Index

1984 (Orwell), 214

abortion: right to choose, 5; right to life, 5

Action Committee for the Repeal of Paragraph 175 (Germany), 264. See also Hirschfeld, Magnus; homosexuality

Addams, Jane, 236, 244

African Americans, 9, 19, 23—5, 33-57, 121-41, 201, 222, 238-9: as allies of American Jews, 71-2; “black supremacy,” 50; black power, 56; political allegiance of, 47-8; political strength of, 44; and voting rights, 33-57.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 240

AIDS crisis, 15, 270-1

Alien Land Acts (Calif.), 31

aliens (U.S.), 95: Aliens Act (1798), 21; rights of, 104

Almond, Gabriel, 250

Altmeyer, Arthur, 155, 163

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 52, 75-6

American Equal Rights Association, 233

American Federation of Labor (AFL), 122, 128, 132

American Indians, 9

American Israelite (periodical), 69,

72

American Jewish Congress, 75. See also American Jews

American Jews: discrimination against, 60; familial connections to Europe, 62; marginalization of, 63, 65; participation in U.S. Civil War of, 67; and public education, 60; and the American state, 61. See also Jews

American Labor Conference, 163

American Law Institute, 257

American Legion, 31-2

American Mercury (periodical), 38

American Woman Suffrage Association, 234

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), 200

animals, rights of, 5

Anthony, Susan B., 234 anti-Jewish legislation: in Maryland, 63; in New Hampshire, 63 anti-Semitism, 10-11, 63, 65, 70, 72-3, 81, 86

Aristotle, 208

Armenpflege (poor relief), 236

Aryan Paragraphs (Nazi Germany), 89-90, 244

Asian Americans, 9-10, 19, 23-4, 26

Asian Indians, 20, 28, 30

Association Law (Prussia), 233-4, 237-8

Atlantic Charter, 131, 150-2, 159 Auslanderlobby (foreigner lobby), 115

Bangemann, Martin, report authored by, 215

Bannister, Marion Glass, 245

Baumer, Gertrud, 244, 246

Bauser, Adolf, 176

Beck,Volker, 271

Bell, Daniel, 214

Beveridge, William, 158-9, 162; report authored by, 144, 160-1

Bilbo, Theodore, 121

Bildung (humanistic education), 64

Bill of Rights (U.S.), 3, 152, 165, 271

birthright citizenship, 20

Bismarck, Otto von, 210, 235 blacks.

Blair, Tony, 27

Blood Protection Law (Nazi Germany), 93

Board of Delegates of American Israelites, 67

Bock, Gisela, 245

Bolshevism, 78

Brand, Adolf, 263, 264, 268

Bremen Public Library, 225

Britain, 2, 143-4, 148, 150-1, 158, 195

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 159

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 122, 125

Brown v. The Board of Education (1954), 25, 55

Bryan, William J., 39

Bulow, Bernhard von, 264

Bunche, Ralph, 125

Bundnis ’90-Green Party (Germany), 219, 270-1

Cable Act (1922), 26

California Supreme Court, 128

Canada, 62, 149, 161-2, 195

Carter, Jimmy, 198

Cash, Wilbur, 35

Catholicism (U.S.), 64, 70, 128, 136 census: in Prussia, 210; in U.S., 210 Center Party (Germany), 242

Central Association of Bomb­

Damaged, 169, 175

Central Office for International Social

Engineering, 145

Charleston News and Courier

(newspaper), 36

Charlotte’s Web (North Carolina), 225

Chauncey, George, 266

Chavez, Dennis, 134

Chicago, 49-50, 236, 265

Children’s Bureau, 236

Chinese Americans, 20, 23-6, 28

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 21,

28-9, 97

Christ und Welt (periodical), 177, 181

Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 196, 219

Christian Social Union (CSU), 169

Christian Statesman (periodical), 67

Christianity, 10-11, 84, 234, 246: in the U.S., 62, 65

Church of the Holy Trinity v. United

States (1892), 68

Churchill, Winston, 150

Citizens Committee to Outlaw

Entrapment, 267. See also homosexuality

Citizenship and Social Class (Marshall), 1

citizenship, definition of, 1, 95

Civil Liberties Act (1988), 27, 32

Civil Rights Act (1964), 122

Civil Rights Division, U.S.

