Index

Page numbers in italics refer to figures.

abadás, 412

Abolition of the Slave Trade, The (cartoon), 112

Abomey, 50, 74, 75, 266, 286, 371, 458

acaçá, 247

acarajé, 247

Accra, 56, 71, 87, 446

Achebe, Nwando, 266

Adandozan, King, 61, 75, 449, 450, 452

Affiches américaines (Saint-Domingue), 345–46

African Burial Ground (New York City), 136–37

African diaspora, 16, 17, 364, 378, 453, 460, 462

African languages: Adanme, 30; Aja, 454; Akan, 30; Ewe, 30; Fon, 454; Ga, 30; Gen, 454

africanos livres (liberated Africans), 292, 430

African peoples: Akan, 31, 46, 47, 355, 394, 395, 397, 500n21; Ewe, 48, 371; Fon, 48, 371; Gun, 371; Hueda, 371; Mahi, 48, 371, 377, 563

African religions: Orisha, 115, 372; Vodun, 115, 372, 410, 471

African survivals, 115, 378

Afro-Luso-Brazilian community, 448, 459

Agassiz, Elizabeth, 252–53

Agassiz, Louis, 253, 254

agodjie.

Agoli-Agbo, King, 458

Agonglo, King, 61, 120–21, 449, 500n26

Agoué, 446, 452, 453, 455, 458

aguardente, 69, 86, 180. See also cachaça

Aguda, 448, 450, 451–59. See also Afro-Luso-Brazilian community

ahosi, 265

Akaba, King, 265

Akeiso (Florence Hall), 38

Akintoye, overthrow by Oba, 451

Alabama, 66, 143, 190, 286, 427, 475

alcohol, 36, 45, 46, 58, 59, 67, 81, 124, 126, 162

Alencastro, Luiz Felipe, 357

Allada, Kingdom of, 48, 156, 298

Almeida, Joaquim de, 224, 452, 453

Amazing Grace (hymn), 77

Amazing Grace (movie), 1

“amazons,” 50, 265, 266

Ambriz, 41, 113

American Colonization Society, 444

American War of Independence, 188, 189, 331, 345, 353, 418, 422, 438, 440, 463, 555n18

Amistad (movie), 1

Amsterdam, 96, 175, 209, 210, 341, 375, 530n21

Andrade, Rodolfo Manoel Martins de Andrade (Bamboxê Obtikô), 371, 386

Anel Verde Parking Lot, 121

Anglo-Spanish Court of Mixed Commission, 271

Angola: common language, 358; as Portuguese colony, 44, 68, 70, 82, 95, 98, 120, 156, 157, 230, 292, 299, 357, 434; present-day country, 14, 34, 69, 174, 267, 297, 435, 471, 480

Anomabu, 43, 56, 60, 67, 76, 79, 81, 86, 129

Antigua, 51, 107, 109, 423, 473

Antonil, André João (Giovanni Antonio Andreoni), 156, 157, 167, 168, 180, 261, 300

Aponte, Antonio, 404

Aponte Rebellion, 404

Arabic: books, 412; calendar, 411; manuscripts, 412; sources, 70

Arago, Jacques Étienne Victor, 374, 375

Aragón, Kingdom of, 21, 22, 26, 208, 365

Ardra.

Argentina, 316, 333, 424, 425, 426, 478, 544n80

Arkansas, 190, 427, 475

Asante Kingdom, 47, 48, 79, 503n61

asientos, 81, 82, 144, 159

Atlantic: North (system), 6, 14, 16, 80, 81, 86, 91, 92, 94, 100, 106, 469; South (system), 7, 14, 22, 80, 81, 84, 86, 91, 92, 94, 97, 100, 102, 112, 230, 330, 367, 447, 494n31

Atorkor, 59, 60, 61, 93

Azores, 22, 23, 25, 26, 168, 384

Aztec Empire, 169, 186

“back to Africa,” 437, 438, 445, 446, 447, 458, 459, 461, 462, 464

Badagry, 54, 454

baianas, 246

Bailey, Anne C., 59, 503

Baltimore, 162, 202, 218, 352

Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo, 58–59, 62, 74–75, 76, 90–91, 93, 94, 115, 201, 203, 288–89, 499n3

Barbados, 117, 126, 129, 130, 142, 181, 182, 183, 187, 213, 241, 344, 423

barber-surgeons, 104, 106

Barcelona, 208

barricade, 101, 104, 105

Barros, João de, 27, 278

batiment. See shipmates

beads, 31, 32, 60, 68, 85, 86, 136, 137, 226, 253, 367, 368

Behanzin, King, 458

Belinda, 51, 52, 501n36

Belisario, Isaac Mendes, 381, 382

Bell, Karen Cook, 346, 555n18

Beloved (Morrison), 330

Benci, Giorgio, 295, 296

Benedictines, 174, 195

Benguela: African-born women among slave merchants in, 100, 101, 267; Brazilians in, 87; cadavers of enslaved Africans in, 117, 121, 130; illegal slave trade, 99; slave-trading port, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 63, 67, 69, 79, 81, 83, 88, 98, 100, 101, 121, 130, 153, 157, 227, 292, 326, 330, 446, 480; urban sphere, 239; women street retailers, 240

Benguela, Kingdom of, 44

Benin, Kingdom of, 22

Benin, Republic of, 17, 48, 51, 58, 224, 238, 263, 286, 288, 451, 453, 454, 456, 485

