Index

Abderraman I, 169 Abderramman III, 568

Abolition of inheritances, 568

Aboukir Bay, 405, 475 Absolute monarchy, 54, 200, 211-249, 258,

259, 322, 351, 371-405, 455, 456, 465,

476, 491, 492, 497, 500-502, 504, 527, 537, 557, 600

Absolute royal power, 211

Absolutism, 11, 54-56, 141, 142, 203, 212,

220, 223, 231, 234-244, 257-280, 289, 294-295, 297, 298, 305, 352, 371-405, 491-493, 496, 505, 506, 511, 512, 518, 527, 528, 651

Abyssinia, 532

Academic Palms, Order of, 463

Acadia, 327, 344

Accounts Chamber, 184

Accretion of treaties, 701-702

Accursio, Francesco di, 217

Acerbo Law (1923), 578, 617 Achaeans, 20, 23

Acquis communautaire, 2, 683, 698, 701-702 Acropolis, 19, 22, 26

Act(s)

of Parliament, 225, 240, 301, 343

of Settlement (1701), 300, 302

of Supremacy (1534), 215, 246, 295, 309 of Union (1707), 301

of Union (1800), 656

Acte additionnel aux constitutions de l’Empire, 455

Action Committee for the United States of

Europe, 690

Actium, 40, 49, 59

Adams, John Quincy, 334, 428

Adams, Samuel, 347, 421

Adenauer, Konrad, 668, 682, 685-687

Administrative

jurisdiction, 457-458

law, 598 monarchy, 183-185, 188 reform, 268, 278, 457 state, 456-458, 587, 599 tutelage, 457

Adrianople, battle of, 94

Advanced industrial societies, 608

Aerarium, 53

Aeropagus, 21

Aeschylus, 26

Aetius, 95, 96, 113

Africa, 56, 59, 96, 98, 114, 214, 276, 300, 484, 530-532, 607

Agee, James, 585

Agricultural

Adjustment Act, 12 May, 1933, 586 society, 565

Aircraft, 562, 685

Aix-la-Chapelle

Congress of, 537

peace of, 344

Akhenaten IV, 67

Akkadian Empire, 13, 31

Alabama State, 437

Alamanni, 94, 96, 98, 106, 108, 113, 124

Alani, 96, 113

Alaric I, 94, 95, 113

Alaska State, 430, 437, 443

Alava, 237

731

Aguilera-Barchet, A History of Western Public Law,

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11803-1

Albany, 327

Albertine Statute (1848), 513, 519-521, 538, 578

Alboin, king of the Lombards, 97, 114, 144 Alcala de Henares, Cortes of, 195, 221, 232 Alcaldes de corte, 184

Alcibiades, 27

Aleksandrovich, Nikolai, 587

Alexander the Great, 14, 27-29, 31-33, 261

Alexander VI, Pope, 186, 654

Alexandrine Bulls (1493), 186, 326

Alfonso IX king of Leon Alfonso XII, King of Spain, 192, 198, 201

Alfonso VI, king of Castile and Leon, 170 Alfonso X king of Castile and Leon, 201 Alfred the Great, king of the Anglo-Saxons, 308 Algeria crisis, 693

Aljubarrota, batlle of, 202

Allgemeine, 265, 274

Landrecht (1794), 274

Schulordnung, 265

Alliances of states, 614

Almodis, 166

Almohads, 164

Almoravids, 163, 164, 170

Alodial tenure, 153

Alsace, 111, 188, 380, 399, 470, 532, 685, 686 Alsace-Lorraine, 399

Altamaha river, 340

Alvarado, Pedro de, 329

Alvares Cabral, Pedro, 186, 245, 326

Ambrose of Milan, 79

Amendments, 311, 354, 426-428, 435, 437-439, 441-443, 469, 472, 477, 499, 524, 570, 586, 697, 701

American

Civil War (see War of Secession) colonies, 248, 277, 304, 305, 310, 324, 336, 344, 350, 507, 653

constitutionalism, 334, 417, 467 constitutional model, 601

economic system, 585

Imperialism, 532 individualism, 598 legal system, 354 nation, 334

polity, 353

presidential republic, 651

republic, 350, 371

Revolution, 38, 199, 322-358, 372, 373, 384, 391,417, 605, 651

revolutionary war, 345

territorial expansion, 432

troops, 541, 676

Amsterdam Treaty (1999), 710

Amun, 13

Anagni, 141, 146, 185, 202, 217

Anchorites, 103

Ancien Regime, 184, 191, 196, 234, 238-240, 261, 269, 271, 324, 377, 381, 382, 394, 396

et la Revolution, 372

Andes, 508

Andrinopolis, Treaty of (1829), 509

Anesthesia, 562, 563

Angles, 94, 96-98, 108, 113, 122, 308

Anglican Church, 146, 215, 300, 333

Anglicanism, 296, 333

Anglicans, 297

Anglo-Frisians, 292

Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 666, 706

Anglos, 292

Anglo-Saxon England, 290

Angouleme, Duke of, 507

Anguita, Julio, 606

Annales School, 658

Annapolis Convention, 420-421, 440

Anne Boleyn, 215, 230, 233,235,246, 295, 300

Annexation of Hawaii, 540

Anointment, ceremony of, 107, 374, 376

Anschluss, 591, 595, 618, 673, 706

Anthony and Pachomius, 103

Anthropologists, 16, 20

Anti-Bolshevik Europe, 673, 674

Anti-Catholicism, 300

Anti-establishment, 613

Anti-Federalist, 352, 419, 422, 427-429, 437, 438

Anti-globalization protestors, 613

Antilles, 327

Anti-Machiavel: Essay on the criticism of Machiavelli, 271

Anti-Nazi resistance, 674

Antisepsis, 562

Antonio Perez, 240, 243, 247

Apenzell Canton, 662

Apologists, 77, 85

Apostasis, 74

Apostolos, 69

Application of the law, 185, 600

April Theses, 616

Aquinas, Thomas of, 139, 140

Aragon, kingdom of, 170, 196, 200

Arbitration, 46

Archbishops, 291, 466

Argentina, 507, 508, 565

Ariadne, 19

Arianism, 78, 82, 106, 107, 114, 115

Aristocracy, 15, 21-24, 28, 45, 48, 324, 387, 397, 501

Arizona State, 436, 437, 442

Arkansas State, 436

Armed peace, 492, 531-533, 540, 663 Armistice

of Compiegne (November 11, 1918), 616 of Villafranca, 521

Army of Italy, 405, 475

Aron, Raymond, 568 Arrondissements, 457

Arsenal of democracy, 599

Article 48 of the Weimar constitution, 323 Articles of Confederation, 326, 355-358, 417-421,430, 431,440

Artisan class, 306

Artisans, 13, 20, 21, 24, 45, 473, 501

Aryan blood, 578

Aryanism, 114

Asepsis, 562

Ashley, Lord, Earl of Shaftesbury, 338 Asia, 39, 96, 326, 330, 530, 592, 605, 677 Asia Minor, 20, 29, 81

Asquith, Herbert Henry, 308

Assemblee consultative provisoire, 471 Assemblee Nationale, 466, 469

Assemblies of Notables, 227 Assembly

of colonists, 332

of estates, 201, 292, 293, 655

of representatives, 342, 394 Assembly-based government, 289-294, 399-405, 450, 456-458, 472 Assignats, 460

Assize

circuits (itinerant justice tribunal), 291

of Clarendon, 291-292, 309

Asturian monarchy, 181

Asturias, 169, 181, 183, 593

Ataulf, 95, 113

Ateneo de Madrid, 501, 567

Athens, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24-28, 32, 39, 48, 75, 260, 653

Atlantic world, 325

Attila, 96, 113

Attlee, Clement, 680

Auctoritas, 100, 182

Audiencias, 184, 231, 328

Aufklarer, 263

Aufklarung, 259, 271, 322

Augustus, 17, 38,40,49-53, 55, 57, 60, 61, 73, 84, 127, 130, 139, 180, 182, 183, 199, 289, 291, 374, 376, 455, 468

Aula regia, 99, 101, 191, 290

Aunos, Eduardo, 589 Austerlitz, Battle of, 476 Australia, 536, 566

Austria, 143, 223, 248, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268, 269, 274, 275, 279-281, 392, 405, 492-495, 506, 509, 511-519, 521-524,

526, 532-540, 572, 591, 595, 618, 659, 663-665, 668, 673, 678, 692, 698, 706, 710

Austrian Empire, 263, 268, 379, 515-516, 518 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 533, 534, 600 Authoritarian

regime, 510, 593 statea, 272, 569, 579

Authority, 20,21,40,51,53,56,57,71, 73, 75, 78, 81-85, 100, 102-107, 122-125, 130-136, 138-142, 144-146, 154, 157, 158, 161-164, 166-168, 179, 181, 188-190, 193, 197, 198, 200, 212, 213, 215-218, 221, 224, 227, 228, 230-232, 236, 238, 240-242, 258-263, 268, 270, 273, 274, 290, 294-296, 298, 299, 305, 308, 325, 329, 333, 337, 339, 341, 342, 348, 353-357, 374, 376, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388, 420, 422, 429, 438, 440, 442, 443, 452-454, 459, 464, 469, 496-498,

527, 587, 588, 591, 598, 615-621, 650, 661, 666, 667, 687-690

Autobahn, 577

Autocracy, 234-240, 276, 527-530, 574, 579 Autocratic regime, 242, 323, 578, 580 Autonomous

communities, 112, 655 regions, 655, 700

Aviation, 559, 562

Avignon, 141, 146, 185, 188, 202, 399 Ayacucho, battle of, 532, 537

Azafla, Manuel, 498

Babeuf, Francois-Noel, 568

Babylon, 14, 31, 33, 68, 84

Baden, 143, 504

Badoglio, Pietro, 619

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 389

Bakunin, Mikhail, 469

Balbo, Cesare, 520

Baldus de Ubaldis, 202, 217

Balladur, Edouard, 478

Balthes, lineage of, 94 Baltimore, Lord, 337

Bankers, 164, 214, 223, 352, 418, 468, 492, 496, 669

Bank of England, 585

Bank of France, 459, 460

Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers (2008), 609 Baptists, 300

Barbarians, 94

Barbarossa, Operation, 596, 618

Barbes, Armand, 467

Barcelona, 111, 158, 159, 165, 166, 169, 179, 183, 192, 199, 200, 228, 562, 653, 654

Barons, 139, 178, 188, 191, 193, 196, 231, 291-294

Barry, Madame du, 379

Bartolo de Sassoferrato, 202

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, 619, 708

Basic legal framework of colonial life, 343 Basilica, 76, 127

Basilokon Doron (royal gift), 296

Basque

country, 112, 500, 655, 667

Provinces, 237, 277

Bastille, 234, 373, 380, 391, 392, 395,403,559 Batavian Republic, 663

Batista, Fulgencio, 605, 620

Bavaria, 98, 108, 130, 131, 135, 143, 504, 563 Bayeux

Speech, 473

Tapestry, 288

Bayle, Pierre, 241

Beauharnais, Josephine de, 475 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin de, 371 Beaune, Jacques de, Baron of Semblancay, 234 Bebel, August, 571

Beccaria, Cesare, 275

Bech, Joseph, 687, 691

Beckett, Thomas, 201

Beer Hall Putsch, Munich, 1923, 577

Beetle, 577

Beginning of history, 372

Beijing, 607, 620

Olympics, 621

Belarusians, 596

Belfast, 657

Agreement (1998), 666

Belgian

Constitution of 1831, 510, 537

gentry, 509

neutrality, 535

Socialist Party, 674

state, 509-510

Belgrade, 665, 680

Benedictine Order, 104, 115, 136

Benedict of Nursia, 104, 115

Benefice, 156, 158

Beneficium, 156

Benelux, 675-676, 689, 707, 708

Benevento, Duchy of, 126

Benz, Karl, 562

Berges, Aristide, 561, 568

Berkeley, Lord, 337, 340, 508

Berlin

Airlift (Berliner Luftbriicke), 604, 619,

681, 707

bunker, 619

rebellion (1848), 517

Berliner Mauer (Berlin Wall), 604, 620, 708

Berlinguer, Enrico, 606

Bernard of Clairvaux, 163

Bern, Canton of, 660

Beveridge Plan (1942), 588

Beveridge, W.H., 572

Bevin, Ernest, 689

Beyen, Jan Wilem, 691

Beze, de Theodore, 236

Bible, 67, 68, 83, 85, 104, 105, 133, 187, 219, 335, 561, 569

Bicameral structure, 293, 342

Biddle, Nicholas, 428

Bielfeld Baron of, 275

Big Capitalism, 558-564

Bilderberg Group, 612

Bill

of Rights (1689), 262, 299, 300

of Rights (1791), 354, 499

Bills of attainder, 230, 231, 234

Biology, 562

Bishops, 73, 74, 76-83, 99, 101, 106, 107, 122,

126, 135-139, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166,

177, 178, 180, 181, 187, 191, 192, 198, 215,290-293

Bismarck’s Sozialpolitik, 571-572

Bismarck, von Otto, 524, 525

Black

Sea, 47, 94, 275

Tuesday (29 October 1929), 584 Blackstone, W., 333

Blanc, Louis, 569

Bleeding Kansas, 437

Bloody Week, 555

Blum, Andre Leon, 588

Bodin, Jean, 218, 219, 247, 499

Boer War (1899-1902), 531, 540

Bohemia, 131, 132, 261, 268, 270, 504,

515,516

Boletin Oficial del Estado, 655

Boleyn, Anne, 215,230,233,235,246,295,300

Bolingbroke, Viscount of, 417

Bolivar, Simon, 537

Bologna

Declaration (1999), 710

Process, 703

University of, 111, 133, 170, 200

Bolshevik Party, 587

Bolsheviks, 574

Bolshevism, 307, 376, 667

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 143, 402, 435, 450-452, 455,462, 475, 477,514, 651

Bonapartism, 449-479

Bonfire Night, 297

Boniface VIII, 140, 185, 193, 197, 202, 213, 217, 376

Book of the Covenant, 68

Books of grievances.

387-388

Bosnian War (1992-1995), 666

Boston

Harbor, 346

Latin School, 335

Massacre (1770), 346

Tea Party (1773), 346, 358

Bourbon(s), 262, 278, 279, 329, 505, 510 era, 329

House of, 216, 247, 377

state, 329

Bourgeoisie, 178, 189, 191, 193, 194, 201, 223-225, 295, 297, 309, 322, 330, 381, 386, 391, 397, 466, 467, 496, 500-502, 509, 511, 557, 568, 570, 586, 608

Bourgeois parties, 572

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901), 531, 540 Bracton, Henry, 197

Bradford, William, 333

Brahmanism, 103

Brandenburg, 271, 280, 323

Braudel, Fernand, 658

Bravo, Juan, 241

Brazil, 186, 326, 327, 357, 508, 566, 615

Bremen, 190

Brest Litovsk, Treaty of, 541

Bretton Woods Agreements, 614, 707

Brezhnev Constitution of 1977, 580 Brezhnev, Leonid, 621

Briand, Aristides, 670, 706

Bribery, 302, 697

BRIC, 615

Bristol, 331

Shipo wners, 327

Britain’s parliamentary monarchy, 511 British

colonies, 351, 536

Commonwealth, 676 constitutional history, 297 constitutional system, 354

Crown, 143, 183, 305, 325, 330-348, 355, 417, 666

Empire, 350, 532, 535, 539, 651, 657, 672 feminists, 307

government, 307, 344, 345, 572, 657, 672,

682, 690, 692 monarchy, 343 Parliament, 249, 307, 346, 353, 388, 690 prime minister, 694 sovereignty, 340 subjects, 303, 672

Britons, 98

Brittany, 56, 227, 288, 384

Bronte

Charlotte, 324

Emily, 324

Brownie, 560

Bruges, 111, 190, 648, 683

Bruning, Heinrich, 323

Brussels, 246, 515, 693, 702, 708, 709 Budapest, 515

Buddha, 14, 30, 103

Buddhism, 103

Budget Law, 194, 308

Bulgaria, 94, 535, 680, 698, 702, 711 Bundesrat, 524

Bundestag (RFA), 621 Bureaucracy, 13, 15, 19,45, 154, 269, 270,582 Bureaucratic state, 15, 298

Blirgerliches Gesetzbuch, 134 Burgoyne, John, English General, 349 Burgundians, 94, 96-98, 106, 108,

113-115, 122

Burgundy, 108, 124, 162, 190, 201, 203, 227, 384, 659

Burschenschaft, 504

Bush, George Walker, 425 Businessmen, 214, 352, 492, 598, 612,

668, 669

Byzantine Empire, 104, 123, 126 Byzantines, 108, 114, 122-123, 125, 144

Cabezas de San Juan (Seville), 505, 537 Cabildos, 329

Cabinet, 301, 302, 308, 344, 472, 473, 525, 666, 672, 687

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 327

Caciquismo, 269

Cadiz, 328, 501, 507, 537

Cady Stanton, Elizabeth, 307, 438

Caesaropapism, 78-79

Calas Affair, 234

Calatrava, order of, 164

California State, 436, 437, 442, 559, 707

Calonne, 380, 384, 402

Calvert

Cecil, 337

George, First Lord Baltimore, 337

Leonard, 337

Calvinism, 215

Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis, 400, 453, 455, 463

Cambodians, 620

Cambo, Francesc, 589

Cambridge university, 531

Camicie rosse (red shirts), 521

Camillo Benso, 520

Canada, 112, 246, 326, 343, 344, 349, 357, 379, 418, 535, 657

Canary Islands, 245, 331, 653

Canning, Robert, 507

Cannossa, castle of, 138

Canon Law, 82, 124, 184, 214, 216, 217

Canons, 71, 79, 82, 107, 133, 180, 650

Canovas del Castillo, Antonio, 501, 505

Cantons, 652, 657-662

Cape Cod, 248, 334, 357

Capet Dynasty, 376

Capetian monarchy, 375

Capitalism, 214, 564, 566, 574-576, 589, 590, 605, 607, 612, 620

Capitalist society, 606, 608

Capitani del popolo, 189

Capitularia (capitulary), 158

Capitulary of Quierzy (877), 153, 158, 169

Captains general, 328

Carbonari, 504

Cardiff Castile and Leon, 170, 181

Caribbean Communist State, 605

Caribbean sea, 331, 605

Carlist Wars, 277, 510, 655

Carlos Maria Isidro, 510

Carlsbad (Bohemia), 504

Carlton House, 305

Carolina, province of, 339

Carolingian Empire, 123, 128-134, 158, 169

Carranza, Venustiano, 573

Carrillo, Santiago, 606

Cars, 562

Carteret, Sir George, 340

Carthage, 17, 33, 39, 46, 47, 49, 59, 114 Carthusians, 242

Cartier, Jacques, 246, 326, 357, 478, 479, 704

Casa de Contratacion, 328

Casos de corte, 184

Castelar, Emilio, 267

Caste system, 12

Castile, 111,132, 163, 169,170, 178, 183-189, 192, 195, 196, 199, 201-203, 221, 223, 232, 237, 240, 241, 243, 277-279, 357, 655

Castilians, 17, 111, 178, 184, 186, 195, 200, 202, 227, 228, 231-233, 237, 241, 245, 277, 326, 328, 329, 655

Castilian town governments, 329

Castillianization, 655

Castla, 159

Castlereagh, Lord, 495, 506

Castoriadis, Cornelius, 606, 608

Castro

Fidel, 605, 620, 621

Raul, 621

Catalaunic Fields, battle of, 96

Catalonia, 111, 112, 159, 165, 179, 188, 189, 192, 196, 199-201, 228, 231, 237, 238, 279, 500, 623, 667

Catherine II the Great, tsarinaaof Russia, 275

Catherine of Aragon, 146, 215, 233, 242, 295, 300

Catholic (s)

apologetic literature, 77

Church, 66, 77, 105, 137, 141, 213, 246, 267, 298, 459, 509, 522, 527

Irish, 300

Kings, 163, 186, 203, 215, 216, 222, 223, 231,243, 300,654

Majesty, 235, 654

monarch, 241, 261

Monarchy, 196, 222, 229, 231, 243, 247, 277, 652-656

nobility, 337

Caudillo, 590

Cavaignac, Eugene, 467

Celebration of the Federation, 373, 394, 395, 403

Celibacy, 137, 462

Celtic dialects, 292

Cenobites, 103

Censitary

requirements, 501 suffrage, 306, 310, 432, 435,492, 500-502, 509, 557, 564, 567, 579

Central

America, 326

planning, 604 Powers, 533, 535

Centralization, 144, 200, 223, 278, 329, 394, 396,421,457, 654,657

Cerularius, Michael (patriarch of Constantinople), 170

Cervantes, Miguel de, 247, 248

Cesar, Julius, 17, 48, 59, 658

Chaeronea, 28

Chamberlain, Neville, 618, 674, 706 Chamberland, Charles, 562

Chamber of Peers, (Chambre des Pairs), 466 Chambre

des deputes, 470

Introuvable, 476

Champlain, Samuel de, 326

Champs-Elysees, 559

Chancellery of State (Staatskanzlei), 268 Chancellor, 182, 184, 218, 235, 239, 243, 268, 323, 383, 493, 524, 527, 572, 578, 616, 617, 621, 663, 668, 700, 706

Chancillereas, 184, 231

Channel islands, 567

Chant de guerre.