Department of Justice, 201

civil rights movement (U.S.), 116: and African Americans, 5—6; and homosexuality, 270

Civil War (U.S.), 66-7, 101, 192,

233

Clinton, William J., 199, 218, 221

Coming of Postindustrial Society, The (Bell), 214

Commission on Law and Social Action, 75

Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), 27

Committee for Constitutional

Government, 133

Committee on Fair Employment Practice (FEPC), 121, 124

Committee on Long-Range Work and Relief Policies, 151

Communications Act (1934), 222

Community of the Special, 263 concentration camps, 254.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 129

Constitutional CourtZBundesverfassungsgericht, 109, 110, 111, 255

consumer advocates, 193

Coolidge, Calvin, 31

Council on Foreign Relations, 152

Cramer, Lawrence, 127

Crisis, The (periodical), 39, 41, 46,

53-4

Critical Legal Studies Movement, 6

Cuban Americans, 102-3

Culture of Rights, A (Lacey and Haakonssen), 3-4

culture wars, 198

Daniels, Jonathan, 126

Darwinism, 85

Daten-Autobahn (information

superhighway), 226

Daughters of Bilitis, 266-8. See also homosexuality

Daughters of the American

Revolution (DAR), 243

Dawson, William, 131, 137

Declaration of Independence, 38, 130

Declaration on the Fundamental

Rights of the German People (1848), 80

Delano, Frederic A., 151

democracy, and rights, 249

Democratic Party (U.S.), 35, 45, 48, 194, 197, 198, 202, 204, 242

Department of Justice (U.S.), 29

DePriest, Oscar, 49

Detroit Council of Churches, 131

Deutsches Recht (Frank), 86

Dewson, Molly, 245 diaspora ( Jewish), 61-2 disabled, rights of, 193

Dissent (periodical), 203

Dixiecrats, 122

Domestic Council Committee on the

Right of Privacy, 212

Douglass, Frederick, 47

Dred Scott v. Sandorf (1856), 5, 101

Du Bois, W E. B., 41, 45, 46, 49

East Elbia, 116

Eastland, James O., 121

Easton, David, 251

Economist, The (periodical), 158

Eghigian, Greg, 171

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 74

Electronic Freedom Foundation, 218

Elemente der Staatskunst, Die (Muller),

84

employment discrimination, 23

Enabling Act (1933), 88, 90

English language, 226

Enlightenment, The, 77 environmentalism, 5, 193 Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (EEOC), 122, 201

Equal Protection clause, 99

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 241, 244

Erhard, Ludwig, 180

European Commission, 217

European Community, 215

Fair Employment Practice Council of

Metropolitan Detroit, 135 fair employment practices, 12 Fair Employment Practices

Committees (FEPC), 23—4, 126-32, 135-6, 140-1 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),

129-30

fascism, 2

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

267

Federal Communications Commission

(FCC), 222

Federal Register (periodical), 201 federalism, 266 feminism, 14-15, 231-47; and gender, 231-2

Fernandez v.

Fiallo v. Bell, 100

Filipino Americans, 20, 26, 30 “Final Solution.” See Holocaust first-class citizenship, 33, 56 Fischel, Arnold, 67

Ford, Gerald R., 212

Foreign Broadcast Intelligence

Service, 159

Fourier, Charles, 231

France, 59, 95, 195, 231 Franco-Prussian War (1870-1), 233 Frank, Hans, 82, 83, 85, 92 Frauen-Zeitung (periodical), 232

Free Corps, 82

Freiburg University, 89

Freisler, Roland, 91

French Revolution, 8, 77, 80

Frick, Wilhelm, 81-2, 87-8, 91. See also National Socialism; Nazi Germany

Friedman, Lawrence, 3

Fuchs, Lawrence, 203

Full Equality in a Free Society (American Jewish Congress), 75

Funk, Walther, 145

Gabrielson, Guy George, 134

Garrison, William Lloyd, 50

Gary (Ind.), 56

Gastrecht (guest-law), 107

Gates, Bill. See Microsoft Foundation

Gay New York (Chauncey), 266 gay/lesbian rights movement, 15, 193, 249-72

Gemeinschaft (community), 78

General Association of German Women/Allegemeiner deutscher Frauenverein (ADF), 233