Benin City, 33

Bennett, Herman, 6, 29, 291

Berbice (Dutch colony), 293, 396, 397

Bermuda, 96, 149, 275, 293

Berry, Daina Ramey, 272

Biard, François-Auguste, 223, 234, 236, 535n87

Bight of Benin, 14, 30, 48, 51, 52, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 79, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98–100, 102, 103, 106, 115, 127, 151, 156, 157, 221, 224, 226, 242, 246, 252, 256, 268, 269, 276, 298, 315, 371, 377, 379, 386, 409, 414, 438, 446, 447–59, 464, 467, 471, 473

Bight of Biafra, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 118, 119, 151, 381

Bioho, Domingos, 4, 355, 559n67

Bioho’s monument, 4, 559n68

Birth of a Nation, The (2016 movie), 2

Black cultural manifestations: Atlantic model, 378; creolization, 378

Black festivals: All Saints’ Day, 375; All Souls’ Day, 375; Corpus Christi, 375; Day of the Kings, 404; Divino Espírito Santo (Divine Holy Ghost), 376; Easter, 375; Epiphany, 375; folias de reis (folly of kings), 377; Johnkannaus, 381, 382; jongo (or caxambu), 384, 385; Jonkonnu, 381, 382, 383; Pentecost, 375; Pinkster, 375; Saint George’s Day, 375; Saint James’s Day, 375; Saint João’s Day, 375

Black Lives Matter, 1

Black loyalists, 438–40

Black saints, 364, 366, 368, 370, 371, 375; Anastácia, 373–75; Saint Anthony of Categeró, 366, 387; Saint Benedict, 195, 366, 369, 373, 375; Saint Efigenia, 375; Saint Elesbão (Elesbán), 375; Saint Maurice, 365

Black’s Museum (Museu do Negro, Rio de Janeiro), 373, 375

Bolivia, 212, 334, 424, 425

Bolsonaro, Jair, 5

Bomfim, Manoel, 280

Bonaparte, Napoléon, 96, 249, 401, 408, 422, 429

Bonny, 25, 118

Book of Negroes, The (Hill), 440, 573n9

Bordeaux, 80, 96, 209, 210, 211, 531

Borno (state), 57, 503

Bornu speakers, 221, 410

Borucki, Alex, 291

Boston, 111, 145

Bouryan, 456

Brandenburg, 43

Brandenburg African Company, 103

Brandolini, Antonio de, 300

Brattle, William, 124

Brazil: abolition of slavery commemoration, 4; and African continent, 9; in Atlantic slave trade, 6, 51, 53, 54, 57–58, 61, 63, 84, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, 101–2, 134, 172, 174, 224, 276, 292, 315, 417, 426, 443, 469; brazilwood (pau-brasil) industry, 171, 173; coffee industry, 8, 15, 164, 191, 194, 273, 305, 432, 473; illegal slave trade, 113, 133, 135, 417, 426, 430–31, 481; memory of slavery in, 2; prices of slaves in, 163–65, 408; in South Atlantic, 7, 14, 299, 386, 414, 446–60; sugar industry, 79, 82, 160, 167, 175, 177–83, 195–99, 338, 473

Bridgetown, 142, 202, 213, 214, 241

Bristol, UK, 80, 96, 111, 209, 210, 342

Britain: abolition of slavery in Nigeria, 435; abolition of slave trade, 1, 83, 79, 80, 422–23, 443; and Atlantic slave trade, 1, 63, 64, 87, 97, 103, 111, 113, 118, 144, 163; British Empire, 438; British Royal Navy, 64, 99, 130, 271, 443, 451, 452, 457; colonies in North America, 6, 7, 307, 421, 438, 440; demand for cotton, 189; free Black Africans, 209; industrialization, 191, 481; newspapers, 412; pressures to stop slave trade, 163, 271, 430, 449, 452, 457; scramble for Africa, 433, 457; Slavery Abolition Act, 1833, 423; in West Africa, 441, 457

British treaties: with Brazil, 408, 443; with Egypt, 434; with Madagascar, 434; with Netherlands, 443; with Portugal, 430, 443; with Spain, 443; with Zanzibar, 434

Brown, John (slave trader), 107, 108

Brown, Vincent, 135, 186, 397

Brown brothers, 108, 109

Brown University, 108

Buenos Aires, 332, 333

burial grounds, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134–38, 518n60.

Butler, Eleanor (Irish Nell), 305–6

Butler, Pierce Mease, 150

Buumi Jeleen, 27–28

cabildos de nación, 367, 385, 404

Cabinda, 41, 67, 79, 81, 179

Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 170

cachaça, 69, 337. See also aguardente; gerebita (jeribita)

Cacheu and Cape Verde Company (Companhia de Cacheu e Cabo Verde), 144

Cadamosto, Alvise, 267

Cádiz (port), 208

California, 171

Calmon, João, 296, 297

Canada, 15, 17, 216, 330, 352, 383, 437, 442, 461, 462, 485

Canary Islands, 22, 25, 26, 205

Candido, Mariana, 45, 278

Candomblé, 53, 54, 61, 115, 371, 386, 387, 471

cannibalism, 70, 130, 142

Cape Coast, 43, 71, 79, 81, 86, 87, 92

Cape Verde, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 54, 95, 144, 156, 168, 209, 267, 384

