Index

A

abortion

deaths and hospitalisations caused by 48-49 legislation 48-49, 126

populist anti-abortion rhetoric 167

protests demanding right to 166

Abranches, Sergio 82, 98, 103, 108 academic freedom 126 aςao civil publica 129, 132 aςao declaratoria de constitucionalidade

(ADC) 124

aςao direta de Inconstitucionalidade

(ADI) 124, 130

accountability

1988 Constitution 72

�accountability paradox' 165-166 anti-corruption measures 148, 149, 151, 153-155, 157-160

Bolsonaro administration 196

constitutional provisions 25, 34 criminal justice system 144, 145, 156-157 institutional bypass strategy 157 institutional multiplicity strategy 157, 159-160

judiciary 114, 128, 137-138, 199

political system 1, 106, 111, 112, 147-148 regional differences 58

rule of law 147

Administrative Council for Economic

Defence 159

administrative merits doctrine 127 Advocacy-General of the Union 129, 132 alternative dispute resolution 134

Amaral, AJD Azevedo 68

Amazon rainforest

deforestation 52-53

illegal mining 53

Indigenous people 52-53

American Convention on Human

Rights 189, 191, 194

Ames, Barry 104-105, 108

Amnesty Law 65, 79-80, 193-194, 213 antipetismo 96-97, 108

antitrust regulation 159

Arantes, Rogerio 131, 145

Aras, Augusto 130

Araujo, Ernesto 179

Argentina

corruption in 149 democracy in 61 Indigenous people 51 transition from dictatorship 65, 79 arguifdo de descumprimento de preceito fundamental (ADPF) 124 Arretche, Marta 37-38, 46, 57 Attorney-General of the Republic 130, 149, 209

authoritarian mindset see also dictatorships Bolsonaro administration 64-66, 67, 78-84, 85, 196, 198-199, 206, 208, 213-214

Brazil, generally 3, 66-71, 84-86, 90 civil society institutions 165 clientelism 10, 67, 68, 71, 72

Cold War 68

Constituent Assembly of 1987-88 71-78, 84 Constitution 1967 23-24

Constitution 1988 9-10, 24-25, 29, 72-78 continuity despite regime changes 66-67 corruption and 10

criminal justice system 144, 145 democracy 6, 7-8, 9, 23-24, 62, 63-66, 71-78, 84, 90, 208, 214 depoliticisation of society 67, 68, 71, 72 Estado de Direito 8, 18, 21-25 inequality and 26, 31, 67, 185, 198-199 Institutional Acts 23, 69-71, 120 Inter-American System of Human Rights 192

judiciary 11, 206

Latin America, generally 87-88 military, revival under Bolsonaro 78-84, 85, 97, 143, 204-205, 207, 211, 212 oligarchical elites 101 popular support for 66, 108 preservationism 21-25, 26, 29 resistance to redistributive policies 32 rule of law and 6, 7-8, 9-10, 18, 26, 29, 82, 84, 198-199

social inequality and 65-66

support for authoritarian governments 61,

68-69

technocracy, institutionalisation 67, 68-69, 71, 72

theoretical justification for 66-67

Auxilio Brasil 210

Avritzer, Leonardo 77, 164

B

Barbosa, Leonardo 22, 23, 69

Bolsa Familia programme

decentralisation 58

generally 34, 44, 57

replacement 210

Bolsonaro, Jair

anti-abortion rhetoric 167 anti-gender equality rhetoric 167 attacks on civil organisations 150, 162, 167-168

attacks on electronic electoral system 176,

212

attacks on the media 150, 168-172, 175-176

attacks on oversight institutions 209-210,

211

authoritarian mindset in Brazil 64-66, 67, 78-84, 85, 206, 208, 213-214

Auxilio Brasil 210

bolsonarismo 3-6, 32, 143, 201, 208-209,

213

coalition presidentialism and 111-112, 204 corruption under 97, 110, 149-150, 154, 196, 204-205, 207, 210-211

COVID-19 pandemic 170, 179-180, 196, 205, 207, 210, 211

democracy, deterioration under 61-62, 103, 110, 167-168, 199, 201, 204-213 dwindling support for 209, 212 election 2, 3-6, 32, 60, 62, 64-66, 85-86, 96-97, 103, 107, 108-109, 111, 113-114, 147, 150, 162-163, 179, 199-206, 210

environmental policy 52-53, 179, 187, 196 Evangelical churches' support for 167 fake news and misinformation 175-176, 201 foreign policy 195-196

�gambling for resurrection' 206, 210 gender rights under 46

impact on future developments 5-6 Indigenous people, policy on 52-53 investigations against 130

judiciary and 82, 160, 206-207, 211, 212-213

MERCOSUR 187

militias, connections to 143, 212

Office of Hate 175

police forces and 128, 143, 144-145, 149,

207, 209, 212

populism 59-60 pork-barrel politics 109-110, 199, 210-211 re-election, prospect of 195, 207-215 revival of the military 78-84, 85, 97,

204-205, 207, 211, 212

rule of law and Bolsonaro

administration 2, 4, 208-209, 214 social media, use of 175-176, 177-178, 201 social and political polarisation

under 201, 209

Supreme Court and 128, 149, 211, 212-213

Brazilian Democratic Movement Party

(PMDB) 69, 76

Brazilian Social Democracy Party

(PSDB) 1, 94

C

Campos, Francisco 68-69

Canotilho, JJ Gomes 21

Cardozo, Fernando Henrique 94

Carson, LD and Prado, MM 159

Castro, Fabio Avila de 35

Castro, Marcos Faro de 121 census classification 42

Cheibub, JA et al 88-89

Chile

corruption in 149 democracy in 61 Indigenous people 51 multiparty presidential system 91 transition from dictatorship 65, 77, 133 citizenship

civil society fostering 148

civil law tradition

emphasis on the state 19-22 legality principle 19 rule of law, concept of 16-17, 19-22