General Federation of Women’s

Clubs, 236

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907-8), 22, 31

Gerber, Henry, 265

Gercke, Achim, 86

German Americans, 20

German Bar Association, 260

German Bundestag, 27, 176, 256,

271

German Chess Association, 89

German Christians, 246

German civil code (1900), 80, 81, 90, 91, 92

German Democratic Republic (GDR), 170, 190, 255

German Empire, 15, 80, 235, 250, 253, 263

German Federal Ministry of Economics, 215

German Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Technology, 226

German Federation of Rentiers, 177

German Finance Ministry, 180

German Foreign OfEceZAuswartiges Amt, 90

German Froebel UnionZDeutscher Froebelverein, 246

German Jews. See Holocaust

German Labor Front (DAF), 145, 146, 147, 159, 160

German Lawyers Convention, 107—8

German League of Protestant WomenZDeutsch-Evangelischer Frauenbund, 240

German League of Woman CitizensZDeutscher Staatsburgerinnen-Verband (formerly ADF), 243

German penal code, 252

German Sonderweg, 15

German Welfare Office, 177

German Woman Suffrage

LeagueZDeutscher Verein fur Frauenstimmrecht, 238

Germany revolution of 1848, 8, 234

Gestapo, 80.

Socialism; Nazi Germany

ghettos: Little Manilas, 24; Little

Saigons, 24

Gitlin, Todd, 203

Global Information Infrastructure,

218

Globke, Hans, 93

Gold Rush, 23

Gore, Al, 218, 221

Graham v. Richardson (1971), 98

Granger, Lester, 124

Great Depression, 51, 54, 78, 194

Great Migration, 45

Great Society, 201

Green, William, 132

Greenwood, Arthur, 159

Grimm, Dieter, 183

Grosswirtschaftsraum (greater economic sphere), 145

Group of Seven (G-7), 195-6

Grundgesetz (West German Basic Law), 8, 106-7, 109-11, 115-16, 191, 197, 204, 255

Grundrechte (basic rights), 8

Guernica (Spain), 27

Haas, Francis J., 128

Hailbronner, Kay, 105

Haitians, 102-3

Halifax, Edward, 150

Hansen, William, 152

Harlem (N.Y), 47, 50

Haskell, Thomas L., 4

Haussleiter, August, 169

Hay, Harry, 267. See also gayZlesbian rights movement

Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, 182

Heidegger, Martin, 89

Herberg, Will, 74

Hesse, J. Jens, 196

Heydebrand und der Lasa, Ernst von, 86

Hierl, Konstantin, 82

Himmler, Heinrich, 254. See also

National Socialism; Nazi

Germany

Hindenburg, Paul von, 88

Hindu Citizenship Committee, 30 Hirohito, Emperor, 53. See also Japan Hirschfeld, Magnus, 260-1, 264-5,

268: and theory of homosexuality, 261-2. See also homosexuality

Hispanics, 193, 202, 222

History of Suffrage in the United States (Porter), 37

Hitler, Adolf, 53, 70, 77, 85, 87-8, 149, 151, 160, 245, 253. See also National Socialism; Nazi Germany

Hoey, Clyde R., 132

Hollinger, David, 203 Holocaust, 8, 11, 74, 77, 247 homosexuality, 15, 193, 252: anti­homosexual “pink lists,” 256; criminalization of, 261; decriminalization of, 15; enforcement of antigay laws, 259; and entrapment, 256; and Nazi Germany, 269; and science, 261, 265-6. See also Hirschfeld, Magnus

Hoover, Herbert, 47

Hoover, J. Edgar, 267 Hossli, Heinrich, 260 Houston, Charles, 43

Howard University Law School, 127 Humphrey, Hubert H., 133

immigration, 9, 20, 35; and family reunification, 21-2

Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 102

immigration legislation: Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility Act (1996), 114; Immigration Act (1965), 21; Immigration Reform Act, 193; Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), 114