Cap Français (Le Cap), 152, 226, 241, 242, 312, 345

capoeira, 385, 471

caravels (caravelas), 22, 23, 24, 28, 30, 170

Cárdenas, 113

Caribbean: archaeological excavations in, 126; basin, 403; Colombia, 151; colonies, 6, 145, 182; countries, 4; prices of bondspeople in, 164. See also West Indies

CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market), 5

Carioca Square (Largo da Carioca, Brazil), 131

Carmelites, 174, 370

Carnaval, 2, 283, 359, 384, 387, 456

Cartagena, 140, 144–46, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 160, 163, 202, 213, 355, 370, 559n67

castas, 214

Castile, Kingdom of, 22, 25, 26, 168, 169, 205, 206, 208, 365

Catholic baptism, 27, 282, 300, 301, 315, 365, 417

Catholic Black brotherhoods, 123, 124, 202, 300, 301, 364, 365, 366, 368, 370, 371, 375, 386, 387, 394, 421; Good Jesus of Necessities and Redemption, 127; Our Lady of Mercy, 120; Our Lady of the Rosary, 367, 368, 369, 370, 375, 376, 386; Our Lady of the Rosary, coronation of kings of Congo, 379, 385; Our Lady of the Rosary and Saint Benedict of the Black Men, 373; Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men, 127, 128, 368, 371, 372, 386, 387; Our Lord of the Good End, 456, 470; Saint Elesbão and Saint Efigenia, 377

Caymmi, Dorival, 246

Central America, 169, 171, 186, 424, 462

Chamberlain, Henry, 131, 517

Charleston: slave sales in, 140, 161, 163, 519–20nn23–24; as slave-trading port, 137, 138, 140, 145, 160, 202, 219, 220, 224, 235, 237, 351, 383, 395; street vendors in, 243, 244, 246

Chesapeake region, 187, 188

Chile, 97, 147, 225, 332, 424, 425

Chinn, Julia Ann, 284

Chirino, José Leonardo, 402–3

Christianity, 35, 36, 121, 124, 205, 364, 365, 366, 373, 396, 471, 472

Christiansborg, Fort, 71

Christmas, 161, 281, 283, 363, 377, 380, 381, 383, 387, 404, 407

Christmas Rebellion (Baptist War), 407

Cicely (enslaved girl), 124

Cincinnati, 330, 425

Clarkson, Thomas, 270

Cleynaerts, Nicolas, 206

cloth, 76, 79, 85, 155, 226

coartación (coartação), 215, 420

Cobra Verde (movie), 450

Code noir (1685), 294, 344

Code noir (1724), 294, 306

cofradías, 367.

Cold War, 4

Collingwood, Luke, 110

Colombia, 4, 144, 151, 295, 324, 334, 355, 356, 419, 424, 425

Colony of Dahomey and Dependencies (Colonie du Dahomey et dépendances), 459

Columbus, Christopher, 37, 91, 169, 172, 392

Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, 440

Congo River, 33, 34, 42, 43, 60, 83, 100, 115, 227

Connecticut, 96, 332, 423

Constituições Primeiras do Arcebispado da Bahia (1707), 294, 299, 300

Cooney, William, 270

Copenhagen, 96, 210

Córdoba (in present-day Argentina), 316

Córdoba (in present-day Spain), 208

Coro Rebellion, 402–3

Cortes of Cádiz, 422

Côte d’Ivoire, 27, 30, 47, 77, 188, 265

“Côte d’or” (French reference to Bight of Benin), 30

Cotonou, 451, 457, 458

cotton gins, 15, 189, 190, 200

Council of Trent, 290

cowrie shells, 70, 85, 505

Creole (language), 159

creole elites, 422, 424

Crow, Hugh, 119

Crowther, Samuel Ajayi, 72, 76, 91, 289

Cruikshank, Isaac, 112

Cuba, 13, 53, 83, 170, 179, 196, 398, 404, 425, 437, 445, 470, 471; African-based religions, 415; cabildos de nación and, 367, 385; Catholicism, 372; coffee and sugar industries, 15, 181, 191, 192–94, 242, 261, 408, 414, 473; crew members from, 97; gender imbalance of enslaved population in, 281; gradual abolition, 334, 335, 421, 433; Havana, 214; indentured laborers, 474; manumission and, 215, 419, 421; Matanzas, 404, 414; patronato system, 433; ship building, 96; slave markets, 141; slave prices, 164; slave rebellions, 390, 403, 414; slave trade, 63, 113, 124, 148, 163, 271, 432, 481

Cugoano, Quobna Ottobah, 53, 56, 57, 70, 71, 76, 91, 93, 100, 105, 129, 269

Cunha, Pero Vaz da, 28

Dahomey, Kingdom of, 48–50, 52, 54, 55, 61, 74, 75, 85, 104, 120, 265–66, 286, 409, 447, 449, 450–52, 457, 458, 459

dan (snake), 86

Danish West India and Guinea Company, 119

Dapper, Olfert, 264, 265, 539n5

Debret, Jean-Baptiste, 154, 216, 227, 230, 232, 233, 250, 251, 253, 301–3, 342, 378, 384, 479

Del Monte, Domingo, 281

Denmark, 43, 79, 80

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 402

Deurbroucq, Marguerite, 211–12

Deveau, Jean-Michel, 97

Diário do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 162, 348–50

Dias, José Ribeiro, 279

Djougou, 74, 288

Dominicans, 370

Douglass, Frederick, 352, 363, 381

Dowling, Thomas, 111

Dufaud, Etienne, 269

Dunbar, Erica, 346

Dutch Republic, 43, 79, 80, 82, 85, 209

Ecuador, 324, 334, 424, 425, 460

Egipcíaca, Rosa, 276

Egypt, ancient, 11, 20, 21

Eighty Years’ War, 82

El Guerrero y el compilador (Spain), 413

Elmina castle (São Jorge da Mina), 31–33, 43, 71, 82

Eltis, David, 109

Emancipation Proclamation (1862), 428

encomienda, 170

engenhos, 174–75, 179, 181, 195, 338.