Civil Procedural Code 134

civil society

�accountability paradox' 165-166 Bolsonaro administration attacks on 150,

167-168

Brazil's authoritarian mindset 165 combatting corruption 151-152 democracy, impact of 163-164, 166 generally 34, 148 inequality and 165

participatory governance institutions 75-76,

164-165 rise of populism and 167—168 self-correcting learning

process 163-164

clientelism

antipetismo 96-97, 108 authoritarian mindset and 10, 67, 68,

71, 72

Bolsonaro administration 204, 210-211 coalition presidentialism and 10, 103-110, 111

combatting 164-165 corruption and 58

generally 11, 21, 104, 109, 112, 148

National Congress 111 oligarchical elites and 101-102 participatory governance institutions and 164-165

political institutions, generally 10 political parties and 202, 203 poverty levels and 58

Codato, Adriano Nervo 74

Cold War

authoritarian mindset 68

Collor de Mello, Fernando 90, 173

Colombia

corruption in 149 democracy in 61

common law tradition

rule of law concept 14, 16, 17, 19, 27

Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)

Gomes Lund et al v Brazil 193-194

competition, regulation 159

Congress

clientelism 111

executive and 105

fragmented and oligarchical nature 98-103

grip on national budget 109

Constituent Assembly of 1987—88 authoritarian mindset and 71-78 compromise with the military 79-81 judiciary and courts 115, 121-122

Constitution 1891 182

Constitution 1934

gender equality 45

Constitution 1937

authoritarianism 32

Constitution 1946 93

Constitution 1967

civilian-military dictatorship 22-24, 32,

73, 93

Constitution 1976 21

Constitution 1988

accountability strengthened by 72 authoritarian mindset and 72-78 basic rights under 29, 34, 132-135 bolsonarismo, threat of 209 civilian-military relationship 79-81, 142 constitutional transition 65 democratic core 21, 25, 26, 28-29, 32-33, 34, 72, 75-77, 163

Estado Democratico de Direito 8, 21, 24-25 evolutionary Constitution, as 73 executive powers expanded by 93-94, 105 Federal Audit Court 157-158 formal equality under 29 gender equality 45-46 generally 106, 154

Indigenous people 52 military, provisions as to 80, 142 military judicial system 118-119, 142 preservationist use 9-10, 23-25, 26, 29 Public Ministry 129 public security 142 rights, individual and social 29, 34, 132-135, 182-183

social and economic exclusion 29 social welfare provisions 133-134 strategy against 32-33 unamendable clauses 46

constitutionalism

attacks on 32-33

defence of 11, 206-207

democracy and, generally 7, 20-21, 28-29 Estado de Direito 20-21

future of, generally 197 interpretation of Constitution 125-126 Ius Constitutionale Commune en America

Latina 185

judiciary, role of 116, 125-126, 206-207 Latin American 92, 185 stabilization 187-188

state's centrality in Brazil 28-29 coordination dilemmas

societal 18, 30

unequal societies, in 26-30, 34-35 corruption

accountability and 148, 149, 151, 153-155, 157-160

anti-corruption crusade under Rousseff 81 anti-corruption legislation 143, 151, 154-155, 159, 160, 161

anti-corruption societal consensus 149, 150, 151-152, 164 audit courts, oversight by 153, 156, 157-158 authoritarian mindset and 10

blacklisted companies 154

Bolsonaro/ bolsonarismo 5, 32, 96-97, 110, 149-150,154, 196,204-205,207, 210-211

Brazil's international ranking 148-153 clientelism see clientelism combatting 147-148, 150-178 corporate integrity 150-151

COVID-19 pandemic 205, 207

data, generally 148-153

Federal Controller's Office, role 153, 154, 157, 158-159

foreign relations, in 151

generally 5, 11, 91, 104, 147-148, 202 inequality reinforcing 59, 154-155 international cooperation in combatting 159

investigations into 131, 143-144, 151 justice system 114, 137-138, 206 leniency agreements 146-147, 151, 161 Lula da Silva linked to 166

militias and 142-143

money laundering 143, 151, 154, 159 oligarchical elites and 102

Operation Car Wash 5, 96, 97, 103, 113-114, 116, 131, 143, 146-147, 149, 150, 151, 160-163, 199, 202, 206, 210

oversight institutions 157-160

police 142-143, 144

political system 5, 103, 104-105, 108-109, 127, 146-148, 149, 202, 203

politicisation of corruption scandals 160 populists claiming to combat 166 pork-barrel politics 97-98, 102-103, 104-105, 106, 108-110, 111, 199, 210-211

poverty levels and 58

private and public sectors, relationship 146-148, 152

punishment rate 152, 156

punishment regime 147, 154, 157, 158-160 regional differences 58

transparency of anti-corruption provisions 151, 158-160

whistle-blowers 151, 161

Worker's Party 108, 166

Costa Rica

corruption in 150

democracy in 61

courts see justice system and judiciary

Covas, Mario 76

COVID-19 pandemic

Indigenous population 54 prison population 140 response to 2, 5, 126, 170, 179-180, 196, 198, 205, 207, 210, 211

criminal justice system see also prison system accountability 144, 145

appeals 139 authoritarian legacy 144, 145

Bolsonaro administration and 128, 143, 144-145, 149, 207, 209

civilian police 141, 143 conviction rates 141 corruption and 142-143, 144, 156 dysfunctionality 138-139

federal police 128, 143-145, 149, 151, 153, 156, 207, 209

foro privilegiado 139

generally 61

harsher punishments, calls for 166 inefficiency 11

inequality 139, 140-141, 145, 147 inter-agency coordination 145 judiciary and 139 jury trials 139

military police 141-143 police 11, 138-143, 156, 212 pre-trial detention 139

Public Ministry 138-139, 144, 156 transparency 144, 145

trials 139

violence and 139-143, 144, 145, 214 warrants, issue 139

criminal law

Military Criminal Code 119

D

Da Ros, Luciano and Taylor, Matthew 136 Daly, Tom Gerald 62, 193 data protection 177