See Marseillaise Charlemagne, 107, 125-129, 131, 132, 134, 143, 145, 155, 169, 212, 374-375, 462

Charles Martel, 123, 124, 145, 155, 157, 169, 374

Charles the Bald, 129, 145, 153, 158, 162

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 659

Charles the Simple, 129, 145, 288

Charles town, 339

Charles V, emperor, 146

Charles VI, Austrian emperor, 280

Charroux, 165

Charte of 1814, 538

Charter

of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 710

of Privileges of Pennsylvannia, 341

of the United Nations, 680

Chartered companies, 336

Chateaubriand, F.R., 371, 507

Chatellenies, 161

Che Guevara, 605, 606, 620

Chemistry, 562

Cheptel sur Epte Treaty, 288

Chesapeake Bay, 331

Chiang Kai-Shek, 684

Chicago, 439, 442, 563, 582, 599 Chief Justice, 240, 247, 421, 425, 429, 438, 440, 441, 504

Chile, 507, 508, 667, 706

Chilean navy, 507

China, 14-15, 31, 48, 530, 538-540, 575, 592, 605-607, 610, 612, 615, 617-619, 690, 698, 705, 708

Chinaleaks, 612

Chin Dynasty, 15

Chinese

model, 607 regime, 607 World Order, 610

Chirac, Jacques, 478, 479, 704

Chotek, Sophie, 534

Christ, 68-70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 106, 139, 337, 523

Christendom, 82, 107, 115, 126, 137, 163, 201, 271, 290, 374, 650

Christian(s), 60, 69-76, 79-81, 84, 85, 103, 105, 122, 327

Majesty, 344, 374, 654 rulers, 260

Universal Empire, 245

universalism, 141, 142, 185-186, 212-216 Christianity, 54, 66-79, 82-85, 94, 103, 105-106, 114, 115, 374, 393, 459 Christianization, 75, 393, 404 Chronic abstention, 611

Church

of England, 146, 246, 297, 333

hierarchy, 333

social doctrines, 77

Churchill, Winston, 572, 596, 597, 707 Cicero, 38, 44, 49, 59, 72

Cid, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, 170

Cinema, 560

Cinematographer, 560

Cisalpine Republic, 506 Cisneros, cardinal, 163

Cities/City, 11-13, 16-21, 23-29, 31, 38-43, 45, 47-49, 53, 55-57, 66, 70, 76, 77, 80-83, 95, 111,138, 157, 178, 181, 184, 187-190, 192-194, 198, 199, 201, 217, 221-223, 226, 227, 233, 241, 265, 266, 269, 275, 288, 292, 293, 306, 309, 327, 329, 335, 337, 339, 341, 344-347, 351, 421, 439, 442, 466, 469, 470, 477, 511,

520, 523, 560, 562-566, 587, 619, 648,

658, 661, 662, 673, 678, 686, 696 Citizens, 2, 5, 21-22, 32, 38,40,42-45, 50, 51,

53, 54, 57, 58,70-72, 94,101, 109, 140,

182, 189, 190, 192, 193, 198, 262, 266, 271-273, 292, 299-301, 334, 335, 342, 354, 356, 376, 387, 390, 392, 394, 396, 397, 400, 401, 403, 428, 431, 435, 438, 439, 442, 443, 450, 453, 455, 464, 472, 490, 493, 496, 499-503, 516, 557, 569, 570, 572, 576, 587, 602, 603, 607, 611, 613, 666, 672, 686, 694, 697, 699-704 City-state, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 39,42,43,47,

48, 222, 673 Cives romani, 58 Civil

constitutional State (biirgerlicher

Rechtsstaat), 579 rights, 23, 230, 300 servants, 15, 183, 269, 383, 457, 458, 470 society, 274, 351, 352, 582 War Amendments, 439

Civitas, 18, 39-43, 47-49, 56, 194, 217,

219, 351

Clarendon, Constitutions of, 200 Classic Absolutism, 220, 258-260, 491 Class struggle, 568, 570, 589

Claudel, Paul, 669 Cleisthenes, 25-26, 32 Clemenceau, Georges, 471 Clement VII, 215, 246 Clement XIV, 262, 329 Clergy, 75, 107, 126, 135-138, 140, 142, 147,

163, 166, 187, 191, 193, 198, 214, 215,

225, 235, 242, 261-263, 275, 288, 293,

294, 300, 340, 376, 381, 384-390, 393, 403, 459, 496, 523, 564

Clientela, 18-19, 156

Clinton, William Jefferson, 602 Cluniac movement, 163 Cluny, 136-139, 163 Cnut II The Great, 309

Coal, 558, 561, 584, 675, 685-691, 696, 708 Cobos, Francisco de los, 243

Cochinchina, 539

Code

Civil, 460, 464, 465

Noir, 233

Savary, 233

Codex Abrogans, 132

Codification, 3, 233, 528, 529, 589 Coercive Acts, 346

Cognitio extraordinem, 102

Cohabitation, 21, 474, 478, 479

Coimbra, 186, 202, 266, 590

Coke, 429, 558

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 223, 378

Cold War, 597, 615, 659, 695, 696, 698 Colegios mayores, 111, 266

Collapse of the Soviet Union, 134, 606 Collective

bargaining agreements, 588

security, 111, 614

College of Europe, 683

Colleton, Sir John, 338

Collins, Michael, 666

Colloquium, 292

Colombia, 508

Coloni, 156

Colonial

America, 336

charter, 353

era, 354, 607 expansion, 330, 343, 530, 532, 533, 540, 573, 663

explosion, 343-344

government, 342

imperialism, 564

interests, 344, 507

officials, 328

proprietary ventures, 336

regimes, 342

rule, 342

Colonialism, 3, 502, 530-533, 664 Colonies/Colonists, 20, 26, 32, 40, 233, 246, 305, 325, 326, 328-353, 355, 356, 358, 402, 417, 420, 437, 536, 537, 592, 653, 667, 678

Colorado River Dam, 5887

Colorado State, 436, 437, 442

Columbus, Christopher, 203, 245 Combustion engine, 562

Comes, 12,17, 71, 100,114,182, 202, 246, 260, 310,402,477,509,540,581,621,707,710

Comitatus, 55, 156

Comitatus Portucalensis, 163

Comitia

curiata, 41, 42

tributa, 18, 41-43

Commendation, 155, 156

Commentaries on the Gallic Wars, 658 Commentators, 79, 133, 216, 217, 380

Commercial

Congressional authority, 356

Revolution, 168, 178

Committee for Foreign Plantations.

343

Common

Agricultural Policy, 691, 696

Assembly of the European Coal and Steel

Community, 689-691

Council, 340

European Market, 691-693

Foreign and Security Policy, 697 good, 75, 582

law, 24, 184, 185, 195, 197, 200, 230, 231, 240, 291, 298, 309, 342, 464, 603 Commoners, 294

Commonwealth, 18, 214, 218, 219, 337, 338, 351, 657, 666, 676, 678, 682 matters, 225

Communal Council, 661

Commune. See Municipality

Communism, 570, 575, 592-593, 603-607, 680

Communist

China, 606 dictatorships, 593, 597

International, 571, 575, 605, 616

Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen

Partei), 568

parties, 575, 593, 606, 680

Party of China, 605

Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 580, 680 regime, 110, 605-606 revolution, 568, 594, 604 state, 605

Communities, War of. See Comuneros Revolt

Communitization, 700

Community

method, 684-693 pillar, 696

Compagnies d’ordonnance, 183

Company of Jesus. See Jesuits

Competitive Authoritarianism, 611

Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire, 529

Composite monarchies, 183, 652-657, 662

Compromise of 1850, 436

Comptos, 184

Compulsory military service. See Conscription

Compurgation, 164

Computer technology, 559

Comuneros Revolt, 221

Concilia plebis, 42, 43

Concilium, 82, 292

Concord, 180, 219, 257, 347

Concordat of 1801, 459

Concordia discordantium canonum

(decretum), 200

Confederacy, 437, 524, 527, 653, 659 Confederates, 531

Confederate States of America, 442 Confederation

of Eight Cantons (Acht Orte), 659

of the Rhine (Rheinbund, Confederation du Rhin), 514

of states, 660

Confucius, 1, 14-15, 31

Congress

of Italian Workers, 571

of Panama (1826), 537

of Vienna, 143, 492-495, 504, 506, 509, 514, 537, 663

Conjuratio, 165

Connecticut

colony of, 338

river, 430

Conscription, 492, 535

Conseil

de la Republique, 218

d'en Haut, 243, 379

des anciens, 466

des Cinq-Cents, 466

des Depeches, 379

du Roi, 230

Conseillers generaux, 470 Consejo de Hacienda, 228

Consejo Real de Castilla, 221 Conservative

politicians, 598

revolt of the 80s, 239, 246, 383-385 Consilium, 191

Conspicuous consumption, 608 Conspiracy of the Equals, 616 Constant, Benjamin, 466, 503

Constantine, 55, 61, 73, 74, 76, 78, 82, 85, 123, 126, 144

Constantinople, capture of, 203 Constituent Assembly, 299, 353, 354, 390-393, 396, 399, 400, 403, 457, 467, 472, 478, 509, 555, 681

Constitution

of Cadiz (1812), 501,537

for Germany, 517

of Peace and Truce, 166

of the United Mexican States (1917), 573,616

of the United States of America, 425

of the Year VIII (see 1799 Constitution) 1799 Constitution, 452, 454

Constitutional

Convention, 299, 353, 416, 420-423, 429,

441,450

Constitutional (cont.')

council (Conseil constitutionnel), 475 courts, 197, 601

dictatorship, 511

documents, 343

history, 4, 50, 127, 154, 199, 213, 214, 220, 288-289, 297, 301, 325, 341, 372-373, 378, 423, 439, 465-479, 491, 510, 559, 564, 580, 586, 592, 593, 598, 609, 611, 613-621, 651, 652, 654, 658, 659, 666 laws of 1875, 470

Legal Theory (Staatsrechtslehre), 579 model of the state, 423,492, 494, 502, 519, 573,581,598, 601,612,613

monarch, 301, 392, 393, 399,465,476,509, 528, 529, 666

order, 355, 497, 498, 592

pact, 352, 399, 600, 613

state, 510, 579

system, 341, 354, 421, 470, 479, 491, 501, 518, 558, 565

Theory (Verfassungslehre), 581

tradition, 218, 299, 353, 354, 390, 425, 576, 666

Constitutionalization

of EC Law, 702

of public law, 601

Constitution de l’An III (1795), 400 Consul for life, 455, 460

Consuls, 42-44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 55, 111,

453, 454

Continental

Army, 349

Congresses, 355

Contrafueros, 229

Convention

of 1688, 299

English constituent assembly, 288-289

Method, 700

of Philadelphia 1787, 421

for the Protection of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), 683, 708

Second French Constituent Assembly, 147, 466, 569

Conventions of the Constitution, 288 Coolidge, Calvin, 584

Corinth, 24, 25, 28

Cornwallis, Charles, British General, 350, 358 Coronation oath, 187

Corporate

promotion, 566, 589

state, 556, 588, 589

Corpus Iuris Civilis.

See Justinian compilation Corregidor, 221

Corruption, 302

Corsica, 32, 38, 451, 475

Cortes

of Aragon, 279

de Toledo of 1480, 228

de Toro of 1505, 228

of Leon-Castile, 228

of Navarra, 196

Cortes, Hernan, 245

Corvee, 380

Costums, 189

Coty, Rene, 473, 478

Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard N., 647, 667-670, 675, 706

Council(s)

of Conscience, 261

of elders, 101

of Europe, 677, 683, 707-709

of 500, 18, 25, 466

of Italy, 222

of Ministers, 278, 473, 539, 590, 617, 670, 682, 683

of nobles, 292-293

of Orders, 164

of State (Conseil d’Etai), 453

of Toledo, 101, 102, 106, 107, 162

of Trent, 147, 213, 246

Count

of Barcelona, 158, 159, 165, 166, 179, 200, 653, 654

of Cavour (see Camillo Benso) Counter-Reformation, 213 Counterrevolution/ Counterrevolutionary, 458, 495, 596

Count of Cavour. See Camillo Benso

Coup d’etat, 107, 276, 393,401, 405,450-452, 465,473, 475, 505,511,576

Cour

d’assises, 291

des pairs, 188

Court

Chancellors (Hofkanzler), 268

of Justice of the European Communities, 691-692, 708

Courts of appeal, 457

Coutumes, 237, 463

Coventry, 678

Coyoacan (Mexico), 618

Craftsmen, 566

Crecy, battle of (1346), 293

Crete, 19, 31

Crimean War, 539

Croatia, 698, 711

Croatian Peasant Parly. 665

Croats, 534, 665

Cromwellian

Protectorate, 297

Revolution, 300

Cromwell, Oliver, 248, 297, 310

Cromwell, Thomas, 230, 243

Cronica Abeldense, 181

Crown

of Aragon, 181, 183, 189, 192, 196, 199-203, 222, 228, 231, 237, 277, 382,497, 651-656

of Castile, 183, 213, 231, 245, 329

lands, 225

prince (Kronprinz), 181, 228, 271, 380 property, 267

Crusader(s), 138-140, 146, 163, 164, 170, 201 Crusades, 140, 163, 164, 201

Cuartelazo, 505

Cuba, 508, 532, 537, 540, 605, 606, 620, 621 Cuban

Missile Crisis, 620

Revolution, 620

Cuirassiers, 559

Cultural Revolution, China (1968-1976), 620 Curacao, island of, 327

Curia, 18, 41, 166, 184, 187, 290, 291

Curiae, 41, 42, 192, 193, 201

Curia regia, 178, 291

Cursus honorum, 44, 46, 58

Custom, 17, 74, 101, 105, 107, 112, 157-160, 165, 166, 185, 190, 197, 211, 214, 221, 232, 301, 302, 310, 396, 465, 586, 669

Customs duties, 346, 517, 661, 668, 669, 671 Custoza, battle of, 293

Cyclades, 19, 27

Cyprus, 698, 710

Cypselus, 25

Czechoslovakia, 536, 620, 665, 668, 671, 674, 675, 680, 706

Czech Republic, 698, 710

Czechs, 534, 565, 675

Daedalus, 19

Daguerre, Louis, 560

D’Aguesseau, Henry Francois, chancellor, 239

Daladier, Edouard, 618, 674, 685, 706

D’ Alembert, Jean le Rond, 259

Dallas, 620

Dans, Enrique, 559

Dante Alighieri, 142, 220, 648

Danton, Georges Jacques, 398

Danzig corridor, 595

Darfur, 613

Das Kapital, 568, 616

Daunou, Pierre Claude Francois, 452

Dauphin, 181, 385, 386, 403

Dauphine, 385, 386

Davis, Jefferson, 382, 437, 442, 515

Davos

class, 612

Forum, 612

Dawes Plan (1924), 584

Dead Sea, 68, 69

Death penalty, 68, 69, 75, 276, 400

Debre, Michel, 473

Decembrist Uprising (1825), 528

Decima tax, 226

Declaration

of Independence (July 4, 1776), 348, 352, 355, 358, 440

of Liberated Europe, 677

of Rights, 299, 354, 355, 390, 401

of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), 401,403

Decolonization, 605

Decree for the Protection of the German People and the State.