India League of America, 30

Indian Association for American

Citizenship, 30

Indian National Congress of America, 30

Indian Welfare League, 30 Industrie-Kurier (periodical), 181 Information Society Project Office, 217

information: age of, 206, 208, 213; definition of, 206; right to, 14, 205-27

Inter-American Committee to

Promote Social Security, 163 Inter-Departmental Committee on

Social Insurance and Allied

Services, 158

international human rights, 11 International Labor Charter, 164 International Labor Conference, 164 International Labor Office (ILO), 145, 149, 150, 163, 164, 165

Internet, 220, 223.

internment camps (U.S.), 10, 32 Irish Americans, 20, 27

Isensee, Josef, 107, 108 Isherwood, Christopher, 253

Israelis, 74, 109

Jacobson, David, 103

Japan, 26-7, 30-1, 157, 162, 196 Japanese Americans, 10, 22-5, 28,

30-1

Japanese-American Citizens League (JACL), 31-2

Japanese-American Claims Act (1948),

27, 32

Jefferson, Thomas, 209

Jews, 9-11, 254, 260: assimilation, 80; emancipation in U.S., 10; emancipation in Europe, 80; emigration from Central Europe, 63; expulsion from German organizations, 90. See also American Jews; Holocaust; Judaism

Jim Crow laws, 35, 55, 124, 128 Johnson, George M., 127, 129 Johnson, James Weldon, 38, 45 Joppke, Christian, 191 Judaism, 59, 62, 65, 73. See also

American Jews; Jews

Kant, Immanuel, 83—4, 182

Kather, Linus, 172, 176

Kennedy, John F., 48

Kertbeny, Karl Maria, 260

Kessler-Harris, Alice, 123

Key, VO., 42

Keynes, John Maynard, 149

Kissinger, Henry A., 212

Knauff v. Shaughnessy (1950), 100

Knauff-Mezei doctrine, 100-1, 103

Know-Nothing Party (U.S.), 63

Kohl, Helmut, 196

Konigsberg, 92

Koonz, Claudia, 245, 247

Korean Americans, 26, 30

Kraft, Waldemar, 178

Krieger, Leonard, 84

Kriegsbeschadigte (war-damaged), 13, 167-87

Kymlicka, Will, 6

Labour Party (Britain), 122

Ladder, The (periodical), 267

LaFollette, Charles M., 130

Lander (German federal states), 81, 111-12, 180, 224, 237-8, 253, 260

Landon v. Plasencia (1982), 102

Lastenausgleich (balancing of burdens), 13, 168-74, 177, 180-1, 183-6

Lathrop, Julia, 236

Law for the Protection of German

Blood and Honor (Nazi Germany), 79

League for the Protection of Mothers/Bund fur Mutterschutz (BfM), 239, 240

League of German Women’s Associations/Bund deutscher Frauenvereine (BDF), 237, 240, 243, 244

League of National Socialist Jurists, 82

League of WomenVoters (U.S.), 243,

244

Leeser, Isaac, 68

Levy, Jonas, 66

Ley, Robert, 146, 159

Liberal Democratic Party ( Japan), 196 liberalism, 93, 251: German, 84

Lind, Michael, 203 literacy tests, 37, 42-3 Loving v. Virginia, 26 low-income families, 222

Mackenzie, Ian, 162, 163

Mann, Klaus, 253

Marcantonio, Vito, 131

March on Washington Movement

(MOWM), 124, 125, 136

Mariel Boat Lift, 102-3 marriage: mixed-sex, 50, 90-1; same­

sex, 271

Marshall, T. H., 1-2, 8-9, 14, 122, 123, 144, 166

Marshall, Thurgood, 135

Martin, David, 101, 102

Marxism, 93, 196

Mattachine Society, 266, 267, 268. See also homosexuality

McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 20, 32 McGovern, George, 197