Dauvergne, Peter 180 deforestation

Bolsonaro administration 179, 196 democracy

1988 Constitution 21, 25, 26, 28-29, 32-33, 34, 72, 75-77, 163

authoritarian mindset impacting 6, 7-8, 9, 23-24, 62, 63-66, 71-78, 84, 90, 214

bolsonarismo 2, 3-6, 61-62, 64-66, 103, 168-169, 175, 196, 201, 204-207, 208-213

civil society and 11, 148, 163-164, 166 civilian-military dictatorship and 69—71 constitutionalism and 7, 20—21, 28—29 distrust in democratic institutions 62, 64 erosion 4—5,7,59—62,164, 168—169, 173,

195,204-210

Estado de Direito 20, 23-24

Estado Democratico de Direito 8, 21, 24-25 fake news and misinformation 175-176, 201 inclusion of outsiders 39

indexers of 60-61

inequality and 33-34, 38, 44, 59-60, 214-215 institutional capacities and 3, 4, 5-6 international perception of Brazil 195-197 internet and 177, 201

judiciary, politicisation 5, 10-11, 113-116 judiciary and democratisation

process 114-116

Latin American 88-89

Latinobarometro Informe 2021 60-62 media, importance of 168-174

MERCOSUR and 187-188, 189 military and 142

multiparty presidential system 90-91 party fragmentation 5, 10, 90, 91, 94-95, 111-112, 127, 203-204

polarisation of political system 200-201, 209

presidential elections 94-97

�racial democracy' myth 40-41

Rechtsstaat 20

rule of law and 7-8, 16, 24 self-correcting learning process 163-164 self-reinforcing processes 3 social inequality and 26, 55 stability 33-34, 90-91, 212 support for 61

Supreme Court and 114-116, 120-121, 125, 128

transition to 2-5, 7-10, 12-13, 23-25, 26, 28, 33, 63-64, 65, 71-78, 79, 103, 104, 115, 166, 173, 213

determinacy

rule of law and 15

dictatorships see also authoritarian mindset

1967 Constitution 22-24

abuses of legal concepts 8

Amnesty Law 65, 79-80, 193-194, 213

Brazil's history of 3-4, 6, 7 civilian-military 22-24, 31, 32, 51, 66, 67,

68-71, 81, 93, 114, 119, 120, 142, 169, 214

Estado de Direito 8, 21-25

Estado Novo 8, 31, 32, 66, 67, 68, 69 human rights violations 66, 71, 114, 119 inequality and 31

Institutional Acts 23, 69-71, 120 judiciary and 114, 120

legacy 214

media during 173

rule of law and 18

support for 67, 68-69 transition from 3-4, 7, 23-24, 26, 65, 115,

213

Diniz, Debora 46-47

discrimination

class 41

racial 39-43

residential segregation 42

Doria, Joao 211

E

economic exclusion

inclusion, democracy and 39

invisibility of the extreme poor 29 economic inequality

Auxtlio Brasil 210

Bolsa Familia 34, 44, 57, 210 economic rights enforcement 134-135 generally 61

GINI Index 37, 56

pervasiveness in Brazil 26-27, 29, 31, 33-34, 35-39

racial inequality 40, 42, 43

regional differences 54-58 resistance to redistributive policies 32 rule of law and 26, 214-215

wealth distribution 61

�whitening' phenomenon 41 women 47

Economist Intelligence Unit (EUI) Democracy Index 60-61

economy

generally 1-2, 179-180

social welfare state 133

stagnation and decline 1-4, 179, 187 education

Bolsa Familia programme 57, 210 gender and sex education 126 illiteracy levels 43, 55, 57 provision, generally 33-34, 38, 133 quota system for university access 126 racial inequality 41, 42, 43, 44-45, 126 regional inequality 55, 57 �whitening' phenomenon 41 women 38, 46, 47

electoral system see political system

Elkins, Zachary 4

Elkins, Zachary et al 73 employment

racial inequality 42, 43, 44-45 unemployment levels 43, 58 women 46-47

Encarnacion, Omar 49 environmental policy

Bolsonaro administration 52-53, 179,

187,196

environmental protection

EU-MERCOSUR and 187 Indigenous people and 51 equality see also economic inequality;

inequality; social inequality

constitutional 29

Estado de Derecho

generally 14

Estado de Direito see also Estado Democrdtico de Direito; rule of law

1967 Constitution 22-23 civilian-military dictatorship and 18, 22 constitutionalist approach to 20-21 democracy and 20-22, 23-25 generally 14 legality principle 20 meaning 15-16 modernisation 25

preservationist use 8, 18, 21-25 Revolution and 23, 24

social, risks of 21

social inequality and 18-19, 22, 26-28 social justice and 18, 21, 27-30 solidarity and inclusion 20 substantive values and 19-22 transition from formalist to substantive conception 20, 28-30