England, 43, 79, 80, 82, 83, 97, 109, 182, 209, 342, 473

enslaved women, bondswomen: cooks, 158, 208, 222, 230, 249, 256; domestic workers, 13, 203, 213, 215, 217, 225; marketeers, 13, 237–41, 243–45, 247, 248, 252, 253, 259; mothers, 72, 111, 139, 310, 313–24, 325, 328–36, 350, 422, 431; street vendors, 13, 162, 203, 204, 208, 213, 214, 222, 223, 225, 230, 231, 237, 239, 240–43, 245–53, 255, 256, 258, 259, 316, 539; wet nurses, 158, 203, 217, 222, 230, 233, 261, 316, 318–20, 349

Equiano, Olaudah, 53, 56, 58, 68, 69, 70, 91, 93, 100, 129, 130, 142, 143, 238, 266, 287, 288, 290

Eusébio de Queirós Law (Brazil, 1850), 431

Évora, 206

Ewbank, Thomas, 252, 373, 377

Expilly, Charles, 320

faisqueiros, 214

Falconbridge, Alexander, 118, 270

Fante, 47, 48, 55, 56, 60, 79, 86, 393

Farias, Juliana Barreto, 255

Fautrel-Gaugy, Jean-Baptiste, 310

feijoada, 454

Feijó Law (Brazil, 1831), 113, 430

Ferdinand, King, 26, 169

Ferreira, Roquinaldo, 45

Ferrez, Marc, 196–99, 229

Finley, Moses I., 10, 11

Finley, Robert, 443

firearms, 43, 46, 55, 67, 68, 69, 81, 83, 86, 89, 393, 395, 396

First Maroon War, 356, 442

First Nations. See Indigenous: peoples

Fletcher, James, 223

Florêncio, Roque José (Pata Seca), 273–74

Florida, 170, 171, 187, 306, 352, 353, 395, 427, 474, 475

Floyd, George, 4

Fort São João Batista da Ajuda (Ouidah), 75, 449

Fosse, Eustache de la, 268

Franciscans, 131, 170, 370

Free African Union Society, 440

Freedmen’s Bureau, 461, 475

Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law, Brazil), 322, 335, 431

French Revolution, 185, 338, 390, 398, 399, 402, 422

Freyre, Gilberto, 262, 327

Freyreiss, Georg Wilhelm, 134

Frézier, Amédée-François, 147

Fromont, Cécile, 364, 379

funerals, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 136, 296, 468

Gabriel Prosser Rebellion, 443

Gafaria Valley, 121

Gallinas River, 271

Gama, Luiz, 417, 418, 430

Gambia, Republic of the, 25, 26

Gambia River, 25, 27, 54, 71, 157

Gamble, Samuel, 78, 118, 507n45

Gamboa neighborhood (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 134, 135, 153

Gana Zumba, 358

gang system, 196, 197, 223

Gapké, Prince, 449, 450

Garner, Margaret, 330, 331, 552n48

Garrido, Juan, 170

Garvey, Marcus Mosiah, 437, 461–63

Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, 349

Geggus, David, 152

gens de couleur, 398–400

Georgia Sea Islands, 150

gerebita (jeribita), 69.

Gezo, King (Prince Gakpé), 50, 61, 449, 450, 451, 452

Ghana, 30, 46, 47, 265, 268, 393, 446

gifts, 27, 28, 32, 84, 88, 267, 279, 508n57

Godomey, 51, 453, 458

Goiás, 214

gold: in Americas, 169, 170, 172, 324, 392; in Brazil, 152, 214, 227, 282, 283, 376; as currency, 19, 29, 33, 83, 340, 451; jewelry, 31, 226, 227, 240, 248, 256, 392; manilla, 28; production and trade from West Africa, 21–23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 47, 71, 79

Gold Coast, 30–33, 43, 46–47, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59–60, 65, 67, 68, 69–71, 76, 79, 82, 86, 87, 93, 107, 110, 119, 129, 157, 209, 264, 265, 268, 393, 397, 497, 506n17, 507n45