See Verordnung des Reichsprlisidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat

Decretalists, 133, 216

Decretals, 83, 133, 201

Decretists, 133, 216

Defense of workers, 602

Defensive alliances, 492, 533

De Gasperi, Alcide, 687

De Gaulle, Charles, 449, 471, 675

Delaware

colony of, 340 river, 340 territory of, 341

Delian League, 27

Della monarchia rappresentativa en Italia (1857), 520

Delors, Jacques, 696

De los Rios, Fernando, 589

Delphi, 28

Demilitarized zone, 619

Democracy, 21, 22, 25-27, 44, 45, 48, 182, 192, 260, 321, 351, 352, 433, 458, 468, 472, 496, 501, 528, 535, 555, 567, 571, 574, 582, 591, 597, 599, 604, 611-613, 660, 661, 680, 683, 685, 697, 698, 700, 701, 704

Democratic

electoral procedures, 564

governments, 602, 677

model of the state, 242, 273, 492, 496, 503, 522, 557, 581, 582, 586, 591, 593, 597, 599,603-605, 609,611

nations, 593, 599, 604, 611, 647, 685 Party, 433, 438, 602, 616 processes, 604

regime, 32, 306, 592, 601, 607, 612

Republic of Vietnam, 605, 619 revolution, age of the, 325 states, 580

system, 24-25, 599, 667

Unionist Party, 666

Democratization, 306-308, 310, 398, 433, 511, 694, 698, 705

Demographic

expansion, 563-564

growth, 558

stagnation, 535 Demosthenes, 28 Denmark, 132, 182, 298, 309, 536, 565, 659, 680, 692, 694, 709

Departmentalization, of the monarchy, 267-270

Depoliticization, 601

Deprez, Marcel, 561 Deregulation, 440, 609, 611 Deregulatory policies, 609 Descartes, Rene, 248, 258

Despot, 142, 218, 241, 259, 260, 264, 450 Despotism, 235, 259, 260, 276, 277, 329, 352, 397, 452, 468

Deuteronomy, 67

Deutsch, 132

Deutsches Reich,. See Second Reich (1871) Deutschland, 132

Developed Socialism, 580

Developing countries, 610

Devolution Acts (1988), 657

Dewey, Thomas, 599 Diadochi, 29, 31, 33

Diakonos, 80

Diarchy, 51-53

Diaspora, 68, 84

Dictates of the masses, 612

Dictatorship

of Primo de Rivera, 617, 706

of the proletariat, 571, 580

Dictatus papae, 121, 137, 146

Diderot, Denis, 264

Dien Bien Phu, 690619

Diet, 134, 135, 146, 191, 245, 513, 514, 516, 524

Digest of the Laws, 529

Digital revolution, 559

Dioceses, 56, 79-81, 138

Diocletian, 40, 48, 54-56, 61, 85

Diputacion del General, 196

Direct democracy, 612, 660, 661

Directive, 697

Directorate, 568

Directory, 269, 392, 393, 401, 402, 405, 451-453, 460,463,662

Disarmament, 614, 666

Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, 555

Discovery, 10, 68, 186, 212, 331, 561

of America, 212

Disraeli, Benjamin. 306

Divine

legitimacy, 142-145, 232, 235, 494

Right, 141, 217, 226, 235, 259-263, 279, 295, 296, 374, 376, 388, 399, 417, 451, 465, 504

Doctrinaire liberalism, 504. See also Moderate liberalism

Doctrinaires, 503, 504

Dollar gap, 678

Dollfuss, Engelbert, 591

Domesday Book, 309

Dominant powers, 614 Dominate, 14, 21, 40, 47, 54-56, 83, 102, 131, 132, 154, 159, 182, 191, 193, 222, 229, 241, 242, 301, 423, 432, 466, 472, 501, 508, 517, 532, 534, 607, 611, 664, 673, 683

Dominion, 13, 47, 48, 78, 135, 142, 170, 305, 328, 337, 340, 666, 706

Dominus, 48, 54, 55, 100, 101, 262, 329

ac Redemptor, bull (1733), 262, 329

Don Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, 508 Dorian, 20, 22, 23, 32

Dred Scott v Sandford Decision (1857), 438, 442

Dresden, 678

Dreux de Braze, Marquis of, 390

Dreyfus Affair, 470, 525, 671

Droit

Administratif, 458

de remontrance, 382

Dubcek Alexander, 620

Ducos, Roger, 452, 454

Duke of Gerona, 181

Dukes of Burgundy, 190

Duma, 276, 498, 528-530, 657

Dumas, Alexander, 657

Dumium, St. Martin of, 106, 114, 115

Dunant, Henri, 531

Dutch

expeditions, 326-327

Guiana, 327

Republic, 298

settlers, 531

West India Company, 327

Dynamo, 560, 561

Dynastic question, 510

Earls, 160, 291, 293

Early Middle Ages, 102, 110, 126, 158, 165, 169, 179, 184, 187, 188

Easter Enlargement, 698

Eastern

Deutschmark, 681

Europe, 593, 594, 596, 604, 606, 619, 677, 679-680

Europe’s communist regimes, 606

Schism, 136, 145, 170

Eastman, George, 560

Ebert, Friedrich, 576, 616, 617

Ecclesiastical offices, 135, 137

Ecological alternative, 611

Economic

authoritarianism, 568

convergence, 697

crisis of the 70s, 602

elite, 492, 497, 566

equality, 433,

growth, 21, 214, 558, 573, 592, 608, 611 imperialism, 564

and Monetary Union (EMU), 696, 697, 700 prosperity, 557, 584, 609

Ecuador, 508

Ecumenical, 82, 85, 106, 139, 144

Edict

of Milan, 73-75, 78, 85

on religion (1788), 263

of Thessalonica, 75, 76, 85, 114

Edinburgh, 657

Edison, Thomas Alva, 560

Edwardian Reformation, 226 Edward the Confessor, 309 Egmont, count of, 234, 246

Egypt, 11-13,16, 19, 29-33, 39, 56,59,67, 83, 84, 103, 405, 452

Eisenhower, Dwight David, 599 Ekklesia, 79

Election, 55,133, 138,154, 180, 181, 202, 222, 280, 304, 306, 342, 387, 388, 417, 422-429, 432, 437, 440-442, 454, 467, 474, 478, 504, 577-579, 584, 586, 599, 601, 617, 693

Elective succession, 179 Electoral

colleges, 417, 470, 502 districts, 511 fraud, 306

Reform Act of 1832, 511 reforms, 306, 310, 509, 511, 538, 578 systems, 502, 569

Elector of Hanover, 302

Electricity, 561, 587 Electric telegraph, 561 Elio, Francisco Javier de, general, 505 Ernigri'es, 339

Emigres, 399

Emirate of Cordoba, 169

Empereur des Francais, 182, 455 Emperor Julian, 74

Empire, 3, 13, 39, 72, 94, 122, 155, 178, 212, 263, 330, 371, 418, 455, 492, 559, 650 Ems Dispatch, 539

Ems Telegram. See Ems Dispatch

Enabling Act (“Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich”-Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich-), 578 Encyclopedia, 258, 264 Endlosung, 578, 619 End of history, 615 Engels, Friedrich, 379, 568, 616

Engla land, 292 England, 108, 139, 146, 159, 170, 178,

181-185, 188-191, 193-195, 199-203, 214, 215, 219, 220, 223-226, 230, 233, 234, 238, 240-244, 246-250, 262, 269, 279, 288-306, 308-311, 323, 324, 327, 330-335, 337-340, 342-345, 347, 352, 355, 356, 358, 376, 377, 379, 381, 382, 390, 401, 417, 418, 420, 423, 424, 430, 434, 495-497, 499, 501, 503, 504, 506, 507, 509, 511, 531, 532, 535, 536, 538, 540, 561, 563, 564, 567, 585, 588, 592, 595, 596, 618, 655-657, 670, 671, 678, 684, 693, 706, 707, 710

English

Catholics, 337

Civil War, 219, 297, 338 colonies, 305, 330, 332, 336-338, 341 colonists, 328, 336, 343, 344 colonization, 326, 328-343

Crown, 333, 343, 656 educational system, 324 electoral system, 25, 498, 501, 502, 569 expeditions, 330

Justinian (see Edward I)

Labour Party, 571

language, 292 nobility, 199, 201, 224

Parliament, 194, 195, 224, 226, 233, 249, 271, 292-205, 309, 656

settlers, 326, 357 working class, 501

Enlightened

Absolutism, 260-262, 264, 270-281, 491, 527-528

monarchs, 268, 270-274

nationalism, 514

Enlightenment, 259, 260, 262-264, 267, 271, 274-281, 303, 322, 353, 373, 379, 499

Ensenada, marquis of, 279

Entente cordiale, 533, 540

Epaminondas, 27

Ephors, 23

Epinay Congress (1971), 571

Equal Franchise Act (1928), 307

Equals, 22, 23,55, 165,167,273,405,568,616 Equidad, 184

Erechtheion, 26

Erfurt Union, 518, 538

Escobedo, Rafael de, 234

Espana National, 594

Espartero, Baldomero, 538

Espartero’s Regency, 538

Especulo, 184

Esquilache

marquis of, 279

Riots, 279

Essay on the forms of government and the duties of Sovereigns, 272

Essenes, 68, 69

Estado Novo, 591

Estates general (Etats generaux), 141, 183, 184, 191, 193-197, 202, 213, 226, 227, 239, 294, 341, 376, 377, 381, 382, 384-389, 403, 426, 460

Estatuto Real (1834), 510

Estonia, 618, 698, 702, 710

Etat francais, 471

Ethiopia, 532, 588

Ethnic groups, 578, 665

Etienne Marcel, 190, 202

Eton, 324

Etymologiae (St. Isidore of Seville), 107 Eugenic engineering, 578

Euripides, 26

Euro, 332, 697, 704, 710

Eurocommunist leaders, 606 Eurocrats, 703, 705

Europe of Communities, 695-699 European

Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or EURATOM), 691, 696, 701, 708 citizenship, 697

Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 689-691, 696, 708

Commission, 696

Congress system, 493 constituent assembly, 681

Constitution Treaty (TCE), 2004, 704 Council, 669, 677, 699, 710, 711

Court of Human Rights, 683 Currency Unit (ECU), 697

Customs Union, 668

Defense Community (EDC), 690, 708 democratic nations, 599

Economic Community (EEC), 689-691, 704, 708

elections, 611

Elites, 683 emigration, 565

Federalist Movement, 674 federation, 647, 675, 688

Free Trade Association (EFTA), 692 Integration, 4, 144, 495, 496, 515, 647-710 monarchies, 183,274,279,300, 373,404,493 nation(s), 109, 122, 144, 198, 458, 492, 499, 502, 530, 532, 559, 567, 583, 650, 663, 664, 670, 679, 687

nation-states, 122, 198, 492, 502, 532, 559, 567, 650, 663, 664

oligarchies, 576-591

Parliament, 501, 557, 681, 689, 691-692, 694, 695, 697, 700, 702, 708, 709

Parliamentary Assembly, 691, 692, 708 Parliamentary Union, 681

Payments Union, 679

Recovery Program (ERP) (see Marshall Plan)

Union, 2, 144,610,662, 668, 670,671, 676, 681, 689, 695, 696, 698-702, 704, 706, 710

universities, 4, 111, 133, 141, 178, 184, 185, 193, 197, 531,650

European Court of Human Rights, 683

Europeans, 4, 111, 133, 141, 178, 184, 185,

193, 197,531,650

Evans, Walker, 585

Exarchate, 122, 123, 125, 126, 145 Exchequer, 184

Excommunication, 124, 125, 138, 140, 166,

186, 199

Executive

councils of government, 301 government, 457

Merger Treaty (1967), 693, 708 power, 46, 243, 354, 416-417, 423, 450,

453, 467, 472-474, 491, 498, 520, 615, 660, 683, 689, 693

Exodus, 67, 68, 139, 214, 266, 579 Expiatory Chapel, 659

Exploitation of man by man, 568 Extermination, 393, 535, 578, 595, 619

Falange, 590 Family, 13, 15-18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 40, 41, 49,

58, 77, 100-102, 104, 111, 124, 125,

159, 161, 223, 271, 327, 336, 337, 391,

400, 403, 428, 451, 452, 456, 462, 464,

471, 568, 577, 588, 616, 651, 659, 684 Faraday, Michael, 561

Farewell Address, 415, 417

Fascism, 556, 585, 586, 592-593, 598,

603, 619

Fascist

militia, 617

model, 593

ventenio, 578

Fathers of the Church, 77

Federal

courts of justice, 425

Europe, 675, 681-683 government, 356, 420-423, 426-429,

437-441, 458, 517, 524, 585, 587,

603, 661, 664

medical coverage legislation, 603 power, 422, 426, 428, 438, 603

Republic of Germany, 619, 621, 685, 708 Union, 419, 430, 431, 434, 439, 441,

508, 675

Union movement, 675

Federalism, 419, 428, 675, 681, 682, 702 Federalist

Papers, 419

Party, 424, 429

Federation

of Australia, 536

of Western Europe, 679

Feodalite, 154

Ferdinand and Isabella kings of Castile and Aragon, 146, 188, 203, 216

Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 170, 186, 202,516

Ferdinand II king of Castile and Leon, 512 Ferdinand II King of the Two Sicilies, 521 Ferdinand the Catholic, 163, 196, 199, 203, 245, 654

Fernan Gonzalez, count of Castile, 169

Ferrero, 28

Ferry, Jules, 470

Fete de la Federation. see Celebration of the

Federation

Feudal

anarchy, 162, 164, 165 bond, 160, 161, 179, 375 court, 168, 191 law, 134, 158, 650

pyramid, 375 revolution, 161-162 servitude, 380, 564

Feudalism, 14, 154, 156, 158-162, 165, 167-170, 179, 185, 189, 190, 193, 242, 267, 650

Feudalization, 135, 168, 169, 375

Feudum, 156

Fevum, 156

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 514

Fief, 154, 156, 158, 159, 161, 375, 462

Fiefdom, 157-160, 162

Fiesta del Trabajo, 590

Fifth Republic, 473, 474, 478, 479

Final

Recess of February 1803, 513

Solution (see Endlosung)

Financial

crisis, 585, 607, 608 economy, 608

Finland, 536, 618, 680, 692, 698, 710

First

Boer War, 540

Carlist War, 277, 510, 538, 655 consul, 38, 43, 453-455, 457, 459, 460, 463, 464

Continental Congress (1774), 347, 358 English revolution, 297

Inaugural Address, 321

International, 555, 616

First (cont.')

oil crisis (1974), 608

Opium War, 538

Reich, 133, 142, 145, 514, 525

Russian Revolution (1905), 540, 616 Spanish Republic, 268, 539

Fiscal policy, 291

Fiscus, 53, 155, 267

Fishing monopoly, 344

Flemish, 2, 111, 112, 188, 666

Fleury, 379

Florence, 138,189,218,221,222,512,520,522

Florida State, 425, 435

Floridablanca, Count of, 279, 350

Foch, Ferdinand marshall, 541

Foederati, 94

Foedus, 94, 95, 112, 113

Fontenoy, battle of, 129, 145, 378

Ford, Henry, 562

Ford, John, 585

Forest of Compiegne, 616

Fort Orange, 327

Founding Fathers, 352, 424

Fouquet, Nicolas, 234

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine, 397

Fourier, Charles, 568

Four-stroke gasoline engine, 562

Fourth

Coalition, 514

French Republic, 687

International, 618

Fourth Estate, 303, 564

Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, 341

France, 38, 95, 129, 159, 178, 213, 261, 288, 344, 372, 416, 450, 489, 558, 651

France’s assembly-based republic, 651

Franc germinal, 460

Franchise requirements, 342

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 131, 142, 143, 514

Franco-British union (June 1940), 672, 707

Franco, Francisco, 2, 618, 620

Franco-German axis, 700

Franco-Prussian War, 470, 523, 525, 526,

539, 663

Franco-Sardinian Alliance, 539

Franco’s Fundamental Laws, 498, 590

Franco’s New State, 589

Franco-Soviet Pact (1935), 706

Frankfurt Parliament, 517, 538

Franklin, Benjamin, 350, 358, 421

Franks, 94, 96-98, 102, 107, 108, 113, 114, 122-126, 128, 130, 131, 145, 157, 169, 180, 182, 374-376, 499

Franz Ferdinand, 533, 534

Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 515,516, 668 Frederic II Hohenstauffen, Holy Roman emperor, 212, 232

Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, 134, 146, 200

Frederick II of Prussia, 257, 263, 265, 275, 281, 344

Frederick III of Saxony, 213

Frederick the Great. See Frederick II of Prussia Frederick William I, the oSergeant Kingo, 280 Free

market economies, 607

masons, 504

person, 564

states, 435, 437, 439

Freedom

of the press, 304, 388, 401

French

Canada, 326

Catholic Church, 459

Cavalry, 559 colonists, 344, 358

Committee for the Federation of Europe, 675

Committee of National Liberation

(CFLN), 676

Communist Party (PCF), 571, 593, 680

Constitution of 1848, 570

Convention, 299, 373

Empire, 147, 468, 559

flag, 395

imperialism, 493, 663 language, 358, 373 monarchy, 125, 130, 141, 197, 214, 279, 298, 344, 374, 377-379, 399, 454

mutinies (1917), 541

National Day, 395

National Guard, 469

Popular Front, 575, 588, 593, 594, 602 public opinion, 344, 379, 383, 385,470,704 Resistance, 675

Revolution, 109, 140, 142, 143, 147, 167, 183, 196, 230, 239, 244, 260, 263, 266, 273, 279, 298, 324-325, 371-405, 425, 426, 456, 460, 464, 469, 491, 493, 496, 498, 499, 510, 569, 662, 663

Revolution of 1830, 510

Second Republic’s Constitutional Assembly, 467, 570

Section of the Communist International

(SFIC), 571

Section of the Workers’ International

(SFIO), 571

settlement, 326

settlers, 344

Socialist Party, 571, 575

Social Security System, 602

State (see Marshall Petain) workers, 555, 588

French and Indian War, 345, 348

Fronde

revolution of, 223, 239

War of the, 248

Fuero

de los Espanoles (1945), 590 del Trabajo, (Labor Charter) 1938, 590 Real, 184

Fueros, 189, 211,221,222

Full employment, 587

Fundamental

Constitutions of Carolina (1669), 339 laws, 224, 235, 236, 240, 498, 528, 590 Laws of the State, On the, 528

Orders of Connecticut (1639), 338 rights and liberties, 428

Fundus, 156

Furstenstaat. See State of the prince Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, 17

Gabelle, 183, 377

Gaceta de Madrid, 567

Gadsden Purchase, 436

Gaeta, 512

Gage, British general, 347

Galla Placidia, 95

Gallicanism, 142, 215, 261

Gallican tradition, 459

Gallipoli (Dardanelles), battle of, 541

Galvez, Bernardo, 345

Gambetta, Leon, 468

Ganges, 11

Garcia Pelayo, Manuel, 582

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 513, 521-523, 539

Garros, Roland, 540

Gas warfare, 541

Gates, Bill, 559

GATT, 614

Gattinara, Mercurino, 142

Gaul, 53,56,59, 95,96, 98,106, 108,113, 124, 180, 658

Gefolgschaft, 100

Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police, or Gestapo), 618

Geltungsgrund der Rechtsnormen (Foundation of legal validity principle), 599

Gemeinde, peasant communes, 265

Gemot, 290

Gendarme of Europe. See Nicholas I of Russia General

agent of the clergy, 261

Assembly of the Clergy, 215, 261 Assembly of Virginia, 332

Congress, 325, 493

Court, 335, 421

Directory, 269 elections, 308, 593

Secretary of the Communist Party, 579 Security, Committee of, 396, 400

Theory of Law and State, 600

Generalitat, 196

Generalites des pays d'elections, 385 General-Landschul-Reglement (1763), 265 Geneva Conventions, 531

Genoa, 329, 451, 506, 571 Genocide, 393, 595, 620 Gens, 17, 18, 41, 94, 96, 100, 111 Gente de la ordenanza, 163 Gentiles, 69, 71, 72

Gentilitas, 41

Gentry, 215, 223, 224, 269, 295, 306, 324, 381,

432, 492, 502, 509 Geographers, 432 George III’s madness, 305 George, Susan, 611, 612 Georgia, Colony of, 340, 341, 344 German

Economic Miracle (Wirtschaftswunder), 681

Empire (Deutsches Reich) (see Second

Reich)

Empire’s first constitution (1849), 538 First Reich, 142, 145

Hanseatic League, 652

Historical School of law, 500, 528 lawyers, 600

mercenaries, in US Independence War, 348 middle class, 585

nation, 111, 137, 513, 516, 526, 527, 582 “national” integration, 524

nationalism, 513, 514, 532, 681 National Socialist State, 582

Nazism, 598

people (Deutsches Volk), 94, 516, 524,

576-578, 594, 696 princes, 275, 280 Reich, 144, 147, 323, 617 Royalty, 99-101, 178 satellite regimes, 674 Slump, 585 Social policy, 572 State, 134, 144, 323, 456, 511, 513,