use of term 8, 14, 15-16, 26-27

Estado de Direito Democrdtico

1976 Constitution 21 modernisation 25

Estado Democrdtico de Direito see also Estado de Direito; rule of law

1988 Constitution 8, 21, 23-25 evolution of concept 8, 16-17, 18, 19-22, 24-25, 27-28

institutional equilibrium, reliance on 17-18, 19, 29

rule of law and 16-17

Estado Novo 8, 31, 32, 66, 67, 68, 69 estamentos 101

Etat de Droit 14, 19, 20

Etat Legal 20

Evangelical churches 45, 167

executive see also political system; presidential system

1988 Constitution 93-94, 105-106

Access to Information 158 capacity to check 111

Transparency Portal 158

F

fairness, rule of law and 15 Faoro, Raymundo 67, 101 Fausto, Boris 67

Federal Controller’s Office 153, 154, 157, 158-159

Federal Judiciary 143

Federal Public Ministry 143

Federal Revenue 94, 210

Federal Supreme Court see Supreme Court federalism

generally 94, 99-100, 104-105, 116, 211 presidential system and 94

fertility, decline in 44 Figueiredo Commission report 50 freedom of speech

constitutional provisions 171 generally 126, 171, 176-177 internet 174

press freedom 169-174, 176-177

Freire, Silene de Moraes 67

Freyre, Gilberto 40 fundamental rights see human rights

G

�gambling for resurrection’

Bolsonaro 206, 210

Gargarella, Roberto 93 Gaspar, Malu 146 gender issues see also LGBTQIA+ community;

Women

generally 33, 38, 45-46

populist rhetoric 167

same-sex marriage 46, 49, 126, 166 trans rights 126

generality principle

constitutional provisions 34

rule of law and 29

global south

stereotypes associated with 88

Gomes Lund et al v Brazil 193-194 Goulart, Joao 68-69

Great Depression 32, 36-37

Guedes, Paulo 187 Guimaraes, Ulysses 76

H

habeas corpus

civilian-military dictatorship 69 generally 117-118 political crimes 120

Haddad, Fernando 96 Hagopian, Frances 74, 165 health care provision

Bolsa Familia programme 57, 210 generally 33-34, 38, 133 response to COVID-19 pandemic 2, 5,

54, 126

unequal distribution 42, 126 Herrera, Juan 190 Hobsbawm, Eric J

�The Present as History' 63-64, 65, 85, 86 housing

inequality 43 residential segregation 42 human rights see also rights

1988 Constitution 182-183

American Convention on Human

Rights 189, 191, 194

Amnesty Law decision 65, 79-80, 193-194 authoritarian mindset and 192

Bolsonaro administration 179

Brazil's ranking 61 dictatorship, violations by 66, 71, 114,

119, 193

enforcement 185 freedom of speech see freedom of speech Gomes Lund et al v Brazil 194-195 increasing rights culture 132-134 Inter-American Commission on Human

Rights 191

Inter-American Court of Human

Rights 12, 181, 183, 191-195, 197 Inter-American System of Human

Rights 189, 191, 195, 197 International Convention for the Protection

of All Persons from Forced

Disappearance 195 international perception of Brazil's

compliance 195-197 international treaties and conventions 34,

182-183, 188-189, 191-195 Supreme Court decisions 49-50,

125-126

Hunter, Wendy and Power, Timothy J 201

I illiteracy levels 43, 55, 57 inclusiveness see inequality

Indigenous people see also racial inequality

1988 Constitution 52 abortion and 48-49

acculturation 53

COVID-19 deaths 54 environmental protection and 51 Figueiredo Commission report 50 genocide 53

inequality 9, 26-27, 33, 50-54 land rights 52-54

inequality see also economic inequality; social inequality

1988 Constitution 45-46

authoritarian mindset and 65-66, 67, 185, 198-199

bolsonarismo 32, 46, 201, 208

civil society initiatives to tackle 148 coordination dilemmas 26-30, 34-35 corruption reinforced by 59, 154-155 declining rule of law and 59-62 democracy and, generally 38, 39, 44, 59-62, 214-215

democratic stability and 33-34 dictatorial periods 31

difficulty in assessing 33, 37 gender 33, 38, 45-50

generally 61, 180

health care provision 42, 126 historical 33-34, 38, 39-62 housing 43

income 33-34, 35-39 increasing 89

Indigenous people 33, 50-54 institutional framework impacted by 33 internet access 174

justice system 11, 135-138, 139, 145, 147 LGBTQIA+ community 45-46, 49-50, 126 oligarchical elites 101

pervasiveness in Brazil 26-27, 29-39, 165 racial see racial inequality

regional 33, 39, 47, 54-58, 99, 141 religious legacy 45, 46

resistance to redistributive policies 32 rights enforcement 135

rule of law impacted by 6, 8, 9, 13, 18-19, 29, 59-62, 198-199, 208, 214-215

social and political backlash 165-166 social and political polarisation 201, 209, 214-215

technocracy, institutionalisation 67, 68-69, 71, 72

violence and inequality 34, 41, 42, 43-44,

58, 139-141

wealth distribution 61

welfare provision see welfare provision women 9, 26-27, 33, 38, 45-49 innocence, presumption of 126 Institutional Acts 23, 69-71, 120 institutional capacity

Brazil, generally 27

democracy and 3, 4, 5, 6 dysfunctionalities 3, 4, 5-6 erosion 5

evolution 3, 4, 6, 27-28

increasing social participation 26 inequality impacting 33

Inter-American Commission on Human

Rights (IACHR) 191, 192

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) 12, 181, 183, 191-195, 197