Golden Law (Brazil, 1888), 432

Gomez, Michael, 6, 361

González, José Caridad, 402–3

Gorée Island, 81, 87, 100, 267, 269, 443

Gourg, Pierre Simon, 313

Graham, Maria, 126, 130, 146, 147, 155, 195

Granada (in present-day Spain), 21, 22, 208

Gran Colombia, 334

Granville Town, 441–42

Great Mosque (Porto-Novo), 455, 456

Greece, 11, 202, 204–5, 340

Green, Toby, 6, 85, 357

Greene, Sandra, 59, 503n67

Grenada, 111

Guadeloupe, 117, 126, 179, 401, 425, 473, 474

Guaraciaba, João Antônio de, 273, 274

Guerrero, Vicente, 353, 413, 424

Guinea (present-day country), 25, 27, 78, 118, 188

Guinea-Bissau (present-day country), 46, 109, 188, 291, 355

Gullah Society, 137

gunpowder, 43, 46, 67, 68, 69, 71, 81, 83, 89

Gwato (Ughaton), 33

Haenke, Thaddeus Xaverius Peregrinus, 240

Haiti, 170, 192, 392, 402–4, 416, 418, 422, 460, 469

Hangbé, Tassi, 265

Hannah-Jones, Nikole, 3

Harriet (movie), 2

Hawthorne, Walter, 288

Hemings, Elizabeth, 283

Hemings, James, 210

Hemings, Sally, 210, 284

Henrique, Prince (Henry the Navigator), 23

Herodotus, 20

Herskovits, Melville J., 266, 378

Hill, Lawrence, 440

Hispaniola, 82, 170, 171, 172, 181, 392, 394, 397, 401

Hispaniola slave revolt of 1521, 389

Holy House of Mercy (Santa Casa da Misericórdia), 131, 132, 369

Howard University, 16, 476

Hubbard, James, 347

Hueda, Kingdom of, 48, 50, 51, 103

Hunter, Dublin, 307

Hunter, Sally, 307

Hunter, Tera, 307

Iberian Peninsula, 20, 21, 22, 29, 36, 37, 78, 120–23, 170, 202, 206, 208, 209, 272, 340, 366, 368, 466, 467

Idade d’ouro do Brazil (Brazil), 221

Igboland, 38, 56, 238, 266, 288, 381, 502

Ilê Aiyê, 387, 565n70

Imbert, Jean-Baptiste Alban, 157

Inca Empire, 169, 186

Indigenous: characters in painting, 176; cosmologies, 386; cultures, 14; dance and music styles, 387; empires, 186; nations, 186; peoples, 12, 15, 160, 169, 170, 187, 212, 349, 403, 481; populations, 12, 171, 172, 173, 179, 212; sedentary, 169; semisedentary, 169, 170; slavery, 173, 493n29, 524n17; societies, 12, 169; Taino, 169; traditions, 278; Tupi-speaking, 169, 170; women, 203, 240; workforce, 82, 173, 175, 203

infanticide, 314, 323, 324, 327, 330, 339, 360, 552

ingenios, 174, 192–94. See also plantations: sugar

Inquisition, 264, 276, 278, 279, 282, 283, 297–99

intra-American slave trade, 14

irmandades, 367. See also Catholic Black brotherhoods; cofradías

iron: bars, 46, 67, 81, 85, 180; cauldrons, 180; chains, 339; collars, 94, 342, 343; fetter, 72; handcuffs, 94; hot, 144; knife, 126; manufacturing, 218; necklaces, 340; ore, 34; pieces, 19; rods, 74; shackles, 339; tools, 30; weaponry, 32

Isabella, Queen, 26, 169, 432

Islam, 27, 52, 53, 288, 364, 408, 410, 448, 454, 471, 472

Jackson, John Andrew, 383

Jacobs, Harriet, 149, 150, 275, 381

Jakin, 51, 453

Jamaica, 13, 38, 82, 110, 112, 135, 145, 159, 170, 179, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 192, 271, 274, 293, 307, 314, 317, 318, 338, 345, 355, 356, 381, 382, 396, 397, 398, 406, 407, 423, 437, 439, 442, 443, 461, 462, 463, 472, 473

Jefferson, Martha (Martha Wayles Skelton), 284

Jefferson, Thomas, 125, 210, 219, 284, 346, 347

Jenne (in present-day Mali), 19

Jesuits, 160, 170, 174, 195, 370. See also Society of Jesus

Jimmy, King, 441

Joannes Leo Africanus (al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan), 19

João II, King (Portugal), 28, 29

John Brown House Museum, 107, 108

Johnson, Richard Mentor, 284

Johnson, Walter, 163

Jolof, Kingdom of, 25, 27, 539n

Jones, Pero, 210

Jornal do Commercio (Brazil), 413

Judge, Ona, 346

Julião, Carlos, 226, 227, 228

Juneteenth National Independence Day, 4

Junior, Christiano, 231, 255, 257, 258

“just war,” 20, 27, 173

Kakongo, Kingdom of, 227

Kentucky, 330

Ketu, 48, 55

Kidder, Daniel, 223

Kikongo (language cluster), 34, 157, 537n29

Kingston (Jamaica), 145, 146, 376

kola nuts, 288

Konadu, Kwasi, 264

Kongo, Kingdom of, 33–36, 42–44, 48, 120, 227, 364, 365, 373, 379, 396, 467

Kosoko, Oba, 451, 457

Kossola, Oluale (Cudjo Kazoola Lewis), 66, 74–77, 94, 143, 286

Koster, Henry, 376

Kpengla, King, 86

La Escalera, 415

Lagos (in present-day Nigeria), 53, 54, 57, 72, 73, 74, 292, 293, 444, 446, 447, 449, 451, 452, 455, 457

Lagos (Portugal): burial ground, 122; Slave Market, 140; slave port, 24, 121, 122, 135, 138, 139, 142, 204, 208

lambéls, 32

lançados, 26

Lancaster, 80

Laplante, Eduardo (Louis-Édouard de La Plante Dorson), 193, 194

Lara, Silvia Hunold, 357

La Rochelle, 80, 96, 97, 100, 103, 211, 269, 310

Latin America, 3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15, 120, 318, 430, 436; African “nations” in, 156; burials, 126; Catholicism, 121, 300, 314, 370; courts, 160; emancipation, 427, 466; enslaved families, 308; gradual emancipation, 333, 418, 433; holidays, 376, 377, 380; Inquisition, 278; interracial sex and marriage, 280, 283; legislation, 477; manumission, 215, 237, 316, 419; racialization, 478; resistance, 353; slave marriages, 291, 295; urban slavery, 8, 201–3, 205, 212, 214, 225, 230, 232, 234, 236, 243, 304, 470, 477; violence of slavery in, 262, 274

