INDEXES AND CONCORDANCES

1. Index omnium litulorum et legum

§ 38 The texts of the Corpus Juris Civilis were in earlier ages normally cited by the opening words of the fragment, or lex, of the Digest, or the para­graph of the Institutes, or the constitution or lex of the Code or Novels of Justinian.

73. Corpus Juris Gvilis Romani, ed. D. Gothofredus (e.g., Basel 1781), I, 3-4 (paragraphs of Inst.), 73-94 (leges of the Digest); II, 7-18 (leges of the Code and Novels).

At the present time it is easier to use a recent compilation for the numer­ical citation which corresponds to the earlier citation by opening words,

74. Indices Corporis luris Civilis iuxta vetustiores editiones cum criticis oollatas, Pars II: Index legum, ed. H. Nicolini-F. Sinatti D’Amico [ = lus Romanum Medii Aevi. Subsidia, I] (3 vols., Milan 1967).

Reference is also made to an Index omnium legum et paragraphum, pub­lished at Lyons in 1571, which might be an alphabetical listing not only of the leges (fragments) of the Digest, but also of the opening words of the sub­divisions of these leges, e.g., § Praeterea si fideiussor = the opening words of D. 46.1.27.1; the reference could not be verified. In any event, when the paragraph of a lex was cited in this way, the lex itself was also cited (by opening words). On the other hand, there is occasional reference to the titles (of the books) of the various parts of the Corpus Juris. These were to be found in the editions of the Corpus Juris by Gothofredus, noted above (No. 73), and at the present time are collected in

75. Indices Corporis luris Gvilis iuxta vetustiores editiones cum criticis collatas, Pars I: Index litulorum, ed.

2. Citators

The American lawyer is quite aware of the value of citators - to reports, statutes, administrative regulations and decisions, etc. - in legal research, so much so that ‘Shepardizing the case’ is one of the first steps to be under­taken. There is as yet no complete citator system for the Roman legal sources, but an ever-increasing number oflndexesofSources appended to Studies in Honor, Collected Works, annual volumes of periodicals, and individual treatises and monographs afford quick reference to earlier dis­cussions of individual passages in the sources. The indexes to the seventy- five volumes of the Savingny Zeitsehrifi (referred to supra, Nos. 8 and 9) are instances of ready reference to discussion by other scholars of particular passages in the sources. What is really needed is a composite citator, by source reference, to all discussion of the sources of the Roman law, a modern version of

76. Hommel Redivivus, ed. Th. Schimmclpfeng (3 vols„ Cassel 1858-59) which accomplished this for reference to the major discussion of single passages of the Corpus luris by the leading medieval and early modern scholars. A start in this direction has been undertaken, by international cooperation, in supplying indexes of sources to monographs, some of which failed to include such aids. These indexes are to be found, annually.

77. ‘Indice delle fonti’, in lura 17 (1966) to date, covering monographs published from 1965 on.

3. Word Concordances

A concordance to all the words - ordinary as well as technical (legal) - which are to be found in any given text provides a most valuable tool for research. The source materials of the Roman law have been substantially, if not completely, supplied with such word concordances.

a. By far the most important concordance of the texts of the period of classical law is

78. Vocabtdarium lurispmdeniiae Romanae, ex auctoritate Academiae Borussicae compositum, Tomus I: A-C (Berlin 1903); Tomus 11: D-G (Berlin 1933); Tomus III: H-ita(in progress, Berlin 1910 ff.); Tomus IV: N-per (in progress, Berlin 1914 ff.); Tomus V: R-Z (Berlin 1939).

It should be noted that the references to the occurrences of the words are to the lines of the pages of the two volumes of Mommsen’s standard edition of the Digest, e.g., 100,22 indicating line 22 on page 100 of volume I; 100,22 indicating line 22 on page 100 of volume 11. In the stereotyped edition of the Digest - the one generally used - the numerals in the outside margins of the text give, in five-line intervals, the pages and lines of the two volumes of Mommsen’s standard edition.