Gomes Lund et al v Brazil 193-194

Inter-American System of Human

Rights 189, 191-195, 197 interna corporis doctrine 127

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Forced Disappearance 195

International Criminal Court (ICC) genocide of Indigenous Brazilians 53 recognition by Brazil 183

international law

Brazil and, generally 11-12 human rights 182-183, 185, 188-189 incorporated into domestic

legislation 182-185, 191, 197 international perception of Brazil's compliance 195-197

rights under, enforcement 185

rule of law concept, generally 16-17, 19 international relations

Bolsonaro administration 195-196 Brazil's soft power 179-182, 195-196 EU-MERCOSUR Free Trade

Agreement 187

generally 179-182

Ius Constitutionale Commune en America Latina 185

MERCOSUR 12, 181, 185, 186-191, 192, 197

multilateralism and non-interventionism 180, 189

OAS 12, 189

OECD, accession discussions 181 peacekeeping missions 180

PROSUL 190

regional integration 185

UNASUR 12, 181, 185, 187, 189-190 weak regional institutions 190-191 internet

access to 174

Civil Rights Framework for 177

data protection 177 democracy and 177, 201 fake news and misinformation 173,

174-178, 201

freedom of speech 174 power of the new media 174-178 regulatory framework 177

Ius Constit-Utionale Commune en America Latina (ICCAL) 185

J

judicial review system

Constitution, interpretation 125 generally 120-121, 123-125, 130 juizados especiais 134 justice system and judiciary

accountability 114, 128, 137-138, 197, 199 administrative cases 117

alternative dispute resolution 134 Amnesty Law ruling 65, 79-80, 193-194 appeal courts and system 117-118, 119-120, 121, 123, 139 appointment and tenure 117-119, 122-123, 137

audit courts 94, 130, 153, 156, 157-158 authoritarian mindset 11

Bolsonaro administration 82, 160, 206-207, 211, 212-213

caseload 120, 124-125, 156 civilian-military dictatorship 69, 70,

114, 120

conception of rule of law 28 Constituent Assembly and 115, 121-122 constitutionalism, protection 116, 206-207

corruption 114, 137-138, 206 courts system 115-129 criminal justice system see criminal justice system

democratisation process and 114-116 disarrangement 202-203

during Constituent Assembly 115 elections, oversight 118 fair trials and procedures 15 fake news investigations 175-176 federal courts 116-117

Federal Judiciary 143

Federal Supreme Court see Supreme Court financial expenditure on 136—138 general repercussion requirement 123, 134 independence 1,11,94,106,115,120,134,

136,138,154,156

individual rights, interpretation 126, 133—135 inequality and 135—138, 139 innocence, presumption of 126 international law and 182, 184, 195, 197 interpretative role 125—126

Judicial Reform 2004 123, 125, 131, 134, 137 jury trials 139

Latin America, generally 87—88

legal impartiality 29

libel law, interpretation 171—172 military judicial system 118-119, 142 Operation Car Wash 5, 113-114, 116,

160-163, 199, 202, 206-96

oversight 125 politicisation 5, 10-11, 90, 113-116,

123, 126-129, 138, 145, 199-200, 202-203, 206-207

prison system see prison system privilege 135-138, 139

Public Defender's Office 129, 131-132 rule of law, fostering 116

salaries 135-136

small claims courts 134

social inequality embodied by 11 specialised courts 117, 118 state courts 116-117

Superior Courts 117-118

Supreme Court see Supreme Court transparency 114, 125, 138 Tribunais de Justifa 117, 119

Tribunais Regionais Federais 117

TV Justifa 122-123, 125 warrants, issue 139

K

Krygier, Martin 17, 19

L

labour law

generally 34

labour rights

EU-MERCOSUR 187

land ownership

Indigenous people 52-53

Latin America

stereotypes associated with 87-88, 92 Latinobarometro Informe 2021 60-62 Layton, ML and Smith, AE 40 legal system see also justice system and judiciary; legislation constitutional provisions 34 legality principle

civil law tradition 19

emphasis on the state 19

Estado de Direito 20

rule of law, generally 20, 29 legislation

anti-corruption 143, 151, 154-155, 159, 160, 161

international law, incorporation 182-185 Medidas Provisorias 93-94, 110 non-retroactivity 29

pace of deliberations, Supreme Court ruling 127

presidential power to issue 93-94, 110, 111 publicity of 29

Leirner, Piero 78

Lewis, Norman 51

LGBTQIA+ community

criminalisation of homophobia 126 criminalisation of transphobia 126 inequality 45-46, 49-50

same-sex marriage 46, 49, 126, 166

Limongi, Fernando 111

Limongi, Fernando and Figueiredo, Angelina Cheibub 85, 91, 93, 105, 111

Locke, John 15

Lugo, Fernando 187-188

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inacio 94

corruption scandals 166 imprisonment 113, 160 media and 173

MERCOSUR 188

Operation Car Wash 113-114, 116, 131, 146-147, 160-163, 203 reappearance as potential contender 195 reforms of judiciary 125

M

Mainwaring, Scott 104-105

Mainwaring, Scott et al 95, 107-108

Mainwaring, Scott and Perez-Linan, Anibal 107 Medeiros, Marcelo et al 35

media

access to 174

bias 173

Bolsonaro administration, opposition to 212 Bolsonaro administration attacks on 150, 168-172, 175-176