515-518, 525,527, 577

German (cont.')

supremacy, 516 territorial organization, 513 Territories, 504, 509, 513, 516 unification, 134, 523-527, 530, 539 war reparations, 584

Germanic

Confederation (Deutscher Bund), 514, 515, 523

kingdoms, 97-102,106,109,113,122, 154, 155, 157, 179, 182, 189

Kings, 95, 98,101, 102, 105-108, 122, 128, 154, 155, 180, 212

nations, 108

Tribes, 93-115, 161,292

German-led world order, 652

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 671, 707 German-speaking peoples. See

Pan-Germanism

Germany, 108, 130-135, 138, 143-145, 189, 190, 229, 272, 279, 323, 456, 477, 499, 504, 515-517, 519, 524-526, 532-536, 561, 563, 571, 574-579, 585, 586, 588, 591, 592, 594-596, 600, 616-619, 621, 663-665, 668-671, 673, 674, 677, 678, 680-681, 685, 698, 706-708, 710

Germany's “national socialism,” 586 Gesta comitum Barcinonensium, 159 Ghent, 190, 221

Ghibellines, 217

Gibbon, 38

Gibraltar, 344, 350

Giron de Velasco, Jose: Antonio, 590 Girondins, 392, 404

Giscard d'Estaing, Valery, 478 Gladstone's Act (1884), 501 Gladstone, William, 306

Glasgow, 275, 511

Glasnost, 606

Global

constitutional history, 613

economy, 584, 615

era, 615

financial crisis, 585 medical coverage, 603 policies, 612

Globalization, 3, 611, 613-615, 669

Glorious Revolution (England 1688), 249, 310 Glorious Revolution (Spain, 1868), 539 Glossa magna, 217

Glossators, 133, 200, 202, 216, 217 Godolphin, Sir Sidney, 302

Godspeed, 331

Goebbels, Joseph, 673

Golden age of European colonialism, 530-531

Golden Liberty, 182

Gold standard, 460

Gomez Labrador, Pedro, 493

Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, 222 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 606, 621

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 338

Gorton, Samuel, 336

Gotha, 571 Governance, 52, 54, 222, 338, 340, 587, 613-15, 700, 703

Government

commissioners, 685

of Cuba, 540

by the People, 612

Governor General, 338, 666 Governors, 14, 47, 48, 56, 74, 222, 224, 229,

328, 342, 346, 565

Gracious Majesty, 325, 330, 507

Grafton, 304

Graham Bell, Alexander, 561 Gramme, Zenobe, 561

Gran Capitan. See Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba

Grand

Alliance (1815), 495

Council of Fascism, 619

Duchy of Finland, 536

siecle, 378

Grandes

Ecoles, 463

Ordonnances, 233

Grandson, battle of, 132, 134, 249, 338, 375, 659

Granja, Mutiny (1836), 510, 538

Grapes of Wrath, 585

Gratian, 75, 133, 200

Great

Britain, 96, 98, 113, 238, 288, 292, 302, 308, 324, 325, 341, 418, 436, 619, 656, 657, 672, 676, 680, 692

Compromise, 423

council (magnum concilium), 292

Depression, 577, 583-586, 598

Elector (of Brandenburg), Frederick William, 270, 280, 466, 478

Germany, 673

Leap Forward, 605

Migration, 335

Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 605

Purges, 618

Schism, 185

Society Program, 602

Terror, 397

War (see World War I)

Greece, 16, 19-21, 23, 26, 28, 31-33, 38, 39, 56, 59, 260, 506-509, 537, 601, 694, 700, 709

Greek, 14, 16-29, 32, 38-40,43,46,50, 58,66, 67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 79-82, 94, 103, 105, 122, 136, 166, 296, 506, 508, 509, 537, 675, 702

Greek independence, 509, 537

Gregorian Reform, 136-138, 163, 170

Gregory I (the Great), pope, 104, 122, 144, 162, 374

Gregory II, pope, 122, 123, 144

Gregory of Tours, 180

Gregory VII, pope, 82, 125, 137-139, 146, 170

Grenville, 304

Grey, Lord, 306,511,538

Grimm

Brothers, 500

Jacob, 500

Wilhelm, 500

Grofideutsche Losung, 517

Grotius, Hugo, 248, 651

Grundnorm (fundamental norm), 600

Grutli Meadow, 659

Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty, 436, 442

Guardian of the constitution, 582

Guelphs, 217

Guipuzcoa, 237

Guise, Henry of, 216

Guizot, Francois, 465, 489

Gulf

of Mexico, 327, 350

of Tonkin Incident, 620

Gunpowder Plot, 296

Guy Fawkes, 296, 297

Gypsies, 578, 595

Habeas corpus, (1679), 310

Habsburg, peace of, 215

Hadrian, 53, 60, 84

Hague

Congress of 1872, 469, 571

Congress of 1948, 681

Hall of Mirrors (Versailles), 532, 539, 652

Hamilton, Alexander, 350, 415, 418, 419, 421, 423, 424

Hammurabi, Code of, 31, 68

Hancock, John, 347, 421, 504

Hannibal, 47, 560

Hanover Dynasty, 301-311

Harappa, 11, 30

Harold II, 288

Harrow, 324

Harvard

College, 335, 336

University, 678, 707

Harvard, John, 335

Hastings, battle of, 170, 288, 309

Haugwitz, Christian von, Austrian chancellor, 268

Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre (Main Problems in the Theory of Public Law), 600

Havana, 540

Hawaii State, 430, 437, 443

Health

Care Act of 1993, 440, 603

Care and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA), 440, 603

Heidegger, Martin, 608

Heidelberg, 516

Hellas, 20, 27

Helvetians, 658

Helvetic Confederation, 652

Helvetic Republic (1798-1803), 659, 663

Henry IV, Holy roman emperor, 143, 214 Henry, Patrick, 421

Henry the Navigator, 203, 328

Hereditary benefits, 158-159

Hereditary nobility, 15, 339

Heresy, 75-77, 134, 213, 240

Hermits, 103

Herrenhaus, 518

Herriot, Edouard, 668, 670, 706

Hertz, Heinrich, 561

Hesiod, 24, 32

Hierarchy of norms, principle of, 600 High

Authority, 687-690 bourgeoisie, 391, 496, 502

High-voltage lines, 561

Higuera, la (Bolivia), 620

Hincmar, Arschbishop of Reims, 162

Hindenburg, Paul von, 578, 617 Hipparcus, 25

Hippias, 25

Hispania, 47, 53, 56, 57, 59, 74, 82, 96, 108, 654

Hispano-Suiza, 562

Historia

Francorum, 180

Gloriosi regis Ludovici, 179

History of the welfare state, 603 Hitler, Adolf, 323, 576, 594, 595, 652 Hobbes, Thomas, 219, 248, 556 Hochabsolutismus,. See Classic absolutism Ho Chi Minh, 605, 619

Hohenstaufen, 131, 132, 139, 146, 212, 654 Hohenzollern, 143, 280, 515, 525

Holland, 2, 132, 214, 247, 298, 330, 340, 479, 515,532, 674, 675

Hollande, Francois, 479

Holy

Alliance, 494, 495, 537, 663

German-Roman Empire, 178, 514

Roman emperor, 134, 143, 214, 215 Roman Empire, 125, 128-136, 142, 143, 145-147, 169, 179, 216, 245, 268, 375, 513,514, 525, 650,651,658

Homer, 20, 21, 32

Homeric kingdoms, 20-21

Honnete liberte des Francais, 236

Honorius, Roman emperor, 61, 95, 113 Hoover, Dam, 587

Hoover, Herbert Clark, 584

Hoplite reform, 24

Horizontal class-based unions, 590 Horn, count of, 234, 246

Hosius of Corduba, 79

House

of Burgesses, 332

of Commons, 194, 202, 225, 226, 294, 295, 297, 303, 304, 308, 309, 311, 501, 656, 672

of Lords, 194, 195, 294, 308, 309, 466

of Representatives, 423, 424, 429, 518 Householders, 306, 501

Hudson, Henry, 327

Bay, 344

River, 327, 357

Hugh Capet, 130, 145, 169, 375, 376

Hugo

the Great, 129, 145

Victor, 465

Human exploitation, 567

Humboldt, Alexander von, 514

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 265 Hundred

court, township moot of the, 290

Days’ Offensive (1918), 541

Ilowers campaign, 605

Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, 537

Years War, 183, 194, 195, 202, 203, 309, 376, 381

Hungarian Revolt, 604

Hungarians, 131, 516, 534, 665

Hungary, 132, 261, 268, 515-517, 528, 533-535, 665, 680, 698, 710

Huns, 94, 96, 113

Hutchinson, Anne, 336

Hydroelectric plants, 561

Hygiene, 558

Hyperinflation, 585, 664

Ibarruri, Dolores, 606

Iberian Peninsula, 16, 111, 114, 158, 159, 163, 169, 170, 179, 189, 191, 196, 201, 227, 247, 276

Iconoclastic Crisis, 122

Ideological

clash, 593

nationalism, 499

Iglesias, Pablo, 616

Iguala Plan, 508

Ihering, Rudolf Von, 581, 609

Iliad, 20

Iliberis, 82, 85

Illinois, State, 350, 434

Illness Insurance, 590

Immemorial order, 157

Immunities, 375, 439

Imperator, 50, 51, 54, 59, 178, 212, 217, 375, 376

Imperial

Catechism, 459

Diet (Reichstag), 134, 513

Prussia, 526

Russia, 527-530

Imperialist policies, 531

Imperium, 37-61, 179, 232

Independent States, 141, 214, 325, 353, 355, 356, 652, 662, 678

India, 29, 33,103,143,245,276, 327, 379,402, 563,610,615,651

Indiana State, 350, 434

Indians, 327, 329, 331, 332, 346, 357,431,433

Indias, 243, 278, 326, 328

Indictment, 291

Indignados (outraged), 612

Indirect suffrage, 478, 496, 502, 567

Individual rights, 390, 439, 490, 503, 556, 568, 573

Indochina, 536, 618, 690

Indo-European, 16-18, 20, 32, 40, 41, 43,

49, 99

Indus, 11-13, 30, 306

Industrial revolution, 258, 558, 565, 566, 570

Inequality, 555, 568, 573, 599, 609, 610 Inflationary crisis, 577

Innocent III, pope, 139,146,163,177,199,201 Innocent IV, pope, 139

Inquisition, 164, 203, 213, 231, 243, 336

Institute of Social Reform (Institute de

Reformas Sociales), 589

Insurance for retired workers

(Retiro Obrero), 589

Integral state, 655

Integration, 4, 18,22, 39,40,49, 134,144, 183, 191, 196, 198, 310, 430, 434, 436, 456, 495, 496, 515, 517-519, 521, 524, 526, 527, 615,647-711

Intendants, 223, 329, 385, 387, 457

Intendente (intendant), 278

Inter-Allied Maritime Transport Council, 684 Interbellum period, 583

Interests of the Crown, 342

Intergovernmental Method of Integration, 693, 697

Intermediate-level officials, 342

Internal combustion engine, 562 International

conflicts, 614 disputes, 399, 614 governance, 615

Monetary Fund (IMF), 614 organizations, 614 relations, 181, 296, 613, 615, 657 Socialist hymn, 12, 555

Trade Organization interventionism, 555-621

Workingmen’s Association (IWA)

(see First International)

Interventionist

legislation, 598

measures, 536

policies, 602

state, 458-465

Intolerable Acts. See Coercive Acts

Invasion of Poland, 596

Inventions, 558, 560

Investiture Contest, 137-138

Invincible Armada, 247, 295

Invisible revolution, 608

Iosiv Dzugashvili, 574

Iowa State, 437

iPad, 559

iPhone, 559

iPod, 559

Ireland (Eire), 666, 706

Irish

Civil War, 706

Free State, 657, 666, 706

independence, 301

Monks, 103, 104

Republic, 311, 657, 666, 706

Republican Army (IRA), 657

Irnerius, 133, 200

Iron

Chancellor (Eiserner Kanzler), 524, 527, 572, 616

Curtain, 593, 596, 619, 677, 680, 696 Isabella and Ferdinand kings of Castile and Aragon, 326, 654

Isabella II, queen of Spain, 510, 525, 539 Isidore of Seville, 101, 107

Isle of Man, 657

Italian

Chamber of Deputies, 617

Communist Party, 680

Fascism, 586, 598

Labor Charter of 21 April, 1927, 588

Law on Corporations of 5 February, 1934, 588

nation, 526, 663

Parliament, 522, 523

patriots, 513, 521

Republic, 506, 578, 619, 707

Socialist Party, 571

State(s), 147, 506, 512, 522, 523 unification, 512, 520, 522, 523, 539 unity, 512, 521, 523, 526, 531

Italy

kingdom of, 126, 131, 145, 147, 509, 522, 539

Itinerant justice, 185, 291

Iturbide, Juan Manuel, 508

Iurisdictio, 167

Ius

commune, 184, 216, 217, 240, 650 in iure aliena, 156

latii, 57

Jackson, Andrew, 417, 432

Jacksonian democracy, 433

Jacobin, 273, 372, 391, 393, 395, 401, 403, 405, 452, 472, 475, 504

Jacobinism, 393

James II of England, 327

James I of England, VI of Scotland, 656 Jamestown, 247, 331, 332, 334, 360 Jansenism, 262

Japan, 15, 531, 535, 559, 592, 610, 616-619,

668, 698

Jay, John, 419

Jefferson, Thomas, 321, 345, 348, 351, 417, 429, 452

Jenkinson, Robert, British Prime minister, 507 Jenner, Edward, 562

Jerusalem, 14, 68-70, 81, 83, 84, 164, 170,

200, 201

Jesuits, 146, 213, 216, 262, 263, 265, 266, 275, 277, 296, 329, 462

Jesuit schools, 462

Jesus Christ, 68-70, 106, 337

Jeu de paume, 389

Jewish extermination, 619

Jews, of Alsace, 380

Joan of Arc, 202, 203, 376, 377

Jobs, Steve, 559

John Lackland, 188, 199, 201, 291

Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 602, 620

Joseph II Emperor of Austria, 131, 259, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268, 275, 279, 281, 380

Josephism, 262

Jospin, Lionel, 479

Judaism, 67-71, 75, 83, 122

Judges, 23, 101, 102, 163, 184, 185, 231, 235,

238-240, 270, 290, 336, 342, 354, 383, 424, 425, 427, 429, 457, 458, 465, 598, 600, 603, 618

Judicial

power, 424-425, 428, 520 procedures, 328

review, 424, 428, 429, 475, 601

Julian Calendar, 616

Julius Caesar, 17, 48, 50, 59

July

crisis (1914), 534

Monarchy, 465-466, 468, 470, 476, 501,

509, 537

Revolution (1830), 476

Junkers, 323, 518

Junta

Central Suprema, 278

de Defensa Nacional, 594

for the Provision of Learning, 266

Jurisprudence of Concepts

(Begriffsjurisprudenz), 581

Jury

trials, 342

verdicts, 290

Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, 609

Justice retenue, 230

Justicia Mayor de Aragon, 240

Justinian, 52, 53, 75, 80, 97, 98, 114, 133, 134, 144, 192, 193, 197, 216, 217, 232, 233, 293

Code, 192

Justinian compilation, 217

Kaiser, 517, 526, 539, 540, 694

Kaiserzeit, 131

Kalahari, 11

Kamenev, Lev, 579, 617

Kammerdeputationen, 269

Kamprad, Ingvar, 662

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 436, 442

Kansas, State, 326, 435-436, 442

Karl August von, 514

Karnak, 13

Katyn Massacre, 596, 618

Kaunitz, Wenzell Anton von, Austrian chancellor, 268

Kelsen, Hans, 598-600

Kempf, Herve, 610, 612

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 297, 371, 582, 620

Kentucky, 350, 430, 431, 434, 437, 441

State, 350, 434, 437

Kerensky, Alexander, 530, 616

Keynes, John Maynard, 685

Khmer Rouge, 620

Khrushchev, Nikita, 580, 620

Kim Il-sung, 605

King

of Bourges, 377

of France, 130, 141, 142, 162, 164, 169, 179, 182, 196, 199, 202, 203, 235, 245, 247, 248, 345, 375-377, 379-381

ofthe Franks, 113, 124-126, 130, 131, 141, 145, 169, 182, 376

of Germany, 130-132, 139, 145

of Hungary and Bohemia, 261

of Italy, 127, 128, 131, 132, 522

of Portugal, 186, 202, 654

ofthe Romans (RexRomanorum), 131, 133

Kingdom

of Belgium, 509

of Great Britain, 418, 436, 656, 657

of Hawaii, 532

of Israel, 67, 69, 83

of Italy, 126, 131, 145, 147, 506, 522, 539

of Navarra, 196

of Piedmont-Sardinia, 519, 522, 539

of Prussia, 143, 280, 514, 515, 519, 526, 538

of Sardinia, 512, 521,522

of the Two Sicilies, 274, 506, 522

King of Aragon

Alfonso II, 200, 653

Jaime I the Conqueror, 201

Peter II, 139

Peter III, 192, 222

Peter IV, 181

Sancho Ramirez, 170

King of Asturias

Alfonso II, 181

King of Castile

Henry III, 211

Henry IV, 188, 241

John II, 186, 188, 196, 223, 232, 326

King of England

Charles I, 249, 337

Charles II, 249, 340

Edward I, 181, 199, 201, 292, 293, 309

Edward II, 181, 194, 195, 202, 293, 309

Edward III, 194, 195, 202, 293, 309

George I, 302, 310

George II, 302, 303, 310, 339, 340

George III, 302-305, 346, 348, 349, 492

George IV, 305

Henry II Plantagenet, 291, 309

Henry III, 188, 199, 211, 292, 294, 309

Henry IV, 188

Henry VII, 195, 203, 225, 294, 327

Henry VIII, 146, 215, 216, 224, 225, 230, 233, 234, 240, 242, 246, 294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 309, 656