Le Havre, 80, 96

Leiden, 209

Leis Extravagantes, 206

Le Spectateur (France), 413

L’Hermite, Jean-René, 310

Liberata, 276–77

Liberia, 27, 77, 188, 444, 446, 448, 460, 461, 463, 473

Lidgerwood, William Van Vleek, 199

Lima, 8, 202, 213, 225, 240, 304, 324

Lincoln (movie), 1

Lincoln, Abraham, 427, 428, 460, 475

Lindley, Thomas, 146

Lindsay, Lisa A., 444

Lisbon, 21, 28, 34, 96, 98, 120, 121, 122, 123, 204, 207, 208, 249, 276, 299, 348, 368, 369

Loango (slave-trading port), 115

Loango, Kingdom of, 227

Loango coast, 242, 243, 292, 310, 313, 403

Louisiana, 8, 167, 171, 190, 217, 283, 294, 306, 380, 427, 475

Louverture, Toussaint, 400, 401

Machado, Maria Helena, 322

Madeira Island, 22, 23, 25, 26, 168, 172, 384, 474

Madison, James, 125

Mahi: country, 51, 224; peoples, 48, 371

Malembo, 41, 67, 79, 81, 292

Malê Revolt, 389, 390, 407–15, 445, 452, 463

malês, 408

Mali Empire, 27

malongue, 290. See also shipmates

malungo, 290. See also shipmates

Mandinka, 27, 46

Manet, Édouard, 225

Manhattan Black cemetery. See African Burial Ground (New York City)

Manigault, Louis, 351

manillas, 28, 32, 85

Manuel I, King, 122, 206

manumission, 215, 277, 281–83, 316, 410, 417, 419–21, 456, 470. See also self-purchase

Maria, Queen, 121

Mariana, 202, 227

marriages: in Africa, 262, 288–89; Catholic, 290–92, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 303; and enslaved persons, 262, 287, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 301–9; interracial, 280, 306; same-sex, 266

“married except by word of mouth,” 305, 307

marronage: grand, 354; petit, 354

Martinique, 162, 163, 179, 182, 242, 401, 473–74

Martins, Domingos José, 450–53

Maryland, 96, 161, 162, 182, 187, 189, 218, 293, 305, 353, 383, 420

Maryland Gazette, 161

Massachusetts, 51, 96, 124, 305, 443

máti, 290. See also shipmates

Maurus, Paulus, 341

May 13 (abolition of slavery in Brazil), 4, 375, 432

Mbwila (Ambuíla), battle of, 120

McKinley, Michelle A., 304, 318

Meaher, Timothy, 143

Médeuil, Joseph Crassous de, 310

Meillassoux, Claude, 10

memory: as approach, 7, 18, 482; collective, 54, 59, 93, 139, 151, 274, 355, 359; of dead enslaved Africans, 131, 135, 274; popular, 354; public, 359; site of, 3; of slavery, 2, 4, 16, 269

Memphis, 113, 163

Mendonça, Lourenço da Silva, 418

Mexican Constitution of 1824, 424

Mexican War of Independence, 424

Mexico (present-day nation), 4, 169, 186, 353, 354, 356, 424, 460, 472

Mexico (Viceroyalty of New Spain), 117, 170, 171, 370

Mexico City, 8, 212, 213, 225, 240, 291, 301, 366

Middle East, 11, 40, 434

Middle Passage, 90, 91, 100, 109, 111, 112, 114, 130, 134, 139, 155, 227, 269, 274, 287, 290, 310, 313, 468, 502n54

Mina Coast (Costa da Mina), 29–30

Minas Gerais, 153, 196, 214, 227, 276, 279, 282, 376, 379, 417

Miranda, Carmen, 246

Mississippi, 190, 427, 474, 475

Mississippi River, 148

Mississippi Valley, 187

Mobile River (Alabama), 143

mocambo, 338, 353, 358, 359

mondongo, 243

Mondongo (city), 243

Mondongueras, 243

Monroe, James, 444

Monrovia, 444

Montego Bay, 407

Montejo, Esteban, 281

Montevideo, 291, 292, 333, 334

Monticello, 219, 347

Montpelier, 125

Montreal, 216

Montserrat, 126

Moore, Thomas, 405–6

Moret Law (Cuba, 1870), 334, 335, 442, 433

Morgan, Jennifer, 6, 313

Morrison, Toni, 330

motherhood, 310, 313–14, 316–17, 323–24, 349–50

Mount Vernon, 124

mouros (Moors), 206

Mozambique, 99, 113, 221

mucama, 233

mulatas, 222

Museu da Cidade (City Museum, Lisbon, Portugal) 206, 207

Museum of Aquitaine, France, 211

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 111

music, 59, 119, 154, 208, 359, 362, 364, 368, 372, 375, 380, 385–87, 414, 471

musical instruments, 377, 381, 383

Muslims: African, 253, 288, 389, 408–11, 414, 415, 434, 454; Hausa, 52; in Iberian Peninsula, 21, 22, 205, 206, 365; slave trade, 11, 40, 70, 156; in West Africa, 20, 27, 52, 53, 72, 115