Medicare, 199

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 90

Memex, 207

Mexican Americans, 26

Microsoft Foundation, 223, 226 migration to U.S., 61-2

Ministry of Information (Britain), 149 Mischling (racially mixed individual), 79

Mohl, Robert, 84

Mormons, 71

Mothers’ Cross (Germany), 246 Mothers’ Day (U.S.), 246 Motomura, Hiroshi, 104

Muller, Adam, 84

multiculturalism, 13, 16

Munich Olympic Games (1972), 109

Mutterschutz (protection of mothers), 239

Myrdal, Gunnar, 32, 39, 125

Napoleonic code, 252

National American Woman Suffrage

Association (NAWSA), 237, 238, 241, 243

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 10, 33-57, 75: leadership of, 49; and alliance with American Jews, 71

National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 157

National Association of Colored

Women’s Clubs, 243

National Association of Real Estate

Boards, 24

National Black Political Convention,

56

National Committee for India’s

Freedom, 30

National Committee to Abolish the

Poll Tax (NCAPT), 52

National Conference of Social Work, 127

National Council for a Permanent

FEPC, 134

National Information Infrastructure

Agenda for Action, 215, 217

National Information Policy report, 214

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 130

National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), 151, 152, 153, 154, 161, 164

National Socialism, 11, 70, 77, 81-2, 86, 92, 114, 116, 160, 173, 179, 184. See also Nazi Germany

National Socialist Doctors’

Association, 92

National Union of German Housewives’

AssociationsZReichsverband deutscher Hausfrauenvereine,

243- 4

National Woman Suffrage Association, 234

National Women’s Party (NWP), 241-4

Native Americans, 19, 27 naturalization (U.S.), 9, 19 Naturalization Act (1870), 29

Nazi Germany, 8, 11, 14-15, 87, 91-2, 105, 160, 203, 212, 232,

244- 7, 253, 256, 264. See also National Socialism

Neue Internationale Rundschau der Arbeit (periodical), 145

New Deal (U.S.), 12, 48-9, 121, 130, 141, 143, 151, 161, 194-5, 197, 201-2, 245, 247. See also Roosevelt, Franklin D.

New York Evening Post (periodical), 50

New York Post (periodical), 131

NewYork State Civil Rights Act (1945), 75

NewYork State Legislature, 135

New York Times (periodical), 55

Nicolai, Helmut, 82, 85, 86

Nixon, Richard M., 195, 199

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 270

North German Federation, 252, 260 Nuremberg Laws, 11, 78, 86, 92

Obrigkeitsstaat (paternalistic state), 84

Occident and American Jewish Advocate (newspaper), 68, 72

Office of Civil Rights, 201

Office of Federal Contract

Compliance, 201

One (periodical), 267, 268

Orwell, George, 214

Ostjuden (East European Jews), 81

Otto, Louise, 232

“outing” (of homosexuals), 264

Page Act (1875), 20-1

Palestinians, 109

Pan-American Conference on Social

Security, 162

Pandit, Sakharam Ganesh, 29

Paperwork Reduction Act (1980),

213

Paquette Habana (1900), 104

Paragraph 175: 15, 175, 252, 255-6, 266-9. See also homosexuality; Hirschfeld, Magnus; Nazi Germany

Parker, Judge John J., 49

Passenger Cases (1849), 20 patriotism, and African Americans,

53

Patterson, Ellis E., 131

Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941), 53, 162

Perkins, Frances, 245 permanent residents (legal), 98 Philadelphia Plan, 200

Philosophes, 182

Pillsbury, Albert, 40

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 37

Plyler v. Doe (1982), 99, 103

Poland, Nazi occupation of, 83

Polish Jews, 59. See also Jews poll tax, 52-3

Pollitt, Katha, 203

Populism, 23

Porter, Kirk, 37

Powell, Adam Clayton Jr., 138

Prenn, Daniel, 83

President’s Office of Emergency

Management, 126

Progressive Era, 35

Protestantism, 70, 234

Prussia, 64, 233, 237-8: civil code, 91; penal code, 252

Public Health Insurance Chambers,

89

Quakers, 234

race, 4-5, 9, 39, 245 racism, 20, 36

Radical Republicans, 20

Randolph, A. Philip, 122, 124, 126,

127

Rankin, John, 132

Reagan administration, 102, 197, 199, 200, 213

Rechtsstaat (a state ruled by law), 8, 83, 85, 182, 258

Recommendations to Improve the Legal

Status of Foreigners in Germany (Schwerdtfeger), 107 Reconstruction (U.S.), 35, 36, 37,