James II, 111, 249, 298-301, 310, 327, 340

John I, 139

Richard II, 294

King of France

Charles VI the Mad, 376

Charles VII, 377

Charles VIII, 222

Charles X, 509

Francis I, 131,221,227,233,234,245, 246, 326, 357, 377

Henry II, 246, 292

Henry IV, 131, 247

Louis IX, 179, 376

Louis XI, 203, 377

Louis XII, 222

Louis XIII, 223, 241, 247, 377

Louis XV, 279-280, 345

Louis XVI, 191, 279, 280, 384, 460

Louis XVIII, 394, 476, 493, 495, 498, 504

Philip VI, 181

King of Franks

Childeric III, 124, 145, 374

Clovis, 374

King of Germany

Conrad I, 130, 145

King of Leon

Alfonso V, 198

Garcia I, 169

Ramiro II, 181

Ramiro III, 181

King of Navarre

Charles III, 181, 274, 278-281, 328, 350

King of Portugal

Alfonso I Henriques, 186

Dionis I, 201

John II, 186, 188, 196, 223, 232, 326

Joseph I, 276, 277, 279, 280

King of Prussia, 257, 271, 272, 280, 494, 518, 524-526

Frederick III, 526, 540

Frederick William III, 272, 518

Frederick William IV, 498, 516-518, 523, 524, 538, 539

William II, 534

King of Sardinia

Charles Albert, 512, 513, 520, 538

King of Spain

Alfonso XIII, 540

Charles III, 274, 281

Charles IV, 505

Ferdinand VI, 277, 280, 505

Ferdinand VII, 267, 505, 507, 510, 537

Juan Carlos I, 181, 654

Philip III, 247, 330

Philip V, 249, 262, 274

King of the Franks

Louis VI, 180, 375

Louis VII, 180

King of Visigoths

Euric, 97, 113

King’s Bench court, 331

Kingship, 28, 99, 100, 107, 130, 163, 179, 180, 188,215, 296,451

Kissinger, Henry, 620 Kleindeutsche Losung, 517

Knights, 156, 160, 163-165, 168, 193, 224, 292-294

Knossos, 19, 31

Knox, Henry, general, 349

Kodak machine, 560

Kominform, 605

Kommintern, 575, 577, 605, 617

Konig, 100

Koniggratz-Sadowa, battle of, 524

Korda, Alberto, 606

Korean War, 604, 619, 690, 708

Kreise, 268, 269

Kronprinz, 616

Kulturkampf, 527

Labour

Charter, 588

conflicts, 589

Party, 311, 571, 573, 592, 616, 680

Labrador, coast of, 327

Lafargue, Paul, 557

Lafayette, Marquis of, 386

Lagasca, Pedro de, 328

Lagash, 13

Laibach, Congress of (1821), 506 Laissez-faire, 497, 501, 522, 557, 568-571,

583, 598, 599

Lake Superior, 350

Lamartine, 467

Lamoignon de Malesherbes, Chretien

Guillaume, 385

Lancaster, House of, 195, 203, 294

Landed aristocratic classes, 501

Land Ordinance

of 1784, 431

of 1785, 432, 433, 440, 442

Landowners, 21,24,43,44,157,164, 323, 348,

352, 432, 435, 511

Landrat, 270

Landtag, 229, 271, 498, 518, 519

Landtage sind Geldtage, 271

Lange, Dorothea, 585

Languedoc, 227, 384

Largo Caballero, Francisco, 589, 593

Las salle, Ferdinand, 571

Lateran Accords, 142, 523

Latin, 12, 15-18, 29, 41, 57, 70, 74, 77, 79, 82,

85, 99, 100, 105, 132, 158, 159, 166,

188, 191, 216, 218, 219, 271, 291, 292,

302, 338, 371, 375, 537, 564, 565, 580, 605, 650

Latin American states, 537

Latvia, 618, 698, 702, 710

Laval, Pierre, 674

Law(s)

of the colony, 342

of Guarantees (May, 1871), 523

as a Means to and End (Der Zweck im

Recht), 581

of the Realm, 180

subordination to the state, 599

of Supremacy, (1534), 295 in Wales Acts, 301, 656

Lawful men, 291

League of Nations, 613-614, 669, 670,

684, 706

Lebensraum, 594, 673

Lebrun, Albert, 672

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 467 Lefrancais, Gustave, 555

Legal

framework, 343, 557, 579, 580 scholars, 288, 579, 599 system, 42, 105, 134, 189, 195, 200, 216,

228, 229, 240, 272-274, 324, 341, 354,

581, 582, 600, 656

system’s legitimacy, 600 thinking, 600

Legality, 59,270, 388, 392,436,471,477, 578,

582, 600

Legion of Honor, 460

Legislative

assembly, 340, 342, 392, 403, 423, 504, 660 Body (Corps Legislatif), 453

branch, 402, 416, 417, 423, 424, 453, 602 commission, 275, 276

power, 55, 83,196, 231-233, 325, 341, 353,

401,453, 466,467,473, 692 sovereignty, theory of, 133 Legislators, 24, 140, 221, 233, 378, 503, 600 Legistes, 217 Legists, 179

Legitimacy, 13, 52, 78, 124, 125, 141, 142,

163, 179-182, 186, 215-220, 233, 235,

245, 260-263, 273, 288, 376, 381, 393,

397, 417, 424, 427, 451, 455, 456, 471, 474, 494, 517, 555, 580, 582, 600, 704

Legitimate intervention, principle of, 495 Legitimistes, 469

Lehnswesen, 154

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 258, 648

Leiden, 333

Leina, Cortes of, 186

Leisure class, 608

Lenin. See Vladimir Illich Ulianov

Lenin’s first constitution, 579

Lenoir, Jean J., 562

Leo III, pope, 145, 169 Leon Carta Magna, 201

Leonidas, 23

Leopold I, king of Belgium, 509

Leovigild, King of the Visigoths, 98, 114

Leo XIII, pope, 590

Lepanto, battle of, 222, 246 Lerma, Duke of, 243, 247, 330

Lettres de cachet, 230, 234, 235

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Three Tenant Families, 585

Leuctra, 27, 32

Lev Davidovich Bronstein, 574

Levtie en masse. See Military service Leviathan, 219, 220, 248, 428, 490, 556, 582 Lewes, battle of (1264), 292

Lexington, battle of, 347-348

Liberal

bourgeoisie, 496, 501 constitutional model, 502, 581 democratic socialism, 611 oligarchy, 500-502 regime, 323, 492, 503, 586 revolution, 492, 502-512, 527, 528, 609 state, 198, 351-358, 401, 501-503, 511-519, 530, 533-541, 568-571, 573, 583-587, 597, 598, 704

state model, 502, 503, 533-541, 583-587 system, 505, 536, 604

Triennium, 507, 537

Liberalism, 489-541, 557-558, 566-568, 571, 581, 590, 602, 609

Liber Iudiciorum (Lex Visigothorum), 109 Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, 471, 588

Libre albedrio (equidad), 184

Libri Feudorum, 134, 158

Libya, 532, 588, 607

Liebknecht, Karl, 575, 616 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 571 Liechtenstein, 536, 692

Liege homage, 160

Light bulb, 560

Ligurian Republic, 506

Lili’uokalani, queen of Hawaii, 540 Lincoln, Abraham, 437, 442

Lingua franca, 292

Lisbon Treaty, 699-702, 704, 705, 710 Lit de justice, 184, 191, 238

Lithuania, 618, 652, 698, 702, 710 Liutprand, king of the Lombards, 123, 145 Liverpool, 306

Lliga, 589

Lloyd George, 572

Local

administrative systems, 342 oligarchies, 221, 227, 241, 277, 329

Locke, John, 339, 343, 351

Logical structure, theory of, 600

Loi de separation des Eglises et de l’Etat, 147, 477

Lois ordinaires, 236

Lombardian kingdom, 126

Lombards, 97, 98, 104-106, 108, 113-115, 122-123, 125, 126, 144, 145, 158, 182, 462, 506,512,653

Lombardy, 97, 108, 114, 126, 144, 158, 506, 512, 653

Lomenie de Brienne, 373, 380, 385, 386, 402

London

Company, 331, 334

Treaty of (1949), 683

Long, Crawford E., 562

Long Knives, Night of the (Nacht der langen

Messer), 618

Lords

Grey, British Prime minister, 306, 511 North, 304

protector, 297, 310

of Trade, 343

Lorentz, Dutch, 561

Lorraine, 131, 132, 156, 399, 532, 685, 686

Lothair, 128, 129, 145

Louisiana Purchase, 435

Louisiana State, 435, 442

Louisiana Territory, 327, 350

Louis IX, Saint Louis, 218

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. See Napoleon III

Louis Philippe I of Orlean, king of

French, 465

Louis the Pious, 128, 145, 159

Louis XIV, 142, 187, 212, 214, 223, 227, 233, 239, 241, 243, 249, 261, 276, 280, 297, 298, 358, 372, 373, 377-379, 381, 382, 384, 402, 454, 462, 532, 539

Louppy-le-Chatel, 183

Lower chambers (assemblies), 342

Loyalists, 348, 349

Lubeck, 190

Lucerne, Lake of, 659

Lumiere, Auguste and Louis, 560

Luneville, Treaty of, 513

Lutheran

Church, 263

Reformation, 213

Luxembourg Compromise (1966), 693,

694, 709

Luxemburg, Rosa, 576, 616

Luxor, 13, 30

Lycees, 267, 461, 462

Lycurgus, 24, 433

Maastricht Treaty. See Treaty on European Union (1992)

Macedonia, 27-29, 32, 33, 39, 56

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 218, 245

Machine guns, 474, 540, 559

Madariaga, Salvador de, 648, 669, 682, 683 Madison, James, 417, 419, 421-424, 426 Madrid, 221,246-248,266,268,279, 350,438, 501, 538, 567, 569, 579, 616, 620, 654 Treaty of (1795), 350

Magenta, battle of, 521, 531

Magistracies, 24, 44, 46, 51, 53, 54, 590 Magistrates, 18, 21, 25, 42-46, 49, 51, 52, 57, 58, 189, 216, 230, 239, 273, 336, 342, 452, 454, 468

Magistratura de Trabajo

(Work Magistracy), 590

Magna Carta, 188, 198, 199, 201, 225, 291-292, 309, 353, 390, 497

Magna Glossa, 197, 201

Magnates, 100, 130, 155, 157, 191, 198, 293, 375

Magyar, 516

Maine

Province of, 338

State, 338, 435

U.S. battleship, 540

Main River, 524

Maire. See Mayor

Maldonado, Pedro, 2241

Mallorca, kingdom of, 183, 199, 237, 653 Mallus, 100, 289

Malta, 698, 710

Managers, 450, 613

Manchester, 306, 511

Mandarins, 15

Manhattan, island of, 327

Mann, Thomas, 669

Mansi, 156

Mao Tse-tung, 605, 606, 619, 620, 708 Marbury vs. Madison, 425, 429, 438, 441 March on Rome, 576, 592, 617, 706 Marconi, Guglielmo, 561

Marcuse, Herbert, 579, 608

Maria Cristina, Regent of Spain (1833-1843), 498, 538

Mariana, Juan de, 216

Maria Theresa of Austria, 268, 280

Marignano, battle of, 659

Mark Anthony, 40

Market

economy, 603, 604, 607

Socialism, 606

Marne, battle of, 540

Maroto, Rafael, general, 538

Marsala (Sicily), 539

Marseillaise, 395, 396, 403

Marshall

George, 619, 678, 680, 707

John, 421, 429

Plan (1947), 678-679

Marshall Petain, 588, 674

Marshall Plan, 593, 596, 604-605, 619,

678-680, 685, 707

Marsilius of Padua, 140, 141

Martinez Campos, Arsenio, general, 539

Martov, Julius, 573, 616

Martyrs, 72, 279

Marx and Engels, 565, 568-570

Marxism, 568, 575, 606, 608

Marxist

doctrine, 608

orthodoxy, 573

Socialism, 570

Marx, Karl, 467, 469, 568, 616

Maryland

Province of, 337

State, 420

Toleration Act (1649), 337

Mary, queen of the Scotts, 296

Mary Wollstonecraft, 305

Mason

Captain John, 338

George, 354, 419

Masonic lodges, 505, 507

Mass

culture, 558

organizations, 581

parties, 469, 471, 580

production, 583

Massachusetts

Bay Company, 335, 336

charter (1691), 342

General Court, 421

Massification, 581

Maternity insurance (1923), 589

Matteotti, Giacomo, 617

Matters of state, 191, 225

Maupeou, Rent! Nicolas de, Chancellor of

France, 383

Maurras, Charles, 589

Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, 508

Maxwell, James Clerk, 561

May 1968, 620

Mayflower, 248, 333-335, 357

Compact (11 November 1620), 334, 357

Mayor, 111, 123, 124, 193, 197, 211, 223, 240, 457, 661

Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, 111, 243, 379

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 512

Means of production, 398, 563, 564, 568

Mechanization, 563

Mediatization, 513

Medical science, 558, 562

Medici, 227, 246, 247, 520

Medicis, Marie de, 227, 247, 386

Medieval universities, 110, 111

Mediterranean Highway, 588

Megara, 24, 32

Meiji Era (1868-1912), 531

Mein Kampf, 594, 673

Memory of Solferino (Un souvenir de Solferino), 531

Mendes France, Pierre, 473

Menorca, 344, 350

Mensheviks, 573, 616

Mentana, battle of, 523

Mercader, Ramon, 574, 618

Mercantilism, 244

Merchant (nations), 12, 24, 111, 161, 190, 202, 222, 269, 295, 323, 331, 346, 349, 352, 381,418, 664

Merkel, Angela Dorothea, 621

Merovingians, 38, 102, 113, 123, 124, 145, 155, 161, 374

Mesolithic, 11, 30

Mesolonghi, 537

Mesopotamia, 11, 13-14, 16, 19, 31, 39

Messiah, 69

Messina Conference, 691

Mesta privileges, 278

Metropolitans, 81

Metternich

Klemenz Wenzell von, 449

System, 495-496, 506-508, 534, 663

Mexican-American War, 436

Mexican Constitution of 1917, 573

Mexico, 245, 326, 327, 350, 357, 436-438, 442, 508, 573, 574, 618

Michigan State, 350, 434

Microsoft, 559

Middle class, 23, 226, 267, 306, 386, 501, 502, 524, 564-565, 567, 579, 585, 586, 608-611

revolution, 226

Milan, 55, 73-75, 77-79, 85, 222, 238, 329, 512, 520

Militant nationalism, 667

Military revolution, 229

Military service, 42, 157, 159, 398, 404, 405, 684, 686

Ministers, 81, 107, 242, 243, 263, 268, 271, 278, 279, 302-305, 308, 311, 336, 378380, 384, 401, 453, 457, 468, 470, 473, 519, 539, 590, 617, 670, 682, 683, 695, 699, 703, 710

of the Crown Act (1937), 308

Ministries, 144, 268, 278, 458

Minnesota State, 437

Minos, 19

Minotaur, 19

Minuit, Peter, 327

Minute men, 347

Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riquetti Count of,

386, 390

Missi dominici, 155

Mission territories, 329

Mississippi

River, 327, 345, 350

State, 435

Missouri

Compromise, 435, 436, 442

State, 435, 437

Mithras, 72

Mitteleuropa, 144, 532

Mitterrand, Francois, 473, 478, 479

Mixed negotiation commissions, 589

Mobile warfare, 540

Model T, 562

Modena, duchy of, 512, 521, 539

Moderate liberalism, 503-504 Mohenjo-Daro, 11, 30

Molay, Jacques de, 164

Molotov, Viatcheslav, 618

Monarch, 20, 29, 38, 54, 55, 78, 99, 102, 123,

125, 130, 141, 142, 145, 157, 167, 168,

181, 182, 184, 187, 192, 195, 197, 198,

203, 215-217, 219, 220, 224, 226, 233,

236, 238, 243, 244, 247, 248, 257-281,

292, 294-296, 301, 303, 305, 322, 338,

340, 354, 373, 376, 377, 379, 380, 382,

385, 388-390, 394, 396, 399, 400, 451,

492, 494, 496, 498, 499, 503, 518, 520, 653, 654

Monarchical society, 325

Monarchization, 455

Monarchy, 13, 44, 99, 123, 154, 178, 211, 258,

287, 321, 371, 417, 450, 491, 557, 651 Monastic communities, 68, 103, 104, 136 Monks, 103, 104, 137, 242

Monnet, Jean, 676, 684-687, 690, 694 Monroe, James, 508

Montagnards, 392, 404

Montagne, 400

Montana State, 437

Montcalm, Marquis of (Louis-Joseph de

Montcalm-Gozon), 344

Monte Cassino, 104, 115

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de la Brede, 280

Montfort, Simon de, 139, 201, 292, 309

Montijo, Eugenia de, Empress of France, 523

Montoire, 674

Montreal, 326, 345

Montreux Congress, 681

Moots, 289

Morat, battle of, 659

Morbus gothicus, 180

More, Thomas, 230, 235

Morgan, 16-18, 346, 430, 434, 436, 437, 469

Morgarten, battle of, 659

Morse, Samuel, 561

Mortimer, George, 293

Morton, William T.G., 562

Mos

gallicus, 217

italicus, 216

Moscow, 606, 618, 621, 676, 710

Trials, 579

Moses, 17, 67-69, 83, 648

Most Christian Majesty, 654

Most Serene Republic, 222

Mount Sinai, 67, 69

Mouvement Republicain Populaire, 472

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 280

MPs, 306, 307, 682

Multilateral accords, 614

Munich Agreement (September 30, 1938), 595, 618

Municipality, 457, 586, 662

Municipia, 40

Munoz Grandes, Agustin, 674

Murderers, 291

Museo del Prado, 267

Muslims, 98,108,114,123,145,157,159,169, 189, 202, 275, 374, 473

Mussolini

Benito, 142, 556, 576 dictatorship, 588

Mutation feodale, 159

Mycenae, 19, 20

My Political Testament, 489

Nacional, 589, 594

Nacionales, 594

Nakaz, 260, 275

Namibia, 532

Nantes, Edict of, 214, 247, 249

Naples, 60, 104, 126, 199, 222, 238, 274, 278,

280, 506, 521, 522, 539, 653

Napoleon

Bonaparte, 143, 402, 435, 450, 451, 455, 475, 477

university, 266

Napoleonic

constitutionalism, 452-453

monarchy, 143, 651

State, 454

wars, 492, 507, 527

Napoleon III, 143, 147, 465, 467-469, 477, 508,513, 521-523,525,539

Narvaez, Ramn Marla, general, 511 National

anthem, 279, 395, 396, 403

Assembly (Assemblee nationale), 299, 389, 390, 394, 399, 400, 403, 416, 464, 468-474, 477, 478, 505, 517, 570, 579, 588, 602, 621, 686, 690, 708

capitalism, 530

Government, 357, 418, 420, 422, 428, 432, 464

Guard, 403, 469, 570

identities, 500

Industrial Recovery Act of June 16, 1933, 586

Institute of Social Welfare (Instituto Nacional de Prevision) in 1908, 589

law, 39, 98, 108, 185, 698, 699 legislature, 355, 578 monarchies, 244-249

Movement, 590

Recovery Administration (NRA), 586 representation, 557

Savings Bank (Caja Nacional), 1931, 589 self-determination, 665

sentiments, 244, 499, 506, 513, 668 Socialism, 565, 576-591

Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), 577

Syndicalistic Revolution, 590

Workshops (ateliers nationaux), 570 Work Statute (1933), 591

Nationalism, 2, 3,109,110, 112, 244, 395,490, 499, 513, 514, 530-533, 665-668, 671, 681, 705

Nationalist movements, 519, 666 Nationalities, principle of, 110

Nationality, 57-61, 66, 109, 499, 606, 661 Nationalversammlung, 617

Nation-state, 3, 122, 143, 198, 489-541, 559, 564, 567, 573-576, 581, 592, 613-621, 647-711

Native Americans, 501

Natural

borders, 398

Law, 217, 235-236,274, 351

Naumann, Friedrich, 532

Navarre, 169, 170, 237, 243,245,277,653,655 Nazis

dictatorship, 591

Germany, 578, 579, 595, 674

Party, 586, 671 regime, 579, 600, 673

Nazism, 582, 585, 586, 598

Nebraska State, 437, 442

Nebuchadnezzar, 14, 31, 83

Necker, Jacques, 386

Neoclassicism, 462

Neoconservative movement, 609

Neoliberal, 609

Revolution, 609

Neolithic Revolution, 11

Netherlands, 132,191,214, 234,238,246-248, 267, 333, 341, 504, 509, 536, 537, 653, 659, 675, 676, 682, 691, 699, 708, 710

