaucratic jurists...... 267 11. The advocates........ 268 in. The purely academic jurists...... 272

1. The law schools. 2. The professors. 3. The programme of studies. 4. Special law for students.

iv. Inferior jurists........ 277

CHAPTER II. CHARACTER AND TENDENCIES OF JURIS­PRUDENCE IN THE BUREAUCRATIC PERIOD...278

1. The classicizing tendency...... 278 1. The classical jurists and the classicists. 2. The seat of classic­

ism the law school. 3. The two periods of classicism. 4. The Law of Citations. 5. The classicism of Justinian’s Digest and Institutes.

ii. The tendency to stabilize the law..... 285

i. Seat of this tendency the central bureaucracy. 2. Diocletian and the first collections of constitutions (the Gregorian and Her mo- genian Codes). 3. Theodosius II. 4. The Edict of Theodoric. 5. Justinian’s Digest.

- 111. The tendency to simplify the law..... 289 1. Conflict with the classicizing tendency. 2. Manifestations of the tendency towards simplification.

iv. Legal formalism........ 293

1. Actional formalism. 2. Formalism in interpretation.

v. The renaissance of Hellenism...... 295

vi. The humanizing and the christianizing tendencies... 297

vii. Retrospect......... 299

CHAPTER III. LITERATURE OF THE BUREAUCRATIC PERIOD: ITS FORMS AND ITS TRANSMISSION.......................................................................................................... 300

I. West and East........ 300

II. Isagogic works........ 301

1. The Autun commentary. 2. The Epitome Gait. 3. Justinian's Institutes. 4. Theophilus' Paraphrase.

ni. Definitiones, Differentiae, Regulae, Sententiae.... 307

i. The Commentarius definitionum of Cyrillus. 2. The Collectio definitionum. 3. The tract De actionibus.

rv. Collections of imperial constitutions and of excerpts from the classi­cal literature........ 308

1. Codices Gregorianus and Hermogeni anus. 2. Fragmenta Vati­cana. 3. Collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum. 4. Constitu­tiones Sirmondianae. 5. Codex Theodosianus. 6. Collections of post-Theodosian constitutions. 7. Private collections of excerpts from classical jurists. 8. Codex lustinianus. 9. Justinian's Digest.

v. Casuistic collections; Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti. 323

vi. Systematic works........ 324

The Syro-Roman Lawbook.

vii. Commentaries........ 324

1. The Autun commentary and the Greek paraphrase of Gaius’ Institutes. 2. Scholia Sinaitica. 3. Other east-Roman commen­taries. 4. West-Roman Latin commentaries.

vin. Dialogus Anatolii........ 327

ix. The language of the law....... 328

EPILOGUE............................................................................................... 330

NOTES...................................................................................................... 333

ADDENDA......... 347

INDEX (Names and Subjects)

349