56

redlining, 25

Reform Judaism, 69

Reich Citizenship Law, 78, 89, 93

Reich Interior Ministry, 87

Reich Supreme Court, 91 Reichsfremde (resident aliens), 87 Reichstag, 81, 88, 237, 242, 258, 261,

262, 263

Reichstag Fire Decree (1933), 90 Republican Party (U.S.), 36-7, 45, 47,

194, 197-8, 202, 204, 242, 244 Rheingold, Howard, 226 “rights talk,” 2, 13 Rockefeller, Nelson A., 212 Rodriquez-Fernandez v. Wilkinson

(1981), 104

Rohm, Ernst, 253. See also homosexuality; National Socialism;

Nazi Germany

Roman Catholic Church, 64, 70

Roman law, 85

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 12, 47-9, 129,

131, 137-8, 150, 153, 158, 160,

162, 165, 194; “Four Liberties,”

150-1. See also New Deal (U.S.)

Roosevelt, Theodore, 25, 31

Ross, Malcolm, 136

Ross, Nellie Tayloe, 245

Roundtable on Privacy and

Information Policy, 212

Russell, Richard B., 133

Russian Jews, 59. See also Jews

Schiller, Herbert I., 224-5

Schuck, Peter, 97, 99-100, 102

Schwerdtfeger, Gunther, 107-8

Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, 260, 263, 265-7. See also Hirschfeld, Magnus

Security, Work, and Relief Policies (NRPB), 151, 154, 161

Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 232

Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (1944), 162

Seuffert, Walter, 174

Seventh-Day Adventists, 71, 76

Shafer, Byron, 194, 196

Shaplen, Robert, 30

Shaughnessy v. Mezei (1953), 100

Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), 242

Shklar, Judith N., 4, 121

Singh, Sirdar Jagjit, 30

Sino-American Treaty (1881), 22

Six Chinese Companies, 28 slavery, 5, 20, 192 “social citizenship,” 12 social Darwinism, 184

Social Democratic Party (SPD), 170, 180, 181, 184, 235, 237, 239, 257, 260

Social Insurance and Allies Services, 158

Social Policy Association/Verein fur

Sozialpolitik, 235

Social Security Act (1935), 147, 155, 199

Social Security Board (SSB), 154-5, 158, 161, 163, 245

socialism, 78, 192, 238: opposition to, 245. See also Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Society of Constitutional Lawyers (Germany), 107

Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 41 Sozialstaat (social-welfare state), 8

SS (Schutzstaffel), 80

Stahl, Julius, 84

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 232 Stonewall Riots, 269-70. See also

gay/lesbian rights movement Storey, Moorfield, 41 Strasser, Gregor, 82, 86-7 Streicher, Julius, 90 Stuckart, Wilhelm, 92 Sturmer, Der (periodical), 90 Sumner, Charles, 20 Sutherland, George, 29 Synod of the German Evangelical

Church, 89

Taft, William Howard, 31, 37, 39 Taft-Harley Labor Relations Act

(1947), 134, 191

Taney, Chief Justice Roger B., 4-5.

See also U.S. Supreme Court telecommunications, 221 temperance movement, 234 Thai Americans, 30 Thatcher, Margaret, 196. See also

Britain

Thind, Bhagat Singh, 29 “Third Reich.” See Nazi

Germany

Thompson, “Big Bill,” 50

Three Rivers Free-Net (Pittsburgh), 225

three-class voting system (Prussia), 237, 238

Truax v. Raich (1915), 129

Truman administration, 165

Truman, Harry S, 48, 191 Turkish Germans, 111-12

Twilight of Common Dreams, The (Gitlin), 203

U.S. Congress, 19-21, 27, 30-2, 40, 49, 59, 66-7, 97, 100-1, 136, 156, 161, 191, 198-200, 204, 241-3

U.S. Constitution, 3, 5, 7, 11, 19, 34, 37, 41, 64, 103, 104, 210, 218: Eighth Amendment, 103; Fifteenth Amendment, 35, 37, 40-1, 44, 54; Fifth Amendment, 101, 103; First Amendment, 59, 64, 76; Fourteenth Amendment, 20, 22, 28, 40-1, 54, 99, 132, 271; Thirteenth Amendment, 20. See also Jim Crow laws; U.S. Congress; U.S. Supreme Court