Neutrality Act, 685

Nevada, State, 436, 437, 442, 587

New Amsterdam, 327, 341, 357

Newark

city of, 340 on-Trent, Reverend Abraham Pierson

of, 340

Newcomen, Thomas, 558

New Deal, 583-591, 597-599, 602

Constitutional Revolution, 598

Newfoundland, 326

New Frontier Program, 602

New Hampshire

Province of, 338

State, 441

New Jersey

colony of, 339

Plan, 423

Royal Province of, 340

New Kingdom, 13, 30, 102, 106, 274

New Left, 611

New Mexico, 326, 436-438, 442

State, 436

New Order, 137, 144, 496, 557, 673, 674

New Orleans, 345

Newport, 420

New Princes, 581

New State, 49, 110, 226, 295, 353, 354, 417,

420, 428, 430, 431, 433-435, 437, 442,

454, 459-461, 496, 508, 521, 525, 589,

591, 653, 655, 663, 665, 666, 668, 681, 706, 709

Newton, Isaac, 258, 351, 648 New Western

Empire, 127-128 nobility, 613

New World, 326, 328, 329, 331, 337, 338, 343, 344, 353, 372, 566, 595, 610, 613, 615, 665, 674, 707

Order, 610, 613, 615, 674 New York

Bay, 326, 357

City, 347 colony of, 327

State of, 327, 340, 416, 441

Stock Exchange, 617, 706

New Zealand, 536

Nice, 521, 560, 699, 710 Nicholas I of Russia, 506 Niepce, Nicephore, 560

Nile, 11-13

Nivelle Offensive, 541

Nobiles, 100

Nobility, 14, 15, 24,44, 73,100, 101, 106, 130,

178, 180, 182, 184, 187-189, 191, 193,

198, 199, 201, 203, 220, 222-224, 241,

242, 265, 266, 269, 271, 275, 291, 292,

294, 295, 324, 337, 339, 371, 376, 381,

384, 386, 388-391, 403, 451, 460, 496, 518, 528, 564, 613

Nobles, 20, 21, 24, 28, 100-102, 111, 124, 130,

132, 138, 154, 156, 162, 163, 167, 178,

187, 188, 190-195, 197-200, 223, 224, 226-228, 241, 242, 291-293, 295, 309, 323, 383-385, 388, 389, 401, 454 of the Robe (noblesse de robe), 193

Nogaret, Guillaume de, 141, 217 Nomenclaturci, 580

Non-aggression Pact, 595, 618, 671, 707 Non-Anglican Protestants, 300 Non-intervention, 593

Non-slave states, 567 Normandy, 164, 169, 288, 477, 619, 654

Landing (see Operation Overlord) Norman invasion, 291

Normans (Norsemen), 288 North America, 246-248, 296, 305, 326, 327,

330-332, 334, 338-341, 343-350, 357, 358, 373, 379, 402, 415-443

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),

604, 619, 690, 708

North Briton, newspaper, 304

North Carolina, 331, 339, 426, 441

North Dakota State, 437

Northern Ireland, 288, 301, 311, 657, 666, 711 Ireland Act (1998), 666

North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund), 524

North Korea, 605, 606, 619

North Vietnam, 620

Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 433-434,

436, 441

Northwest Territory, 434

Norway, 182, 309, 536, 659, 680, 692

Notabiles, 101

Notables, 4, 23, 106, 224, 227, 268, 290, 372, 374, 378, 384, 421, 427, 453, 454, 466, 469, 650, 683

Novara, battle of, 512

November Revolution, 616

Nueva Planta Decrees, 200, 237, 277

Nutrition, 558

Obama, Barack Hussein, 440, 602, 621

Obamacare, 603

Oberste Justizstelle, 270

Obligatoriness of the law, 600

Obligatory Old Age and Invalidity Insurance (1947), 590

Obrigkeitstaat, 272

Observancias, 197, 240

October Manifesto (Russia, 1905), 540

October Revolution, 574, 579, 587, 616

Odoacer, 61, 94, 97, 98, 113

O’Donnell, Leopoldo, general, 532

Odyssey, 20

OECD, 610, 679

OEEC. See Organization for European

Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

Official records, 292

Officium Palatinum (Palatium Regis), 101

Oglethorpe, James Edward, 339, 340

Ohio

River region, 350, 430, 431, 434

State, 350, 434

Valley, 344

Oidores, 184

Oklahoma, 326, 437

Old

English, 292

Order, 279, 322, 325, 373, 399, 456, 496

Regime (see Ancien Regime)

Swiss Confederacy (Eidgenossenschaft), 659

Oligarchic model of the state, 611-613

Oligarchies, 192, 221, 227, 241, 277, 329, 492, 575-591, 612

Oligarchy, 22, 24, 222, 306, 384, 392, 400, 468, 497, 500-502, 530, 557, 564, 608-613

Olivares, Count Duke of, 243, 248, 654

Olympic Games, 27, 32

Operation Overlord, 477

Opium of the Intellectuals, 568

Opium Wars (1839-1842 and 1856-1860), 531, 538, 539

Oporto, 276

Revolt (1846), 510

Orange, House of, 222

Ordenamientos

de Alcala (1348), 195, 221

de leyes, 232

Orden de prelacion, 228

Order of the Temple, 164, 200

Ordinary laws, 580, 700

Ordo clericalis, 80

Ordo-liberalism, 497

Ordonnances (executive orders), 519

Oregon

state, 436

Territory, 436

Organic

Articles, 459

Statute (1832), 538

Organization for European Economic

Cooperation (OEEC), 679, 682

Orkney Islands, 657

Orleanistes, 469

Orleans, 162, 183, 202, 239, 345, 376, 382

Orlov, Grigori Grorievitch, 275

Orry, Jean, 278

Orthodox, 69, 76, 77, 82, 83, 103, 136, 137, 145, 213, 263, 275, 428, 538, 573, 580, 608

Orwell, George, 110, 490, 565

Ostelbien, 323

Ostracism, 25-27, 46

Ostraum, 533

Ostrogoths, 94, 97, 98, 108, 113-114, 122, 144

Otto I, 130-131, 134, 135, 145, 169, 375 Ottoman

Empire, 212, 500, 506, 508, 509, 533, 535, 537, 663

Turks, 203, 212, 508

Otto, Nikolaus August, 562

Ourique, battle of, 186

Oviedo, 169, 181

Paciarii, 166

Pactism, 168, 196, 199

Padilla, Juan de, 241

Paine, Thomas, 421

Paleolithic, 10, 11

Palermo (Sicily), 512, 538

Pallas Athena, 22

Pamphlets, 268, 304, 339, 346, 386, 419, 451, 462, 565, 673

Panama Congress, 508, 537

Pan-American Union, 667

Panathenaea, 21, 22

Pan-Europe, 667, 668

Pan-European

Congress, 675, 707 movement, 667-668, 681

Union, 668, 670, 681, 706 Pan-Germanism, 516

Panhard and Levassor, 562

Pan-Hellenic league, 28

Pankhurst, Emmeline, 307 Pan-Serbian propaganda, 534

Papacy, 3, 66, 82-85, 104, 105, 122-128, 131,

136, 138-143, 145-147, 157, 170, 178, 185-187, 201, 212, 215, 217, 226, 246, 261, 263, 300, 374-376, 523

Papal

States, 123-126, 142, 145, 147, 169, 399, 513, 521-523, 539

theocracy, 134-142, 146, 163, 213 Papin, Denis, 558

Papist Catholics, 300

Pappas, 82

Paraguay, 277, 329

Paris

Commune, 469, 477, 539, 571, 616

Treaty of (1763), 345, 350, 356, 689-690, 696, 708

Parish, 80, 137, 163, 164, 265, 680

Parker, captain, 347

Parliament(s)

Act (1911), 308, 311

of Besancon, 385

of Bordeaux, 385

of England, 301

of Grenoble, 385

of Paris, 188, 216, 217, 238, 239, 291, 380, 382, 383, 403

of Scotland, 301

of Westminster, 192, 301, 342 Parliamentary

custom of consent, 190 government, 289, 301, 303, 402, 520,

526, 592 immunity, 304 preeminence, 301 regime, 302-311, 465, 474, 496, 503, 511 representatives, 297, 306, 502, 557 system, 190, 273, 289, 303-307, 310, 323,

423, 424, 474, 492, 496, 501, 503, 504, 529, 530, 576

Parliamentum, 292

Parma, duchy of, 512

Paroikois, 80

Parthenon, 22, 26

Parthenopean Republic, 506, 663 Partidas, Las, 184, 510

Partocracies, 581

Party

discipline, 581, 604

government, 298

Pase region, 215

Pasteur, Louis, 562

Patent of Tolerance, 263

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

(ACA), 440, 603

Patino, Jose:, 279

Patriarchs, 69, 81

Patrimonial Absolutism, 243

Patriotism, 44, 110, 225, 394, 398, 417, 490 Patriot King, 417

Patriots, 347, 352, 386-389, 391, 512, 513,

516,519, 521

Patronage, 24, 163, 168, 261, 269, 302,

306, 558

system, 302

Paul of Tarsus, 70

Pax Dei, 165

Pays

conquis, 237 d'election, 237, 385 d'etats, 237

Peace

of Paris (1898), 540

and Truce of God, 165, 166 Peasants, 12,13, 20,23,24, 135, 156,178, 193,

265, 275, 323, 388, 398, 566 Peisistratus, 24, 260

Pelayo, Don, 181

Pelopidas, 27

Peloponnesian Wars, 26, 27, 32 Peninsula War, 114, 505, 507

Penn

charter, (1681), 342

William, 341, 343, 357

Pennsylvania

colony of, 339, 343

General Assembly, 341

Province of, 341

Pentagon, 621

Pentapolis, 123, 125, 126, 145

Pentateuch, 67, 68

People’s

Liberation Army, 621

Republic of China, 605, 606, 612, 619, 621, 705, 708

Pepin the Short, 123-124, 126, 141, 145, 157, 162, 169, 374, 375

Pere Albert, Les Commemoracions de, 179 Pere Lachaise, 261

Perestroika, 606

Perez, Antonio, 240, 243, 247

Pericles, 14, 26, 27, 32

Perieques, 23

Pernambuco, 327

Persian

Empire, 14, 28,31,33

Wars, 23

Peru, 246, 328, 507, 508

Petacci, Claretta, 619

Petain, Philippe, Marshall, 471, 588

Petit Clamart, 474, 478

Petronilla, queen of Aragon, 159

Peugeot, 562

Pflimlin, Pierre, 473

Phaedra, 19

Phalanx, 24, 27

Pharaoh, 12-13

Pharisees, 68-71

Philadelphia, 341, 347-349, 355, 357, 358, 420-423, 429, 441

Philip II

Armada (see Invincible Armada)

Augustus, king of France, 130, 182, 374 king of Spain, 234, 246-248, 300, 651 Philip IV

the Fair, king of France (Philip IV), 140, 141, 146, 164, 198, 202, 217

king of Spain, 248, 249

Philippics, 28

Philippines, 508, 532, 537, 540, 618 Philosopher king, 260, 263

Philosophes (friends of wisdom), 258

Phnom Penh, 620

Phonograph, 560

Photography, 560

Phratry, 18

Piedmont, 507, 512, 513, 519-522, 539 Pilgrims, 80, 164, 200, 333-335, 357

Pippin the Short, king of the Franks, 107 Pitt the Elder, William, 303, 310, 344

Pius IX, pope, 147, 512

Pius XI, pope Pizarro, Gonzalo, 328

Placet. See Pase region

Plains of Abraham, Battle of the, 344-345

Plebiscite. See Referendum

Plena potestas, 292

Plombieres Agreement (1858), 521

Plutocratic oligarchy, 612

Plymouth

colony, 335

Company, 331, 338

Pocahontas, 247, 332, 357

Pocket boroughs, 306

Podesta, 217

Poilus, 536

Poincare, Raymond, 669, 6848

Poland, 132, 191, 268, 275, 509, 528, 536, 538, 596, 618, 665, 671, 680, 698, 707, 710

Poles, 534, 675

Polis, 9-33, 38-40, 43-46, 49, 81, 94 Polish-Lithuanian Federation, 652

Polish revolt (1830), 537

Political

authoritarianism, 570

combat, 601

liberalism, 609

majorities, 601

parties, 297-298, 403, 424, 433, 474, 581,682

power, 12, 13, 21, 45, 55, 56, 99, 157, 185, 188, 190, 194, 196, 198, 218, 222, 223, 308, 351, 384, 396, 417, 470, 497, 499, 568, 576, 595, 598-600

rights, 23, 472, 489, 492

Pol Pot, (Saloth Sar), 620

Polybius, 38, 46, 57

Pombal, marquis of, Sebastian Carvalho y Mello, 276

Pompidou, Georges, 478

Pontius Pilate, 69, 70

Poor laws, 572

Pope, 66, 76, 79, 82, 83, 104, 105, 107, 115, 121-128, 131, 132, 136-141, 143-147, 162, 163, 169, 170, 185, 186, 188, 192,

193, 199, 201, 202, 213-217, 231, 243,

246, 262, 376, 381, 468, 512, 513, 522, 523, 650, 654

Popery, 300

Popular

assemblies, 21, 25, 42-43, 45, 52, 53, 194, 289, 290

Fronts, 575, 588, 593, 602 revolution, 391, 400, 403

Populist leader, 576, 586

Populus Romanus, 42, 52, 56-58 Porsche, Ferdinand, 577

Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, 464

Portugal, 163, 186, 201, 202, 229, 238, 243,

247, 262, 265, 274, 276-277, 279, 280,

326, 329, 330, 357, 510, 532, 535, 536, 590, 601, 653, 654, 692, 694, 710 military class, 590

Portuguese

colonization, 328

expansion, 328

Post-Democracy, 611

Postglossators, 133

Post-Marxist thinkers, 608

Post-Soviet communist regimes, 605 Post-War era, 608

Potemkine, Grigori, 275 Potestas, 51, 55, 182, 292

Potomac River, 421

Potsdam, 272, 619, 676, 677, 680, 707 Conference, 677, 680, 707

Pottier, Eugene, 555

Pound sterling, 585

Powers of society, 582 Praetors, 42, 46, 53, 55, 56, 69 Pragmaticas, 200, 228, 233 Pragmatic Sanction, 510, 537 Prague, 248, 515, 620, 665

Spring, 620

Preameneu, Felix Julien Jean Bigot, 464 Prerogative courts, 230

Prerogatives of the Crown, 301 Presbyterians, 296, 300

Presbyteros, 80

Presidency, 230, 417, 423, 432, 472, 473, 584, 598,670, 690, 708,710,711

of the European Council, 699, 710, 711 President

of the Reich, 582

of the Republic, 469,470,472-475,478,479 of the United States, 352, 423, 424, 428,

433, 437, 442, 474, 617

Presidential system, 416-417, 422-425, 430

Press, 303, 304, 339, 346, 388, 401, 525, 560, 582, 607, 647, 674, 675, 679, 687, 704

Pressure groups, 261, 612, 690

Prieto, Indalecio, 589, 682

Primaries, 424

Prime Minister, 223, 227, 302-306, 308-311, 424, 472, 474, 478, 479, 501, 609, 666, 670, 675, 676, 685-687, 694, 706

Primo de Rivera

dictatorship, 589

Jose Antonio, 590

Miguel, general, 592

Primum inter pares, 165

Prince

of Asturias, 181 ofViana, 181

of Wales, 181, 305, 310, 656

Princeps, 38, 40, 50-52, 54, 55, 57, 60, 123, 140, 179, 181, 194, 217, 232

legibus solutus est, 217, 232

Principate, 47, 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, 60, 84, 232, 289, 454, 455

Princip, Gavrilo, 534

Private

colonies, 342 initiative, 276, 330-332, 420, 704 medical insurance, 602, 603 property, 161, 338, 352, 568 sector, 584, 598, 609

Privileged classes, 45, 178, 193, 194, 241, 279, 294, 322, 381, 383, 384, 388, 496, 497, 557, 564

Privilegios de la Union, 199

Privy Council, 230, 243, 290, 305, 340

Progressive liberals, 538

Proletarian revolution, 575

Proletariat. See Fourth Estate

Pro-magistrates, 51

Promissio carisiaca, 125, 145 Pronunciamiento, 505

Propaganda, 144, 195, 217, 395, 534, 580, 592, 673

Property

churches (ecclesia propria or Eigenkirche), 135

colonies, 341

owners, 307, 352, 398, 466, 567

Owning Democracy, 611

Proprietas, 156

Proprietors of the private colonies, 342

Propylaea, 26

Pro-Russian regime, 538

Prosperity, 21, 168, 190, 222, 242, 278, 415, 505, 557, 576, 583-585, 609, 611, 647, 664, 704

Protection of the social pact, 601 Protestant

dissident sects, 300

Reformation, 141, 185, 245 Protofeudalism, 102 Proto-Indo-European, 16 Proto-nationalism, 244 Proudhon, Pierre, 569 Provence, 124, 164, 227, 384, 654 Provinces, 40,46-49,51,55, 56,58,59, 81, 82, 105, 126, 135, 144, 222, 223, 236, 237, 247, 248, 267, 269, 277, 288, 327, 328, 333, 339, 340, 384, 395, 464, 466, 509, 516, 537, 686

Provincial

Assemblies, 340

Estates, 227, 269, 336, 380, 384-385, 387, 403, 457

Provisional

Consultative Assembly, 471, 477

Government of the Republic (1944), 477 Provisions of Oxford, 292, 309

Prussian

aristocracy, 323, 572 army, 524

Constitution (1850), 323, 498, 502, 519, 577

Empire, 273 hegemony, 524 monarchy, 471, 518 protonationalism, 514 regeneration, 514 society, 519 state, 263, 270, 271, 273