The VIR is a concordance to the words in the writings of the jurists wherever these may be recorded, i.e., in the Digest or in other pre-Justin­ian texts. In the case of a few jurists there exist separate concordances. For Gaius, Institutes, there is

79. Zanzucchi, P. Vocabulario delle Istituzioni di Gaio (Milano 1910), re­printed, with a preface by M. Kaser (Turin 1961).

This is supplemented by an index to the words in newly discovered frag­ments of Gaius,

80. De Simone, E. ’Addenda al vocabulario delle Istituzioni di Gaio’, Labeo 8 (1962) 330-39.

There is also an index to the words in the fragments of the jurist Celsus,

81. Stella Maranca, F. Intorno ai frammenti di Celso (Roma 1915). Further, the words in one of the works of Ulpian, the Opiniones, were in­dexed by Rotondi and published by Arangio-Ruiz in the former’s collected works,

82. Rotondi, G. Scritti giuridici I (1922) 455-73.

Recently, the author has programmed computer concordances of the words in the works of several jurists of the first half of the second century, distin­guishing direct address from quotation by later jurist (the distinction be­tween Roman and italic text in Lenel’s Palingenesia^ see infra, No. 114),

83. Schiller, A. A. Key- Word-In- Cont ext (KWIC) Concordances to the Writings of Julianas, Africanus, Celsus and Pomponius. 9 vols. print­out (New York 1968-1970).

The print-out of these volumes is available in Columbia Law Library. A copy of the IBM key-punch cards is deposited in Calculi data bank, c/o Prof.

b. Word concordances of post-classical and Justinianian writings. A list of all of those which are known is offered,

84. Levy. E. Ergänzungsindex zu Ius und Leges (Weimar 1930),

a concordance to the words of more than fifty texts of the 2nd to 6th cen­turies, some of which are also indexed in the VIR.

85. Graden witz, O. Heidelberger Index zum Theodosianus (Berlin 1925),

for the words in the Codex Theodosianus, supplemented by

86. Gradenwitz, O. Ergänzungsband zum Heidelberger Index zum Theo­dosianus (Berlin 1929),

comprising the Theodosian and Post-Theodosian Novels, the imperial con­stitutions in the Collectio librorum iuris romani, and additions to the earlier volume.

87. von Mayr, R. and Μ. San Nicolò. Vocabularium Codicislustiniani. Pars prior (pars latina), ed. R. von Mayr (Prag 1923); pars altera (pars graeca), ed. Μ. San Nicolò (Leipzig 1925),

to which corrections have been made,

Krüger, H. ‘Berichtigungen zu dem von Robert Mayr herausgege­benen Vocabularium Codicis lustiniani, pars prior (latina)', SZ 47 (1927) 387-96.

The words in the Latin constitutions of Justinian, both in the Codex and in the Novels, as well as in the passages in the Institutes of Justinianian origin,

88. Longo, C. ‘Vocabulario delle costituzioni latine di Giustiniano', BIDR 10(1897/98).

For the Institutes of Justinian, there is now

89. Ambrosino, R. Vocabularium Institutionum lustiniani Augusti (Milano 1942).

For the Greek words in the Digest and in the Institutes,

90. Bortulucci, G. ‘Index verborum graecorum quae in Institutionibus et Digestis occurrunt’, AG 76 (1906) 353-96, reprinted separately with additions and corrections (Rome 1906).

There exists on cards, in Munich, an index to the words of the Greek Novels of Justinian, described by

91.

The concordance itself has not been published, but reference to particular words is available upon request.