Mvemba a Nzinga, 35

Nantes History Museum, France, 211, 310, 311, 312

Napoleonic Wars, 422

Nashville, 163

“nation” (group of provenance): Angola, 155, 162, 221, 367, 371; Arda, 156, 298; Benguela, 99, 155, 256, 278, 326, 348, 349; Cabinda, 155, 162, 179, 221, 256, 326, 417; Casange, 256; Congo, 155, 156, 221, 242, 256, 315, 326, 349, 417; Hausa, 221, 326, 409; Ijesa, 253, 254; Inhambane, 221; Jeje, 221, 315, 367, 371, 409; Libola, 256; Lucumí, 404, 414; Mahi, 377; Mina, 224, 241, 252, 253, 254, 377; Moçambique, 99, 221, 256; Monjolo, 256, 329, 350; Nagô, 155, 224, 367, 409; Rebolo, 256; Tapa, 221, 409

National Museum of African American History and Culture, United States, 220

Native American. See Indigenous: peoples

Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 405, 406

Ndongo, Kingdom of, 33, 42, 44, 243, 297

Needell, Jeffrey, 353

Negro World, 462

New Bedford, 113

New Calabar, 111, 514n82

New England, 109, 305, 375, 440

New Jersey, 332, 423

New Orleans, 100, 140, 158, 163, 189, 202, 217, 219, 243, 245, 246, 350, 353, 384, 425

New Orleans Argus, 348

Newton, John, 77, 103, 107, 270

New Year’s Day, 363

New York City, 116, 136–38, 140, 202, 217, 389, 393–95, 415, 425, 463, 471, 472

New York Conspiracy of 1741, 395

New York slave rebellion of 1712, 389, 393–94, 415

Ngoyo, Kingdom of, 179, 227

Nicholas Brown and Company, 108

Nigeria, 7, 32, 38, 48, 53, 56, 57, 61, 72, 73, 85, 118, 238, 253, 263, 266, 289, 292, 434, 435, 444, 454

Norcom, James, 275–76

North Africa, 20, 21, 22, 23, 40, 81, 205, 434

Northup, Solomon, 2, 167, 168, 190, 380, 381

Nvita a Nkanga (António I), 120

Nzinga a Nkuwu, 35

Óbidos, 340

Oettinger, Johann Peter, 103, 106

Oliveira, Francisca da Silva (Chica da Silva), 282–84, 315, 419

Olodum, 387

Onim. See Lagos (in present-day Nigeria)

Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d’, 162

Ordenações filipinas (1603), 294, 340

Ordenações manuelinas, 340

Osogun, 72, 289

Ottoman Empire, 19

Ouidah, 48, 49, 62, 66, 67, 70, 74–77, 81, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 98, 106, 239, 269, 310, 313, 371, 445, 447–53, 455, 457–58

Owu War, 52, 54, 57, 73

Oyo Empire, 49, 52, 54, 61, 73, 390, 409, 454

palenques, 353, 354

palenque San Basilio, 355

Palmares (Jones), 2

Palmares quilombo, 4, 357–59, 472

palm oil, 30, 76, 106, 152, 238, 239, 246, 247

palm oil legitimate trade, 452, 457

Palo Monte (Palo Mayombe), 385

Panama (present-day country), 424, 425, 461

panos da costa, 226

Paraguay, 334, 424, 425

Paraíba Valley, 184, 194, 196, 315, 322, 384, 385, 469, 477

Paraíso, José Abubakar, 453, 454

partus sequitur ventrem (doctrine), 295, 314, 331, 547n34

Páscoa, 297–300

paternalism, 184, 303, 351, 363, 479

patronato, 335

Patronato Law (Cuba, 1880), 433

Patterson, Orlando, 10

Pennsylvania Journal, 161

Pernambuco, 58, 82, 101, 147, 173, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 194–95, 224, 261, 279, 320, 356–58, 376

Peroty, Lazare-Antoine, 269

Peru, Viceroyalty of, 147, 151, 171, 212, 213, 240, 318, 334, 355, 370, 419, 424, 425, 470, 523n7

Petite Côte, 26

Philadelphia, 100, 145, 352, 425

Pinney, John, 210

plantations: coffee, 153, 166–68, 190–200; cotton, 8, 148, 166–68, 189–200; economies, 166–68, 187–89; indigo, 166–68; sugar, 25, 36, 159, 160, 166–68, 171–86, 190–200; tobacco, 124, 166–68; wheat, 124, 166–68