Prussia Prussian Constitution (1850), 323, 498, 502, 519, 577

PSOE. See Spanish Socialist Workers Party Ptolemies, 29

Public

bills, 308

education, 335

Health Service, 587 health system, 587, 602 housing, 587

office, 26, 44, 58, 104, 161, 221, 300, 310, 323, 426, 460, 686

offices venality, 44

opinion, 242, 303-305, 310, 344, 372, 379, 383, 385, 387,418,420,452,470,523, 525,528,534,668,670,679,681,704,705

reason, 609

Safety, Committee of, 393, 395, 404 schools, 324, 432, 527

sector, 584

works, 24, 570, 576, 587, 588, 591

Puissance reglee, 181

Pulverization of Marxism-Leninism, 606

Punctation of Olmutz (Olmiitzer Punktation), 518, 523, 524, 538

Purchasing of votes, 306

Puritan inquisition, 336

Puritans, 215, 296, 300, 333, 335-337, 340

Pygmalion, 324

Pyramids, battle of the, 475

Pyrenees Treaty, 651

Quadragesima Anno (1931), 591

Quadruple Alliance Queretaro, 495 Quaestors, 46, 55

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV), 693, 695-697

Quebec, 112, 246, 326, 344, 357, 358

Queen of England

Anne I, 301, 302

Caroline, 302

Elizabeth I, 215, 243, 247, 294, 296, 297, 300, 309, 537, 656

Elizabeth II, 537, 538

Henrietta Maria of France, 297

Mary II, 249, 301

Mary Tudor, Mary I, 246

Queen of France

Anne of Austria, 223

Marie Antoinette, 380, 659

Marie de Medicis, 227, 247, 386

Question prioritaire de constitutionalite, 475 Quierzy-sur-Oise, 125, 158

Quixote, Don, 234, 247, 648

Quod omnes tangit, ab omnibus approbetur, 192

Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem,

53, 232

Radetzky, Joseph, marshall, 512, 513

Radical Islam, 615

Radic, Stjepan, 665

Radio, 560, 561, 704

Railroads, 439, 442, 558

Railways, 558, 588

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 331, 357

Ramon Berenguer I, count of Barcelona,

165, 166

Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, 159, 200, 653

Randolph, John, 428

Raspail

Benjamin, 395

Francois Vincent, 525

Rassemblement du Peuple Francais, 472 Ratification

procedures, 356, 699, 701, 710 of the US constitution, 425-427

Ratio scripta, 217

Ravaillac, Francois, 216 Rawls, John, 609, 611

Raw materials, 532, 669

Raymond of Penafort, 133

Reading revolution, 303 Reagan, Ronald, 440, 609

Real economy, 584 Rebellion, 84, 124, 144, 190, 192, 202, 214,

222, 226, 227, 241, 246, 248, 305, 325,

328, 345-347, 388-391, 402, 403, 405, 419-420, 440, 505-507, 512, 515-517, 531, 538, 540, 575

of the Third Estate, 389-391

Reccared, king of the Visigoths, 106, 115 Recht, 273, 581

Rechtsstaat, 272, 579

Reconquest, 98, 159, 164, 169, 181, 183,

189, 203

Red Cross, 301, 531

Redistribution Act (1885), 307 Reductions, 4, 294, 329, 422, 513, 514, 566,

588, 591, 705

Referendum, 400, 450, 472-474, 477-479, 498, 521, 578, 619, 657, 666, 704, 707, 710

Reform Act (1832), 302, 306, 501, 511 Reformation

Parliament, 294, 295

Statutes, 300

Reformist Legal Movement,

Rechtserneuerungsbewegung, 581

Regalism, 215, 262

Regency Bill (1811), 305

Regensburg, 513

Regent, 95, 163, 223, 227, 239, 248, 305, 310, 382,498,510,538

Regidores, 221

Regionalist

sentiments, 500

separatism, 655

Reglements, 464

Regnum Franciae, 182

Regulations, 2, 15, 68, 73, 157-158, 211, 340, 343, 432, 453, 454, 456, 464, 473, 529, 580,589,611,704

Reichsdeputation, 513 Reichskammergericht, 134

Reichskirche (Imperial Church), 135 Reichsland, 686

Reichsmark, 681

Reichstag, 134, 513, 524, 526, 527, 572, 578, 618, 668, 706

Reichstag fire, 578, 617

Reims, 106, 141, 162, 202, 377

Reine Rechtslehre (Pure Theory of Law), 599, 600

Religious

colonies, 336, 342, 357 colonization, 333-336 dissidents, 333 orders, 266, 295, 329 question, 300 wars, 214, 651

Remontrances, 238, 239, 382

Renaissance, 183, 188, 217, 220, 261, 353, 564 Renaissance civic humanists, 353

Renan, Ernest, 68, 110

Renault FT 17, 559

Reparation payments, 585

Representation of the People Act (1867), 501

Representation of the People Act (1918), 307 Representative

assemblies, 200, 223, 271, 332, 354, 496, 501, 503, 583, 682

principle, 192-197

Republic

government, 57, 424, 469, 666

of Ireland Act, 666

monarchy, 578 principles, 267, 325, 535 revolution, age of the, 325

of Venice, 222 (see also Most Serene

Republic)

Republicanism, 273, 325, 353, 401, 418, 465, 469, 474

Republicanos, 593

Republicans of order, 458 Rerum Novarum (1891), 590

Residencia, juicios de, 328

Respublica, 37-61, 95, 109, 155, 161 Restoration, 22, 27, 123, 138, 139, 299, 310,

323, 336, 338-341, 385, 402, 404, 455, 465-468, 470, 471, 476, 492-497, 503,

504, 507, 510, 514, 520, 537, 567, 598,

657, 711

Resurgence of state power, 536

Reunification of Germany, 710

Revere, Paul, 347

Revolt of the Nobles, 383

Revolt of the Privileged. See Revolt of the

Nobles

Revolution

of 1789, 239, 391, 569

of 1830, 510, 511

of 1848, 273, 492, 511-519, 538, 569 after power, 578

Revolutionary

anarchist, 469, 616

calendar, 142, 147, 393, 404 liberalism, 503-505

prosecutors, 457

Sexennium (1868-1874), 567

Rex

est imperator in regno suo, 178, 376 Franciae, 182

Francorum, 182, 375 portugalensium, 163, 186 in regno suo est imperator, 212, 217

Reynaud, Paul, 672, 686

Rhode Island, 336, 419-421, 426, 441 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 618

Richard the Lionhearted, 291

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, cardinal of,

223, 241, 243, 248, 377

Riego

Rafael de, 505, 507

uprising, 505

Right

to property, 464, 568

to veto, 51, 340, 342

wing parties, 593

Righteous king (roi justicier), 157

Rights of voters, 304

Rig-Veda, 12, 30

Rilke, Rainer Maria, 669

Risorgimento, 520

Roanoke island, Lost Colony, 331

Roaring 20s, 584

Robespierre

Augustin, 451

Maximilien, 397

Rocco, Alfredo, 588

Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de

Vimeur, comte de, 350

Rockefeller, John Davidson, 584

Rockingham, 304

Roederer, Pierre Louis, 453

Roi

de la revolution, 455

justicier, 157, 187, 232, 378 legislateur, 187, 232, 378

Tres Chretien, 235

Rois faineants, 124

Rojos (reds), 594

Rollo, 288

Romain, Jules, 682

Roman

aristocracy, 43-45, 127, 138 conquest, 292

empire, 3, 37, 39,40,48, 53, 54, 58, 60, 61,

66, 71-83, 94, 97-99, 101-103, 108, 112, 122, 125, 127-136, 142, 143, 145-147, 155, 156, 169, 178, 179, 197, 200, 216, 245, 268, 374, 375, 499, 513, 514, 525, 650-652, 658, 659

Forum, 588

law, 57, 58, 72, 133, 134, 156, 178, 193,

197, 216, 217, 464 public law, 50, 56, 162 question, 522-523 Republic, 38, 41-46, 454, 455, 513 state, 40, 47-49, 52, 56, 58, 101, 102,

122, 133

Romanesque cloisters, 288

Romania, 534, 680, 698, 702, 711 Romanians, 534, 702

Romanization, 39, 48, 57, 106-107 Romantic

ideal, 499

Socialism, 568-569

Rome, 3, 16, 38, 66, 94, 122, 202, 215, 262, 289, 329, 459, 512, 576, 650

Treaties of (1957), 690-691

Rome-Berlin Axis, 671, 706

Romulus Augustulus, 61, 94, 97, 113 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 427, 617

Rotten boroughs. See Pocket boroughs Rouen, 288

Rougemont, Denis de, 682

Rouget de l’Isle, 395

Roundheads, 297

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 280, 555 Royal

authority, 141, 162-163, 179, 190, 217, 224, 236, 238, 240, 241, 331-332, 334, 335, 382, 383, 498

authorization, 331-332

charter, 211, 337-339, 343, 510

colony, 332

Council of Castile (see Consejo Real de Castilla)

court of law, 292 grant, 337, 342 judges, 184, 290

Navy, 339, 344, 348

officials, 156, 161, 221, 269 prerogative, 200, 224, 280, 294, 306, 394, 500, 525

Statute (see Estatuto Real (1834)) tribunals, 184, 240

writs, 299

Royalism, 393

Royalists, 179, 342, 372, 393, 399, 451

Royaute contractuelle, 188

Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, 503

Rudolf of Habsburg, 132

Ruhr, 685, 706

Rule of law, 187-190, 197, 225, 235, 259, 270-274, 430, 470, 528-529, 582, 598-601, 613, 701

Ruling

classes, 46, 107, 168, 295, 323, 324, 356, 492, 497, 501, 524, 527, 531, 557, 568, 576, 612, 651,668,670

oligarchy, 557

Rural

areas, 563

county laborers, 501

workers, 306

Russia, 274-276, 280, 281,476, 493-496, 502, 505, 506, 508, 509, 511, 516, 527-530, 533-535, 537, 538, 540, 541, 579, 587, 592, 593, 595-597, 606, 615, 618, 663, 664, 667, 673, 676, 677, 679, 680, 707

Russian Prussian

codification, 528, 529 constitution (1906), 498, 529, 540 Empire, 259, 273, 535, 536, 539, 663 Federation, 597

Fundamental Law, 529 liberals, 530

Parliament, 526, 530, 596

Revolution of 1905, 496, 529-530 Revolution of February 1917, 616 Revolution of October 1917, 530, 574 Social Democratic Labor Parly. 616 Socialist-Revolutionary Party, 571

Russia’s provisional government, 616 Russo-Japanese War, 529, 540, 592, 616 Ruthenians, 534, 665

Rutli Oath (Rutlischwur), 1291, 658-659

Saar, 669, 685

Sachsenspiegel, 158

Sack of Rome, 215, 246

Sacraria, 166

Sadducees, 69

Sagasta, Praxedes Mateo, 567

Sagunto, 539

Saigon, 620

Sailors Advocate, 339

Saint Andrew’s cross, 301

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 147, 214, 218, 246

Saint George’s cross, 301

Saint Helena, island of, 476, 537

Saint Patrick’s flag, 301

Saint Petersburg, 280, 528, 535, 537, 575

Saint Remigius, 106, 115, 374

Saint-Simon, Count of, 568

Salamanca, 111, 178, 201

Salazar, Oliveira, 590

Salem Witch Trials, 336

Sale of offices, 221, 269

Salic Law, 510, 537

Sancho III of Navarre, 170

Sanction, 166, 310, 343, 385, 510, 537, 600

Sanhedrin, 69, 459

San Ildefonso, Treaty of (1800), 345

San Marino, 536

San Martin, Jose de, 508

San Salvador de Bahia, 327

Sans culottes, 391, 392, 397, 400, 404

Sanskrit, 12, 16, 103

Santiago, order of, 164

Santos Dumont, A., 562

Sarajevo, 533-534, 540

Saratoga, battle of, 349

Sargon, 14

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 474, 475, 479, 601, 607, 700

Sartre, Jean Paul, 307

Savannah River, 340

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 500

Savoy, 521, 538

Saxons,96-98,113,122,130,131,158,292,308

Scandinavia's Kalmar Union, 652

Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von, general, 514

Scheidemann, Philip, 617

Schengen Agreement (1985), 695, 709

Schliemann, 20

Schmitt, Anima, 582

Schmitt, Carl, 455, 490, 556, 579,

581-583, 673

Scholars, 3, 10, 14, 16, 68, 71, 74, 111, 112, 133, 141, 197, 213, 215, 261, 288, 332, 334, 500,517, 579, 599, 663

Schuman, Robert, 684-688

Declaration, 687-689, 708

Plan, 687, 689, 690, 692

Schumpeter, Joseph, 612

Schuschnigg, Arthur, 591

Schutzstaffel (SS), 618

Schwarzenberg, Prince of, 516

Schwyz, 657, 659

Scientific Socialism, 571, 658-659

Scipio Aemilianus, 46

Scotland, 104, 112, 183, 188, 238, 288, 293, 296, 301, 310, 311, 655-657, 667

Scottish

Devolution Referendum, 657 independence, 657

Scutage, 159

Second American Revolution, 439

Second Continental Congress (1775), 355

Second Empire, 466-468, 477, 511, 523, 525, 526

Second French Republic, 466

Second French Republic (1848-1851), 569

Second Industrial Revolution, 558

Second International, 616

Second Opium War, 539

Second Reform Act (1867), 307

Second Reich (1871), 532, 572

Second Spanish Republic, 617, 706

Secret Army Organisation (OAS), 474

Secular autocrats, 226, 295

Sedan, battle of, 525, 539

Seigneurial officers, 168

Seleucids, 29, 39

Self-government, 237, 330, 332, 335, 351

Seminary of the Nobility, 266

Semi-presidential regime, 474

Senate, 38, 41, 43-46, 49-53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 73, 128, 342, 417, 423, 424, 426, 429, 435, 439, 442, 453-456, 466-473, 476, 477, 522, 579, 670, 706

Senators, 50, 51, 55, 72, 73, 423, 426, 433, 435-437, 454, 468, 470, 473, 709

Senatus, 101

Senatus consulta, 51, 53, 454

Senatus Populusque Romanus, 57, 455

Seniors, 45

Separation of powers, 424, 425, 458

September 11, 2001, 615

Septembrists, 510

Serbia, 534, 535, 665

Serbian government, 534

Serbs, 534, 665

Servicio de millones, 228, 269

Settlers, 326, 329, 331, 334, 336, 337, 339-342, 344, 347, 348, 357, 431, 432, 437, 531, 594, 595

Seven Weeks’ War, 539

Seven Years War. See French and Indian War

Seville, 201, 328, 329, 505

Sforza, Carlo, 669

Shared sovereignty, 503

Shaw, Bernard, 13, 324

Shay’s Rebellion, 419-420, 440

Shelley, Mary. See Mary Wollstonecraft

Shetland Islands, 657

Shipping industry, 562

Sicilian Vespers, rebellion of the, 202

Sicily, 126, 199, 222, 238, 274, 278, 280, 512, 521,538,539,653

Sicyon, 24

Siege of Paris, 468, 539

Siena, 189, 222, 520

Sieyes, E.J. abbot, 386, 452

Silicon Valley, 559

Silos (Burgos, Spain), 288

Simony, 137

Sindicatos del Movimiento (Movement

Unions), 590

Single European Act (1986), 693, 694

Sinn Fein, 656, 657

Sippe, 154

Sixtus IV, pope, 213, 231

Slavery, 58, 68, 276, 279, 339, 396, 433, 435-439, 442

Slave states, 428, 435-437, 439, 442

Slave traders, 329

Slovakia, 698

Slovaks, 534, 665

Slovenes, 534

Slovenia, 698, 710

Small council, concilium, 292

Small property owners, 567

Smith, Adam, 275

Smith, John, 247, 331, 357

Social classes, 12, 13, 23, 44, 178, 186, 387, 497, 571

Social contract theory, 351

Social Democracy, 571, 574

Social Democratic Workers’ Party

(Sozialdemokratische

Arbeiterpartei), 571

Social Insurance Code of 1911, 572

Social insurance system, 589 Socialism, 469, 555, 568-571, 606, 612, 680 Socialist Party of Italian Workers (Partita socialista dei lavoratori italiani), 571

Socialist, The, 466, 472, 555, 568-572, 576, 598, 607, 690

Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands; SAPD), 571

Social justice, 466, 556, 569 Social pact, 325, 381, 599-601 Social policy (Sozialstaat), 572 Social protection, 572, 589, 590, 610

protection laws, 589

Social question, 502, 565-573, 585, 608-609 Social reform, 277, 460-461, 467, 576, 589 Social rights, 467, 570, 571, 573, 599, 600 Social Security Act, August 14, 1935, 586 Social Security system, 577, 587, 590, 591, 602 Social structure, 11-16, 220, 323, 398, 558 Social welfare

legislation, 566, 572, 601 system, 586, 589, 601

Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 146, 216, 246, 262, 329, 527

Society of Prosperity, 505

Software, 559 Solferino, battle of, 521, 531, 663 Solomon, 69, 83, 84, 423 Solon, 24, 32, 433

Somalia, 532 Somme, Battle of the, 541 Sonderbund War (Sonderbundskrieg), 660 Sonderweg, 272-273

Sophocles, 26

Sorbonne University, 110, 111 South Africa, 214, 531

South America, 326, 329, 565

South Australia, 536

South Carolina State, 339, 437, 442

South Dakota State, 437 Southern German states, 504, 525 South Korea, 619

South Sudan, 613 Southwest Territory, 95

Sovereign, 14, 53, 58, 125, 126, 141, 167, 168, 178, 180, 182, 187, 191, 193, 197, 200, 215, 219, 231, 233, 241, 245, 260, 261, 263, 264, 267, 270, 271, 273, 340, 348, 354, 374-376, 388, 426, 462, 493, 494, 504, 506, 514, 516, 519, 523, 582, 615, 652, 654, 684

Sovereignty, 2, 50, 53, 57, 109, 158, 166, 179, 187, 194, 217-219, 226, 227, 295, 298, 321, 325, 356, 375-376, 381, 389, 394, 397, 399, 418, 422, 428, 431, 435, 436, 451, 457, 494, 499, 504, 513, 519, 521, 523, 534, 557, 569, 615, 621, 667, 671, 682, 686, 688, 696, 701

Soviet constitutions, 580 expansionism, 619 Marxism, 608 model, 597, 605 nuclear weapons, 597 Revolution, 574-576, 616 style regime, 593 Union, 110, 134, 565, 580, 595-597,

603-606, 611, 615, 617, 618, 620, 621, 664, 667, 671, 677, 680, 695, 696, 710 Sozialstaat, 572

Spaak, Paul Henry, 675, 682, 691

Spain, 2, 4, 47, 82, 85, 97, 98, 100, 101, 106,

108, 109, 159, 163, 164, 179-183, 186, 189, 192, 193, 196, 198, 200, 203, 213, 216, 220-223, 229, 231, 234, 235, 237, 244-249, 262, 266, 267, 269, 274, 276-279, 281, 288, 300, 328-331, 345, 348-350, 373, 377, 382, 417, 418, 428, 456, 493, 496, 498, 500, 501, 503, 505-511, 513, 528, 532, 536-540, 562, 563, 567, 573, 575, 582, 588-590, 592, 593, 601, 606, 607, 610, 618, 620, 651, 654, 655, 666, 674, 694, 700, 706, 708-711

labor laws, 589

Spanish

America, 328, 329, 506-508 Armada, 225, 655 Blue Division, 674

Catholic Monarchy, 196,231,243,652-656 Civil War (1936-1939), 593-597, 618,

706, 707 colonials, 329 colonization, 326, 328-329 Communist Party (PCE), 575, 593 constitutional history, 510 Constitution of 1837, 510 Constitution of 1876, 510 Constitution of 1931, 498 Constitution of 1978, 498 Crown, 181, 199, 222, 249, 326-328,

330, 434

Empire, 142, 330, 350, 371, 508, 651 Florida, 338 interregnum (1763-1800), 345 Monarchy, 181, 196, 213, 216, 227-229,

237, 239, 240, 246, 248, 274, 278, 295, 330, 456, 655

Spanish (cont.')