A concordance to the Latin Novels of Justinian has been begun:

92. Reggi, ‘Per un indice dell’Authenticum’, Studi Parmensi 13 (1967) 165-325 (covering Nov. 1-6).

c. Concordances to the words in non-legal texts may frequently prove of interest to the legal scholar. A listing of such concordances is given by

93. Faider. P. Repertoire des index et lexiques d’auteurs latins (Paris 1926),

but, of course, there are more recent concordances since the publication of this list, such as the key-word-in-contexl concordance of Livy, prepared by computer,

94. Packard, D. W. A Concordance to Livy (4 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1968).

The legal expressions in late Roman non-legal writing were collected by Rotondi, and published in

95. Rotondi, G. ‘Indice dei richiami al diritto nei testi extragiuridici latini dei secoli 1V-V11 d.C.’, Scritti giuridici I (1922) 490-582.

d. A concordance to the words which are found in the section ‘Leges et Negotia’ (Public documents and private instruments) in the collection of sources by Bruns, Fontes iuris romani antiqui, 9th ed., was provided by

96. Graden witz, O. Additamentum: Indicem ad fontium partempriorem... (Tübingen 1912).

4. Indexes of Conjectured Interpolations. Glosses, etc.

Attention should first be called to the listing of words, etc. which may indicate interpolation,

97. Guarneri-Citati, A. Indice delle parole frasi e costrutti ritenuti indizio di interpolazione nei testi giuridici romani (Milano 1927), 92 p.; with Supplement I, in Studi in onore di Salvatore Riabbono I (1936) 699­743; and Supplement II, in Festschrift für Paul Koschaker I (1939) 117-56.

Rhetorical expressions said to be indicia of interpolations, which are met with in rhetorical writings, are set forth by

98. Lanfranchi, F. ‘Indice delle parole, frasi e costrutti che, ritenuti in­dizio di interpolazione nei testi giuridici romani, si rinvengono nelle fonti retoriche relativamente ad argomento giuridico*, in il diritto nei retori romani (Milano 1938)571-668.

For indicia of interpolations conjectured, discovered by a comparison of various post-classical texts, see

99. Marchi, A. ‘Le interpolazioni risultanti dal confronto tra il Gregor­iano, l’Ermogeniano, il Teodosiano, le Novelle posteodosiane e il Codice Giustinianeo’, BIDR 18 (1906) 5-114,

For possible interpolations and glosses in the Institutes of Gaius,

100. Appleton, C. ‘Les interpolations dans Gaius’, RH 8 ( 1929) 197-241, which can be considerably expanded by reference to the works of G. Beseler and S. Solazzi. Some time ago an index of conjectured interpola­tions and glosses in western pre-Justinian sources was prepared by

101. Volterra, E. ‘Indice delle glosse, delle interpolazioni e delle princi­pali ricostruzioni segnalate dalla critica nelle fonti pregiustinianee occi­dentali’, RSD/ 8 (1935) 107-45, 389-405, and 9 (1936) 365-80.

A list of alterations to the Theodosian Code and the Post-Theodosian Novels is given by

102. dè Dominicis, M. A. ‘Registro delle alterazioni (Glossemi ed Inter­polazioni) nelle costituzioni del Codice Teodosiano e nelle novelle posteodosiane segnalate dalla critica*, BIDR 57/58 ( 1953) 383-442, and/wra 15(1964) 117-36.

The leading indices of conjectured interpolations are those relating to the Digest and Code of Justinian,

103. Levy, E. and E. Rabel. Index Interpolationum quae in lustiniani Di­gestis inesse dicuntur. 3 vols. and Supp. (Weimar 1929-1935).

104. Broggini, G. Index Interpolationum quae in lustiniani Codice inesse dicuntur. Tomus I (conjectured interpolations before 1936) (Koln/ Wien 1969).

As a result of the comparison of parallel passages in pre-Justinian and Justinianian sources, Chiazzese published a significant volume on formal and substantive interpolations.

105. Chiazzese, L. ‘Confronti testuali; Contributo alla dottrina della in­terpolazioni giustinianee. Parte generale’, zfnn. Palermo 16 (1933) 1-554,

An index of sources to this volume has now been published, lura 17(1966) 179-227, affording reference to scores of conjectured interpolations hereto­fore difficult to come by.