U.S. Department of Commerce, 225

U.S. Employment Service, 140

U.S. Supreme Court, 20, 27, 37-8, 49, 52, 54-5, 68, 96-104, 112, 129, 193, 199

Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich, 260

Union of Professional Boxers, 89 United Nations, 2: Universal

Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 2, 143, 165, 191, 218

Urban League (U.S.), 124

Verba, Sidney, 250

Villard, Oswald Garrison, 50 Volksgemeinschaft (racial community), 70, 86, 93, 146, 148

Voting Rights Acts (1965 and 1970),

44, 56

Wackerzapp, Oskar, 173

Wagener, Otto, 87

Wagner Act (1935), 128-30, 136

Wagner, Gerhard, 92

Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill, 155, 157, 162, 164

Walling, William English, 46

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act,

130

War Department (U.S.), 67

War Manpower Commission, 126

Warren, Earl, 23, 193. See also U.S.

Supreme Court

Wars of German Unification

(1864-71), 233

Washington Hebrew Congregation, 66

Washington, Booker T., 38

Weber, Max, 210

Weimar Republic, 8, 77, 80-1, 83, 85,

90, 148, 211, 246, 253

Weinkauf, Hermann, 85

Weiss, Nancy, 48

Welles, Sumner, 158

white supremacy, 45, 77-8

White, Walter, 43, 53

Wiebe, Robert H., 5

Wilkins, Roy, 55, 57. See also

National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Wilson, Woodrow, 31, 46, 209

Winant, John G., 159, 163

Wise, Isaac Mayer, 69

Witte, Edwin, 147

Women’s Christian Temperance

Union (WCTU), 234, 235

Women’s Division of the Democratic

National Committee, 245

Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 241

women’s movement. See feminism

World War I, 179, 193: and African- American patriotism, 53; and feminism, 240; German defeat in, 78; and postwar era, 23; and radical politics, 82

World War II, 10-12, 23, 26, 123, 134, 141, 143-66: and African- American patriotism, 53; bombing victims of, 167; and gay liberation, 264, 265; as historical divide, 62, 65, 67, 72; and impact on civil

rights, 2, 54; and postwar era, 23;

U.S. entry into, 53

Yearbook for the Intermediate Sex

(Hirschfeld), 261, 267

Young Men’s Christian Association

(YMCA), 67

Young, Whitney, 55

Youth Welfare Law (Germany), 242

Yugoslavs, 111-12

Zahn Harnack, Agnes von, 244

Zetkin, Clara, 238

Zionism, 74-5

The numbers in Table 12.1 speak for themselves.¹⁸ Nazi practices were alive and well, including entrapment and “pink lists.” The pinnacle was reached in 1962, when a thorough reform of the outdated penal code, which by now clashed with everyday life in many respects, was proposed. The reform bill was produced in the last years of the conservative Ade­nauer era, and in the area of law regulating sexuality, the authors ran amok. Instead of liberalizing and simplifying the code, they added numer­ous new sections. Their view of homosexuality was not a friendly one. The official motives attached to the bill read like a list of every evil ever associated with gays. They regarded homosexuality as an acquired vice that could, therefore, be easily controlled: “It must be assumed that the majority of men who broke the law could have led a proper life if they had pulled themselves together.”¹⁹ The continued criminalization of homosexuality was vital for society and civilization at large: “Whenever the same-sex vice has become contagious to any large degree, it has resulted in the depravity of the people and in the decline of its moral capacities.”²⁰

But this language, which seemed to emanate straight from the Third Reich, was too much for 1962. Medical and legal authorities ripped the proposed bill apart for a whole variety of reasons, and when the final bill passed the Bundestag in 1969, it had changed substantially. By that time

18 It should be kept in mind that the postwar figures pertain only to the Federal Republic, whose population was much lower than the population of the Reich. Persecution, therefore, was even more severe than it looks at first sight.

19 Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 4/650 (Oct. 4, 1962), in Drucksachen 80, 375.

20 Ibid., 377.