Bolsonaro's use of social media 175-176, 177-178, 201 civilian-military dictatorship and 173 confidentiality of sources 171—172 COVID-19 pandemic 170 fake news and misinformation 173, 174-178, 201

freedom of speech 169-174, 176-177 harassment of journalists 168-170 importance to democracy 168-174 independence 1,62,106,151,154, 168-174

influence 11, 145,168-178 internet, power of 174-178

libel law, judicial interpretation 171-172

murdered journalists 170 ownership 170, 172-173 public media outlets 170 social media 169, 175-176 state advertising and licensing constraining 172, 173

Medidas Provisorias 93-94, 110

Melo, Marcus Andre and Pereira, Carlos 91,

106, 111

MERCOSUR

Bolsonaro administration 187

Brazilian membership 12, 181, 185 democracy and the rule of law 187-188, 189 development 186-187

economic asymmetries within 186 establishment and membership 186 EU-MERCOSUR Free Trade

Agreement 187

human rights, promotion and protection 188-189

Parlasur 189

Permanent Review Tribunal 189

Protocol of Asuncion 188

Protocol of Ushaia I 188 purpose 186, 197

UNASUR and 187, 189

Meyer, Emilio Peluso 201

Meyer, Emilio and Reis, Ulisses dos 78 military

1988 Constitution and 79-81 Amnesty Law 80, 193-194 civilian control over 10, 79 civilian-military dictatorship 22-24, 31, 32, 51, 66, 67, 68-71, 81, 119 command of Minustah 80-81 Constituent Assembly compromise with 79-80

Military Criminal Code 119 military judicial system 118-119, 142

military police 141-143

National Truth Commission 80-81, 195 politicisation 80-84, 143

revival under Bolsonaro 78-84, 85, 97, 143, 204-205, 207, 211, 212

militias

Bolsonaro administration and 143, 212 corruption and 142-143 rise of 142-143

Milovic, Miroslav 4

minority groups

inclusion, generally 9, 10

political representation 112

money laundering

legislation against 143, 151, 154, 159

Montgomery, Paul L 51

Morgenstern, Scott 88

Moro, Sergio 114, 160, 203

Mourao, Hamilton 210-211 murder rates

racial inequality 43-44

N

National Congress see Congress

National Council of Justice 46, 125, 134, 136, 137

National Council of the Public Ministry 134,

137

National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) 69, 72 nationalism, populism and 167

Neves, Aecio 95

Neves, Marcelo 26

Nunes, Kassio 206

O

Odebrecht corruption scandal 146-147, 149, 150

OECD, accession discussions 181

Office of Hate 175

oligarchical elites

�accountability paradox' 165

clientelism and 101-102

corruption and 102

National Congress 98-103

political system, in 98-103

Operation Car Wash 5, 96, 97, 103, 113-114, 116, 131, 146-147, 149, 150, 151, 160-163, 202, 206, 210

Organisation of the American States (OAS) see also Inter-American System of Human Rights

Brazilian membership 12, 189

P

Pact of San Jose 189

Paixao, Cristiano 66, 71, 73

Panama 61

Passarinho, Jarbas 71 Pazuello, Eduardo 205

Pereira, Anthony 7

Pierson, Paul 198, 208

Pimentel, Marcelo 78 Pinheiro, Paulo Sergio 63

Pinochet, Augusto 133

police see criminal justice system political system see also democracy;

presidential system

1988 Constitution 105—106 accountability 1, 106, 111, 112, 147, 197 authoritarian mindset see authoritarian mindset

banned candidates 127

bicameralism 99

campaign financing 127, 146, 147 candidate selection 102

Chamber of Deputies 99-100, 105 clientelism see clientelism

coalition presidentialism 10, 90-98, 101, 103-112, 199, 204, 205-206 corruption see corruption courts see justice system and judiciary depoliticisation of society 67, 68, 71, 72 disarrangement 202-203 elections, oversight 118 electoral quota 100

electoral system 99-100, 104-105, 127, 176, 212

electoral threshold 100

electronic voting, Bolsonaro’s attacks

on 176, 212

estamentos 101

executive powers 93-94, 105-106, 111 federalism 94, 99-100, 104-105, 116, 211 female representation in parliament 102 generally 87-92

improvement in political liberty 33 inequality and 34, 42-43, 88-89, 214-215 instability 204, 211, 214

judiciary, politicisation 5, 10-11, 90, 113-116, 123, 126-129, 138, 145, 202-203

Latin America, generally 88-89, 92-93 level of participation in 168 locally-oriented 109 malapportionment 99-100

media influence 11, 145, 168-178

media ownership 170, 172-173 military, politicisation 80-84, 143 military judicial system 118-119, 142 minority groups, representation 112

National Congress 98-103, 105, 111 oligarchical elites 58, 98-103 open-list proportional representation 100-101, 102, 104-105 participatory governance

institutions 164-165

party fragmentation 5, 10, 90, 91, 94-95, 98-103, 105, 108, 110, 111-112, 127, 203-204

perception of, generally 87-90 pluralism 168

polarisation 4, 46, 59, 69, 89, 94-97, 108, 110, 112, 167-168, 180, 200-201, 209, 214-215

political advertising 176 pork-barrel politics 97-98, 102-103, 104-105, 106, 108-110, 111, 199, 210-211

racial inequality 42, 43

rule of law, impact on 103-104

�secret budget’ 109-110 stability 33-34, 90-91, 212

structural dysfunctionalities 95-96,

103- 105, 107-108, 109, 112

Supreme Court politicisation 10-11, 90, 123, 126-129

transition to democracy 103, 104 transparency 106, 111, 112 under civilian-military dictatorship 69 weak party institutionalisation 101-102, 103, 105, 107, 108-109

