Walker B.. Selected Titles from the Digest. Cambridge: At the University Press,1881. — 190 p.. 1881

The definition of a Condiction given by Gaius stands thus : “appellantur in personam actiones, quibus dare fierive oportere intendimus, condictiones,” and this is repeated, with the sub­stitution of facere for fieri, by Justinian1. This dictum, on its face, might either imply that “ condiction ” and “ personal action” are convertible terms, the distinguishing mark of each or either being that it is brought to enforce a claim, “dare fierive oportere;” or might imply that “ condictions ” are a particular subdivision or class of personal actions, viz. those wherein we enforce a claim “dare fierive oportere,” other claims being possible, and enforceable by other forms of personal action. We find on investigation that the latter is the sense really in­tended[1] [2]; for there are personal actions wherein we claim neither “dare” nor “fieri,” delict-actions, for instance, where we plead “damnum decidere oportere adversarium;” whilst in personal actions on contract there are the two opposed subdivisions of actiones stricti juris and actiones bonae fidei, in the first of which the plaintiff’s intentio (under the formulary system) ran “ si paret N. Negidium centum (z^Z hominem) dare oportere,” or “quid­quid N. Negidium dare facere oportet,” whilst in the second the qualifying words ex bona fide were added, “ quidquid N. Negidium dare facere oportet ex fide bona." Hence, it is clear that by Condictio Gaius and Justinian intend a personal action that is (i) stricti juris, (2) on a contract or aquasi-contract; andpears to have been mutilated by the compilers of the Digest, and does not harmonize with other statements of Ulpian.

Books and textbooks on the discipline Roman law:

1. Beggiato Martina et alii (eds.). Iulius Paulus: Ad edictum libri IV-XVI. Roma – Bristol: L'Erma di Bretschneider,2022. — 380 p. - 2022 ãîä
2. Verhagen Hendrik L.. Security and Credit in Roman Law: The Historical Evolution of Pignus and Hypotheca. Oxford University Press,2022. — 448 p. - 2022 ãîä
3. Du Plessis Paul J. Borkowski's. Textbook on Roman Law. Oxford University Press,2020. — 440 p. - 2020 ãîä
4. Beggio T.. Paul Koschaker (1879-1951): Rediscovering the Roman Foundations of European Legal Tradition. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter,2018. — 334 p. - 2018 ãîä
5. Domingo Rafael. Roman Law: An Introduction. Routledge,2018. — 252 p. - 2018 ãîä
6. Mousourakis G.. Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition. Springer,2015. — 339 p. - 2015 ãîä
7. Birks Peter. Roman Law of Obligations. Oxford University Press,2014. — 303 p. - 2014 ãîä
8. Plessis P.J. du. (ed.). New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World. Edinburgh University Press,2013. — 256 p. - 2013 ãîä
9. Du Plessis P.. Studying Roman Law. Bristol Classical Press,2012. — 150 p. - 2012 ãîä
10. Mousourakis G.. Fundamentals of Roman Private Law. Springer, 2012.— 366 p. - 2012 ãîä
11. Bablitz L.. Actors and audience in the Roman courtroom. Routledge,2007. — 290 p. - 2007 ãîä
12. Cairns J.W., Plessis P.J. du. (eds.). Beyond Dogmatics: Law and Society in the Roman World. Edinburgh University Press,2007. - 236 p. - 2007 ãîä
13. Oudshoorn Jacobine G.. The Relationship between Roman and Local Law in the Babatha and Salome Komaise Archives. IDC Publishers,2007. — 456 p. - 2007 ãîä
14. Williamson C.. The laws of the Roman people: public law in the expansion and decline of the Roman Republic. University of Michigan,2005. — 535 p. - 2005 ãîä
15. Stein P.. Roman Law in European History. Cambridge University Press,2004. — 149 p. - 2004 ãîä
16. Zimmermann R.. Roman law, Contemporary law, European law. Oxford University Press,2004. — 113 p. - 2004 ãîä
17. Mousourakis George. The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law. Routledge,2003. — 480 p. - 2003 ãîä
18. Baumann Richard A.. Human Rights in Ancient Rome. Routledge,2000. — 208 p. — (Routledge Classical Monographs) - 2000 ãîä
19. Crook J.A.. Legal advocacy in the Roman world. Cornell University Press,1995. — 228 p. - 1995 ãîä
20. Zimmermann R.. The Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Juta & Co, Ltd,1992. — 1241 p. - 1992 ãîä