Parliament (see Cortes)

Popular Front, 593

Revolution (1820), 505-509

Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Espaiiol(PSOE)), 575, 593, 616, 700

Social Reforms Commission, 589

Social Security system, 590 state, 2, 181, 279, 700

Succession War, 143, 277, 280, 378, 655

Work Code of 1926, 589

Spanish-American War, 540

Spanish Socialist Workers Party, 571, 575 Spann, Othmar, 591

Sparta, 22-25, 27, 28, 32, 39

Spartacist Uprising, 575, 577

Special envoys, 328

Speculation, 10, 383

Speech against the right to work. See

Tocqueville, Alexis de

Speransky, Mijail, 528-529

Spirit of the people. See Volksgeist

Spoleto, Duchy of, 123, 126

Springfield, 419

Staatskanzler, 268

Stalin. See losiv Dzugashvili

Stalingrad, battle of, 596, 619, 673, 707 Stalinist

constitution of 1936, 587

Russia, 596

Stamp

Act, 346

Act Congress, 347

Stanhope, J., 302

Star Chamber, 230, 295

State

assemblies, 190-192

attorneys (see Government commissioners)

Council (tsarist Russia), 454-456,458,459, 461, 529

of Great Britain, 325

intervention, 536, 573, 601

leaders, 102

social welfare systems, 601

society, 26

State-administrated form of capitalism, 607 State-making, 430

State of the prince, 229-233

States General of the United Netherlands, 341

States rights, 419, 428

Statute law, 199, 301

Statute of Proclamations, 225

Statutes of the Italian urban republics, 520

Statuto fondamentale, 520

Steam engine, 558

Steinbeck, John, 585

Stein, Karl Sigmund Franz vom, baron of, 514

Stephen II, pope, 109, 125-126, 145

Stilicho, 95

Stock exchange, 585, 617, 706

Stockholm Convention (1960), 692

Stone Age, 10

Strasbourg, 136, 683, 686, 691, 708-710 Stresemann, G., 670, 706

Strong Executives, 356, 400, 416, 423, 450, 453,467, 478,491,651,660

Structural imbalances, 609

Struggle for Law (Kampf ums Recht), 581

Stuart Mill, J., 109, 307

Stuarts, 224, 230, 240, 249, 269, 296, 297, 300, 310, 338

Stufenbau (rising formation), 600

Sturmabteilung (the SA, "brown shirts," fascist militias), 618

Stuyvesant, Peter, 327

Sucre, Antonio Jose de, general, 508

Sudetenland, 595, 618, 665, 673, 706

Suebi, 96, 98, 106, 108, 113-115

Suger, abbot of Saint Denis, 179, 375

Sulla, 40, 49, 52, 59

Sumerian, 13, 31

Sun King. See Louis XIV

Supper at Beaucaire, 451

Supranationality, principle of, 684, 685, 693 Supremacy

of the executive, 323

of parliament, 301, 682

Supreme

Being, 142, 147, 393, 404

Court, 419, 421, 424, 425, 427, 430, 438-441, 470, 598, 603

Court of the United States, 425, 428, 440-442, 603

Soviet, 621

Susan Constant, 331

Suzerain, 135, 167, 179, 375, 462

Suzerainty, 179

Sweden, 182, 536, 692, 698, 710

Swiss Confederation. See Helvetic Confederation

Swiss flag, 531

Switzerland, 104, 132, 234,509, 536, 574, 600, 607, 657-662, 692

Sydenham, T., 339

Synodos, 81

Synoecism, 21-22

System

of agents, 343

of terror, 592

Taille, 183, 377

Taiwan, 592, 619

Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de,

453, 455

Taney, Roger B., 438

Tanks, 559, 620, 685

Tannenberg, Battle of, 540

Tarquinius Superbus, 44

TATA. See There are Thousands of

Alternatives (TATA)

Taxation, 2, 161, 183, 194, 229, 243, 271, 332,

443, 570, 576, 602

Tax dispute, 346

Taxes, 48, 155, 159, 183, 196, 197, 226-228,

269, 271, 293, 342, 346, 347, 355, 377,

382, 385, 387, 422, 502, 519, 524, 572, 607, 661, 662

Tax revolt. See Tax dispute

Taylorism, 583

Taylor, J., 428

Tea Act (1773), 346

Technical Revolution. See Second Industrial

Revolution

Tehran Conference, 707

Telegraph, 560, 561

Telephone, 450, 560, 561

Television, 561, 704

Tell, W., 658

Templars, 164, 197

Temple

of Jerusalem, 69, 200

Order of, 164, 200

Ten Commandments, 67

Tenement, 156

Tennessee

River, 587

State, 350, 434, 441

Valley Authority Act, May 18, 1933, 587 Tennis Court Oath, 389-390, 394, 403, 682 Terranova, 344

Territorial states, 39, 101, 109

Terror, 392, 393, 397, 401, 404, 464, 580, 587,

592, 615

Teruel, 590

Test Act, 297

Teutonicorum regnum, 132

Texas State, 436, 442

Thanksgiving Day, 334

Thatcher, Margaret, 609

Theban, 27, 28

Thebes, 13, 27, 32

Themistocles, 26, 27

Theocracies, 13, 14

Theodoric I, king of the Visigoths, 95, 96

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, 97, 98, 113, 114

Theodosius I, Roman emperor, 61, 75, 79, 94

Theory of corporativism, 588

Theory of Justice, 609

Theory of the two-kingdoms, 213

Theotisca lingua, 131

There are Thousands of Alternatives

(TATA), 611

There Is No Alternative (TINA), 611 Theresianum, 265

Thermidorian Reaction, 396, 397, 400, 401, 404, 451, 466, 496

Thermopylae, 23, 31, 32

Theseus, 19, 21

Thiers, A., 469

Thieves, 291

Third Estate, 381, 386-391, 394,403,496, 564

Third French Republic, 469, 470, 477

Third Reich, 144, 147, 525,594, 600, 618, 621, 652, 673, 677, 706

Third Way, 576

Thirty Glorious Years. See Invisible revolution

Thirty Years War, 147, 221, 248, 262

Three-pillar structure, 696, 699

Thucydides, 26

Tiananmen Square

Forbidden City, 619

Revolt (1989), 621

Tiberius, 51, 60, 69, 84

Tibet, 619

Tilsitt, Treaties of (1807), 514

Times, The London, 304

TINA. See There Is No Alternative (TINA)

Titanic, 463, 540

Tito, Josip Broz, 680

Tobacco, 332

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 321, 372, 396, 467, 490, 555, 570, 647

Tomar, Count of, 510

Top officials, 342

Torah, 67, 68

Tordesillas, Treaty of, 186, 326, 357

Tories, 297

Totalitarian

model of state, 577, 593, 597, 603-607 regime, 571, 578, 580, 593, 600 Totalitarianism, 536, 555-621 Total war, 393, 536

Toulouse, Kingdom of, 95, 113

Tours Congress (25-30 December, 1920), 575 Town representatives, 292

Townshend Act (1767), 346

Toynbee, Arnold, 672

Trade union, 573, 608, 680, 682, 690 representation, 588

Trafalgar, battle of, 476

Trans-appalachian territory, 430

Transition, 11, 44, 66, 180, 182, 183, 189, 296, 372, 567, 576, 652, 655

Trastamara dynasty, 196

Travail, Famille, Patrie, 588

Treaty

on European Union (TEU), 1992, 696

of Nice (2001), 699

of Tordesillas (1494), 186, 326

of Union (1707), 656

Treaty of Paris, 345, 350, 356, 689-690, 696, 708

Treaty on European Union (1992), 696 Tregua Domini, 165

Trenches, 536, 541, 559

Trench warfare, 540

Trial juries, 290

Tribe, 16-19

Tribunal de Tumultos, 234

Tribunal of the Council of Europe. See

European Court of Human Rights Tribunate (Tribunat), 46, 453, 454, 461 Tribunicia potestas, 51

Tribus, 41, 43

Triennial Act, 298

Trilateral Commission, 612

Tripartite estate system, 564

Triple Alliance (1882), 663

Triple Entente, 533, 663

Tripolitania (Libya), 532

Trocadero, Fort of (Cadiz), 537

Trochu, General, 468

Tronchet, Francois Denis, 463

Troppau, Congress of (1820), 506

Trotsky, Leon. See Lev Davidovich Bronstein Troy, 20, 32

Truce of God, 165-167

True Law of Free Monarchies, 296

Truman, Harry S., 598, 619

Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of

Georgia in America, 340

Tsarist Russia, 502

Tsar of Russia

Alexander I, 494, 508, 527

Alexander II, 528

Alexander III, 39, 163, 186, 528

Nicholas I, 518, 528

Nicholas II, 498, 534, 616

Peter III, 280

Peter I the Great, 280

Tudor

dynasty, 203, 294

Revolution, 295

Tugendbund, 504

Tuileries Palace, 391, 396, 400, 403, 476

Tuluyas (Tuluges), 166

Turgot, 380, 402

Turin, 513, 522

Turkish soldiers, 541

Turmoil of the late 60s, 602

Tuscany, 68, 264, 512, 513, 521, 539

Twelve tribes of Israel, 68

Twin Towers, 621

Two Floridas, 350

Two Plus Four Agreement, 621, 710

Two Treatises of Government, 351

Tycoons, 584

Tyrant, 24, 32, 216, 241, 259, 260, 397, 607, 658

Ukraine, 268, 673

Ukrainians, 596

Ulfilas, 105, 106, 114

Unamuno, Miguel de, 669

Unanimity Principle, 697

Unanimous vote, 709

Unicameralism, 466

Unification Treaty (Einigungsvertrag), 621

Unilateral, 138, 228, 389, 496, 613

Union Jack flag, 301

Union of European Federalists (UEF), 681

Union sacree, 471

United Colonies, 325, 355

United Kingdom, 2, 238, 288, 301, 305, 310,

346, 471, 472, 496, 498, 501, 535, 557,

592, 604, 609, 621, 651, 652, 657, 662,

665, 666, 672, 674, 676, 678, 685, 689, 692, 694, 695, 709, 710

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland, 325, 436, 656-657

United Kingdom of the Netherlands, 267,

509, 537

United Nations, 214, 613-614, 677, 678,

707, 708

United Provinces, 222, 247, 248, 509

United States Constitution, 231, 356, 701

United States of America (USA), 199, 325,

350, 402, 416, 418, 423, 425, 427, 430,

440, 450, 456, 493, 561, 579, 586, 660, 664, 671, 683, 695

United States of Europe, 647, 667, 669, 674, 675, 678, 690

United States Supreme Court, 421, 425, 429,

439-443, 473, 598, 603, 621, 702 Universal

idea of Europe, 650

medical coverage, 602

model, 650-652

Monarchy, 142, 225, 651

public health systems, 602

Social Security system, 590 social welfare, 601 state, 129, 132, 602

suffrage, 311, 398,432,435,453, 467, 470, 496, 501, 511, 516, 517, 524, 567-568, 571, 593, 694, 709

(male) suffrage, 401, 467, 476, 502, 529, 540, 567

University

of Berlin, 514

of France, 266, 462

of Marburg, 500

nations (collegia), 111

Unterwalden, 659

Unus pro omnibus, omnespro uno, 657-658 Ur, 13, 14

Urban

areas, 563

bourgeoisie, 191, 193, 194, 511 populations, 563-564

workers, 306

Urbanization, 563

Urbes, 40

Uri, 658, 659

Usatges, 158

Utah State, 436, 442

Utrecht

Peace of (1713), 274, 343, 506

Treaty of, 274, 662

Vaccines, 562

Valencia, 170, 183, 186, 188, 192, 196,

199-201, 228, 229, 231, 237, 238,

277, 279, 505, 653, 654

Valens, Roman emperor, 75, 94, 112

Valentinian III, Roman emperor, 95

Valera, Eamon de, 666

Valery, Paul, 669

Valia king of the Visigoths, 95, 113

Validos, 224, 243

Valois, House of, 183, 377

Van Artevelde, captain of Ghent, 190

Vandals, 96, 98, 113

Van Rompuy, Herman, 699, 711

Varennes, Fligh to, 399, 403

Vassal, 139, 154-162, 167-169, 178, 184, 190, 191, 375

ties, 160, 376

Vassaldom, 135, 155-157, 160

Vassi dominici, 156

Vassus (homo), 155

Vatican State, 142, 147, 523

Vaud, Canton of, 660

Vazquez de Coronado, Francisco, 326, 357

Vazquez, Mateo, 243

Veblen, Thorstein, 608

Vedas, 12, 30

Vegas, 587

Venaissin, 399

Vendee, 393, 404

Veneto, 512, 522

Venezuela, 329, 508

Venice, 123, 132, 222, 329, 513, 522

Ventotene Manifesto, 674

Verdun

battle of (1916), 541

Treaty of (843), 129, 145, 169

Vergara, Convention of, 538

Vergennes, French Foreign Minister, 349

Vermont state, 430, 434, 437, 441

Verona, Congress of, 537

Verordnung des Reichsprasidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat, 578

Verrazano, Giovanni da, 326, 357

Versailles

Diktat, 577

Palace of, 143, 249, 350, 526, 539, 651

Peace of (1783), 434 (see also Treaty of

Paris)

Treaty, 595, 614

Vertical unions, 588, 590

Very Christian Majesty, 374

Veto, 46, 51, 308, 340, 342, 399, 498

Viceroyalties, 328

Viceroys, 224, 328

Vichy

France, 674, 686

Syndrome, 471

Vicomte, 161

Victor Emmanuel II, king of Italy, 513, 519-522,538,539

Victoria I, queen of England and Empress of India, 306

Victorian Age, 306

Victory Program, 676

Vienna, 276, 329,493,494, 512, 515,516, 521, 523, 539, 668

School of legal theory, 599

Vietnam War, 620

Vill (township), 291

Villae, 156

Virginia

Company, 331, 332, 334

Declaration of Rights (1776), 354

General Assembly, 421, 431 militia, 344

Plan, 423

state, 420

Visigoths, 94-97, 100, 106, 108, 112-114, 122, 182

Visitors, 54, 328

Vita Karoli, 127

Vizcaya, 237

Vizille, Palace of, 385, 386

Vladimir Illich Ulianov, 574

Volksgeist, 500

Volkskammer (GDR), 621

Volkswagen, 562, 577

Voltaire, 133, 234, 237, 259, 260, 271, 272, 280,461,463,647, 648

Von Ihering, Rudolf, 581, 609

Von Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob, 275

Von Papen, Franz, 578

Von Paulus, Friedrich, 596, 619, 707

Vouille, battle of, 97, 114, 374

Wales, 98, 183, 238, 288, 301, 310, 656, 657

Wallace, William, 656

Wallon Amendment, 469, 477

Walloons, 2, 112

Wall Street, 585, 670

collapse, 585, 617

Walpole, Robert, Earl of Oxford, 302-303, 310

Walshingham, Sir Francis, 331

Wannsee Conference, 619

War

of extermination, 393, 535

of Granada, 203

of Independence, 213, 310, 311, 325-326,

347-350, 355, 430, 492, 662, 666, 706 on Poverty Program, 602

of the Roses, 195, 203, 224, 230, 242, 294, 295, 309

of the Spanish Succession, 143, 277, 280, 378, 655

on Terror, 615

War of Secession, 437, 439-443

Warrior bishop, 163 Warsaw Pact, 604, 620

Wars of Religion, 147, 216, 218, 227, 241, 247, 381

Washington, George, 38, 344, 348, 349, 415, 420-422, 427, 441, 501, 586

Washington State, 415, 428

Water filter, 562 Waterloo, battle of, 465, 476, 493, 537

Watt, James, 558 Wealthy oligarchy, 564

Wehrmacht, 596

Weimar

Constitution, 323, 524, 579, 617

Republic, 273,525, 527, 572, 576, 579,617 Welfare state, 569, 570, 572, 577, 588, 591, 598, 601-603, 610

model, 597-603, 609 Welser, Bartholomew, 329 Western Christian Empire, 137 Western Empire, 61, 94-97, 126-128 Western Europe, 244, 587, 593, 597, 601, 602, 604, 619, 671, 675-677, 679, 696, 698, 707

Western lands, 430-432

Western lawyers, 599 Western Polity, 103, 161

Western powers, 125, 530

Western Roman Empire, 66, 94, 98, 101, 103, 108, 122, 178, 374, 499, 650

Western Schism, 146, 202, 213

West Germany, 690, 698 Westminster

city of, 194, 292

Parliament, 192, 195, 225, 226, 291-293, 295, 299, 301, 304, 309, 336, 342, 353, 656

Treaty of (1667), 340 Westphalia

peace of, 3, 214, 215, 245, 651, 659

Treaty, 111, 248, 651

West Virginia State, 350, 437 What is the Third Estate?, 386 Whig party, 302

Whigs, 297, 306 White coal, 561

White House, 371, 586, 599

White male adults, right to vote, 342

White Russia, 673

Wihelmine period, 577

Wilfred the Hairy, count of Barcelona, 159 Wilkes, John, 304

Affair, 304, 305

William I

the Conqueror, 309

king of the Netherlands, 509

of Prussia, 280, 539

William of Orange, William III king of England, 298, 310

William Pitt the Elder, Lord Chatham, 303

Williams, Reverend Roger, 336

Wilson

14-points, 614

Woodrow, 110, 598, 613, 665

Winthrop, John, 335

Wisconsin State, 350, 434, 436, 442

Wita, 290

Witan, 289, 290

Witenagemot, 290

Wolfe, General, 345

Wolsey, Cardinal, 230, 243

Women

Social and Political Union, 307 suffrage, 567

Suffrage Movement, 307

Worcester, battle of (1651), 297

Work Accidents Law (Ley de protection de los trabajadores accidentados) of 1900, 589

Worker

card, 588

protection, 566, 588, 589, 608

Workers rights initiatives, 608

Working class, 501, 564, 565, 568, 572

Work magistracies, 590

World Bank, 614

World’s fastest growing economies, 615

World Trade Center, 615, 621

World Trade Organization (WTO), 613, 614

World War I, 307, 350, 432, 460, 492, 502, 527, 530, 533-536, 540-541, 567, 572-575, 577, 583-585, 596, 613, 616, 651, 652, 656, 660, 664, 665, 667, 684, 686, 706

World War II, 110, 432, 477, 531, 532, 561, 575, 586, 593-597, 599, 602, 603, 608, 614, 650, 671-678, 680, 686, 707

Worms, Concordat of, 138-139, 146, 200 Wright brothers, 562

Writs, 291, 299

Written constitutions, 66, 288, 325, 353, 496, 498

Written language of the law, 292

WUrttemberg, 143, 504

Wyoming State, 437

Xiaoping, Deng, 606, 620

Yahweh, 67

Yalta Conference, 677, 707

Yangtze, 11

Yekaterinburg, 616

Yeltsin, Boris, 597

York

Duke of (see James II of England)

House of, 195, 203, 295

Yorktown, battle of, 350, 358

Young Bosnia nationalist group, 534

Young Plan (1930), 584

Ypres, 190

Second Battle of, 541

Yugoslav

Parliament, 665

Party, 680

Yugoslavia, 606, 665, 671, 680

Zacharias, pope, 123-124, 145

Zagreb, 665

Zamoyski, Chancellor of Poland, 182

Zinoviev, Grigori, 579, 617

Zollverein, 515, 668

Zurechnung (Attribution, principle of), 600

Zurich, University of, 678, 707

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Source: Aguilera-Barchet Bruno. A History of Western Public Law. Between Nation and State. Springer,2015. — 788 p.. 2015

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