political voluntarism 131 populism

anti-abortion rhetoric 167

anti-gender equality rhetoric 167 authoritarian mindset and 66 bolsonarismo 2, 3-6, 32, 59-62, 64-66, 103, 143, 168-169, 175, 179, 196, 201-214

civil society institutions and 167-168 claiming to combat corruption 166 nationalism and 167

rise of, causes 4-5, 59-60, 89, 166-167 pork-barrel politics 97-98, 102-103,

104- 105, 106, 108-110, 111

Bolsonaro administration 109-110, 199, 210-211

poverty see also economic exclusion; economic inequality

rule of law impacted by 58

Power, Timothy and Taylor, Matthew 152 predictability

constitutional provisions 34 rule of law and 15

presidential system see also democracy; political system

Brazil, generally 92-110 clientelism and 10, 103-110, 111 coalition presidentialism 10, 90-98, 101, 103-112, 199, 204, 205-206 electoral system 94-97 executive powers, generally 105-106 federalism constraining 94, 211 impeachment 90, 92, 94, 95-96, 103, 113, 150, 160, 173, 204

Latin American tradition 88-89, 90, 92 legislative powers 93-94, 110, 111 Medidas Provisorias 93-94, 110 pork-barrel politics 104-106, 111 powers 93-94

public spending, power over 93

press freedom see media

prison system see also criminal justice system

COVID-19 deaths within 140 incarceration rate 140 organised criminal groups 140 pre-trial detainees 139, 140 prison conditions 140 prisoners’ rights 46 probation 140 racial inequality 42, 140 private and public sectors see also clientelism

corporate integrity 150-151 corruption and 146-148, 152 dysfunctional relationship 146-148, 152, 160 public sphere �privatisation’ 101 regulatory agencies 159

Progress of South America (PROSUL) 190 proportionality principle

generally 203

Supreme Court 125

protests of 2013

right-wing populism 4, 166-167 social and political backlash 165-166

Przeworski, Adam 4, 82, 88 Przeworski, Adam et al 33

Przeworski, Adam and Maravall, JM 18,

24, 28

Public Class Actions 129, 132

Public Defender’s Office 129, 131-132, 134

Public Ministry

Bolsonaro administration 149, 209-210

Operation Car Wash 131

police and 138-139, 144 politicisation 131

role 129-131, 132, 134, 138-139, 153-154, 156

public sector see private and public sectors

R

racial inequality see also Indigenous people

abortion and 48-49

census classification 42

death rate in police interventions 140-141 economic inequality 41, 42, 43

education levels and 41, 42, 43, 44-45, 126 generally 9, 26-27, 33, 38, 39-45

murder rates 43-44

political families 58

political representation 42, 43

prison demographics 42, 140

quota system for university access 126

�racial democracy’ myth 40-41, 45

racial discrimination 39-43 residential segregation 42 state-orchestrated violence and 41, 42, 140-141

rationality of fear 161

Rechtsstaat

constitutional 20

democratic 20

emphasis on the state 19-20

influence 14,19-20, 28

recurso especial 117

recurso extraordinario 121, 123 religion

growth of Evangelical churches 45, 167

Indigenous acculturation 53

influence in Brazil 45, 46, 49, 72, 173 media ownership 173

Roman Catholic church 45, 72, 75, 167 repercussdo geral 123, 134

Revolution

Estado de Direito and 23, 24 rights see also freedom of speech; human rights

1988 Constitution, under 29, 34, 132-135, 182-183

Civil Rights Framework for the Internet 177 enforcement 185

increasing rights culture 132-134 judiciary’s interpretative powers 133-135 �right to have rights’ 164-165

unamendability 34

unequal enforcement 135

Roman Catholic church 45, 72, 75, 167

Rousseff, Dilma

generally 1-2, 32, 94-95 impeachment 60, 81, 90, 92, 95-96, 97, 103, 113, 150, 160-162, 166, 173, 204 media and 173

National Truth Commission 80-81, 195 public support for 166

rule of law see also Estado de Direito; Estado Democrdtico de Direito accountability and 147

Anglo-American legal tradition 14, 16, 17, 19, 27, 28

authoritarian mindset and see authoritarian mindset

authoritarian use of concept 8 Bolsonaro administration 2, 4, 208-209, 214 civil law counterparts 16-17, 19-22 concept of, generally 14-16 coordination dilemmas, societal 18, 30 decline 59-62

democracy and 7-8, 16, 24

destabilising factors 198-207

economic inequality and 26

economic and social development, impact of 58

evolution of concept in Brazil 8, 16-17,

18, 19-30

evolution of institutional capacities 3, 4, 6, 27-28

fairness of trials and procedures 15 future developments 12, 207-215 generality principle 29 inequality and see economic inequality;

inequality; social inequality

institutional equilibrium, reliance

on 17-18, 19, 29

international adoption of concept 16-17, 19

international perception of Brazil's compliance 195-197 judiciary, role of 116 legality principle 20, 29 meaning 15-16

political system, impact of 103-104 procedural safeguards, based on 15 raison d’etre 17-18

regional inequalities 33

social justice and 18, 21, 27-30 state, individual's capacity to police 27 state's duty of protection 27

structural fragilities 34

threats to 7

translation into Brazilian system 8, 14, 15-16, 26-27

universalist and contextual values 16-17

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 60

S

Salles, Ricardo 179

Sarney, Jose 72, 76

Schwarcz, Lilia 82 separation of powers

1988 Constitution 29

importance 15

politicisation of judiciary 10-11

Silva, Jose Afonso da 21

Silva, Virgilio Afonso da 193

social development 55-58

social exclusion 29, 39

social inequality

authoritarian mindset and 65-66, 185 Bolsonaro administration 185, 208 coordination in unequal societies 26-30 democracy and 26, 55

Estado de Direito and 18, 22, 26-28 generally 61, 87-88, 133, 200-201 justice system and 11, 135-138, 139-140, 145, 147

mechanisms maintaining 6 pervasiveness in Brazil 26-27, 29-39 preconceptions of Latin American 88 regional integration and international law 185

rising level of 2, 4

rule of law impacted by 6, 8, 9, 13, 18-19,

29, 31-62, 214-215

social rights enforcement 134-135 state, individual's capacity to police 27 structural 9, 26-27

social justice

Estado de Direito and 18, 21, 27-30

rule of law and 27-30

Social Liberal Party (PSL) 5, 96 social media see also internet; media

fake news and misinformation 174-178, 201 social mobility, democracy and 4 social polarisation 4, 46, 59, 69, 89,

94-97, 108, 110, 112, 200-201, 209, 214-215

social security system see also welfare provision

access to 38

generally 34, 133

social welfare see welfare provision

Souza, Pedro Ferreira de 35—37

state

centrality in Brazilian

constitutionalism 28—29

citizens, relationship with 25

civil law tradition emphasis on 19—22 duty of protection 27

individual’s capacity to police 27

State di Diritto 14

Supreme Court

afdo direta de Inconstitucionalidade 124, 130

accountability 128

Amnesty Law decision 65, 79-80, 193-194 appointment and tenure of justices 122 Bolsonaro administration and 128, 149,

206-207, 211, 212-213

Chamber of Deputies President suspended by 127

civilian-military dictatorship and 69-70, 114, 120, 122

Constituent Assembly and 121-122 creation 120

criminal case appeals 139 democratisation process and 114-116,

120-121, 125, 128

electoral system, decisions as to 127 excessive individual judicial powers 128 fake news investigation 175-176

Federal Senate President suspended by 127 foreign precedents, referral to 193-194 generally 117

guardian of the Constitution, as 117, 120-121, 125

human rights decisions 49-50, 125-126 inconsistency 127, 202

independence 120

influence 116 international treaties and conventions 182, 184-185

Judicial Reform 2004 123, 125, 131, 134, 137 judicial review system 120-121 LGBTQIA+ rights 46, 49-50, 126 libel law, interpretation 171-172 mediation and conciliation centre 134 number of justices 120

Operation Car Wash 114, 162-163, 199 pace of legislative deliberations, ruling on 127

politicisation 10-11, 90, 123, 126-129 proportionality principle 125, 202 recurso extraordinario 121, 123 repercussdo geral 123, 134 role 117, 118, 120, 125

seriatim deliberative model 122-123 stability 120-121, 122

strategic collaboration with press 128

TV Justi_fa 122-123

T

Taylor, M 92

Temer, Michel 81, 82, 130, 162, 166, 199 Time Brazil 158

Torelly, Marcelo 192 totalitarianism see dictatorships trans rights 126 transparency

Access to Information 158 anti-corruption provisions 151, 158-160 constitutional provisions 25, 34, 106 criminal justice system 144, 145 justice system 114, 125, 138 political system 106, 111, 112 Transparency Portal 158

Transparency International Corruption

Perception Index 148-153

Treaty of Asuncion 186

Treaty of Ouro Preto 186

Tribunais de Conta 153

Tribunais de Justifa 117, 119

Tribunais Regionais Federais 117

Trump, Donald 196, 212

U

UNASUR

Brazilian membership 12, 181, 185, 187, 189

establishment and membership 189-190 MERCOSUR and 187, 189-190

role 189-190

United Nations 181 urbanisation 68, 102

Uruguay

corruption in 149 democracy in 61

Indigenous people 51 transition from dictatorship 65, 79

V

Vargas, Getulio

Estado Novo 8, 31, 32, 66, 67, 68, 69

Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) 60 Venezuela 81

Vianna, FJ Oliveira 67—68

Vieira, Oscar Vilhena 26, 29

violence

against Indigenous people 50—51 against LGBTQIA+ community 49-50 against women 43-44, 48

Amnesty Law 65, 79-80, 193-194 civilian-military dictatorship, under 71, 80-81, 214

conviction rates 141

criminal justice system and 139-143, 144,

145

deaths resulting from police interventions 140-141

increase in 141

inequality and 34, 41, 42, 43-44, 58, 139-140, 180

National Truth Commission 80-81, 195 rise of militias 142-143

security forces, generally 214 state, racial inequality and 41, 42

W

Weffort, Francisco 74

welfare provision see also education; health care provision

1988 Constitution 133-134

Bolsa Familia programme 34, 44, 57, 210 improvements in 33, 35, 39, 44, 55-58 inclusion, democracy and 39

racial inequality 42

regional inequalities 55-58 rule of law impacted by 27-28, 38, 58 worsening 60

women

abortion rights 48-49, 126, 166, 167 education 38, 46, 47

employment 46-47

female journalists 169

female representation in parliament 102 inequality 9, 26-27, 33, 38, 45-49 labour market 38

reproductive rights 48-49

violence against 43-44, 48

Worker's Party (PT)

backlash against 32, 166

corruption scandals 108, 166 decline 5

elector identification with 101 generally 1, 94, 96

Operation Car Wash 5, 96, 97, 113-114, 116, 131, 160-163

World Bank Control of Corruption indicators 148-153

World Health Organisation (WHO) 181

World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 60

World Trade Organisation (WTO) 181

World War II 32, 36-37

Wylie, Kristin N 102

250