polygyny, 237, 289, 442

Ponte, Henriques Ferreira, 261, 277

Porto Alegre, 325, 329

Porto-Novo, 51, 371, 446, 451–58, 534, 577

Post, Frans, 175, 176

Postlethwayt, Malachy, 157

Potosí, 212, 240

presents. See gifts

Prince, Mary, 149, 275

Proa, Jacques, 226, 269

Prosser, Gabriel, 443

Protestant Reformation, 291

Providence Candleworks, 109

Province of Freedom (Sierra Leone), 441

Puebla de los Ángeles, 202, 213

Puerto Rico, 83, 170, 196, 242, 334, 245, 433

Querino, Manuel Raimundo, 371

quilombo (maroon community in Brazil), 2, 354, 357, 358, 472

Quilombo (movie), 2

quindas, 239

quitanda (kitanda), 239, 246, 247

quitandeiras, 239, 255

Quito, 202, 240, 246

racialization, 12, 16, 18, 204, 293, 294, 434, 466, 478, 479, 480

Recife, 58, 81, 82, 99, 130, 140, 146, 147, 179, 202, 320, 359

Rediker, Marcus, 6, 94

Reis, João José, 409

repartimiento (mita), 170

Rhode Island, 55, 108, 109, 331, 423

Richardson, David, 109

Richmond, 163, 218, 353, 405, 425, 443

Rio de Janeiro: city, 8, 57, 61, 81, 96, 99, 121, 131–35, 138, 146, 153, 154, 159, 162, 163, 195, 202, 215, 219, 221, 225, 227, 228, 230, 232, 234–37, 301, 303, 322, 343, 348, 349, 350, 375–79, 470; coffee plantations, 197–99; port, 96, 98, 99, 101, 113, 140, 276, 292, 429, 446–48; province (present-day state), 195–97, 315, 385–86, 408, 411–13; women street vendors, 249–59

Rio Grande do Sul, 15, 324–26, 328, 329, 337, 360, 386

Rodrigues, Jaime, 97

Roíz, Gonçalo (ship captain), 111

Roman Catholicism, 25, 27–29, 35, 120, 159, 170, 306, 309, 314, 330, 364–66, 372–73, 375, 379, 386–87, 392, 447, 467, 471, 479

Roman law, 294, 313, 330, 419

Romanus Pontifex (bull), 25

Roma people, 153–54

Rome, 202, 204, 205, 340

Rømer, Ludewig Ferdinand, 119

Rotterdam, 209

Royal African Company, 60

Royall, Isaac, Jr., 51

Rugendas, Johann Moritz, 155, 520n38

rum, 72, 107, 109

Saharan trade and slave trade, 19–21, 25, 27, 40, 70, 77, 85, 156

Saint Croix, 277

Saint-Domingue Revolution, 15, 146, 192, 389, 390, 392, 398–402, 416

Saint-Hilaire, Auguste, 195

Saint-Louis, 81, 87, 267

Saint Thomas, 106

Salvador (Bahia), 53, 81, 82, 96, 99, 120, 126–29, 131, 140, 146, 147, 202, 213, 219, 221–25, 226, 235, 246, 249, 255, 298, 315, 348, 370, 372, 375, 387, 408–10, 413, 446, 449, 451, 470, 471, 472

Sandoval, Alonso de (Jesuit priest), 145

San Juan (Puerto Rico), 243

Santería, 115, 385

São Paulo, 8, 153, 196, 198, 273, 303, 353, 408, 431, 478

São Tomé, 25, 95, 106, 168, 209, 368

Sardinha, Manuel Pires, 282–83

Savannah, 151, 219

Savi, 50, 103, 458

Sawyer, Samuel Treadwell, 276

Schagen, Anna Isabella van Beieren van, 341

Schwalm, Leslie A., 188

Schwartz, Stuart, 356

Schwind, Annie Stewart, 321

Second Maroon War, 356, 442

second slavery, 15, 191, 192, 194, 197, 218, 274, 307, 353, 403, 414, 423, 481

Second World War, 435

self-purchase, 215, 418–20, 470–71

Senegal River, 25, 27, 28

Senegambia, 25, 27–29, 33, 37, 87, 100, 157

Seven Years’ War, 192, 396

Seville, 170, 204, 208, 366

Sexagenarian Law (Brazil, 1885), 431

sexual violence, 8, 13, 76, 91, 112, 113, 142, 158, 182, 216, 233, 236, 261–85, 296, 298, 303, 307–9, 314, 326, 337, 343, 351, 471

Sharpe, Samuel, 406–7

shipmates, 287, 290, 292

Sierra Leone, 26, 27, 55, 64, 77, 160, 188, 265, 268, 271, 289, 356, 440–46, 448, 463, 473, 504n83

Sierra Leone Company, 442

Sigaud, Joseph François Xavier, 132

Silva, Urbain-Karim Elisio da, 453

Sinha, Manisha, 351

sippi. See shipmates

1619, significance of year, 3

Slave Act of 1661 (Barbados), 344

slave auctions. See slave sales

slave badges, 219–20, 245

slave catchers, 351, 356, 357

slave cemetery, 117, 131, 375; Anse Sainte-Marguerite (Guadeloupe, France), 126; Anson Street (Charleston, South Carolina), 137; Caju (São Francisco Xavier Cemetery, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 132; Campo da Pólvora (Gunpoweder Field, Salvador, Brazil), 129, 131; Field of Mercy (Campo da Misericórdia, Brazil), 131, 132; New Blacks (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 134–36, 153; Old Burial Ground (Cambridge, Massachusetts), 124, 125; Rocio (Mulatos Cemetery, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 131; Santa Rita (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 134. See also burial grounds

slavery: in Greco-Roman world, 11, 20; as labor regime, 9, 434; as mode of production, 9, 434, 481

Slavery (Slavernij), exhibition, 340–41

slave sales: advertisements, 99, 160–62, 221–22, 249, 256, 320; in Africa, 48, 76, 77; in Americas, 134, 141–43, 145–46, 147–55, 158, 160–63, 165–66, 334, 347, 417; of family members, 62; and family separation, 143; Lagos (Portugal), 139, 141

Slave Ship (painting), 111

slave ships: African, 270; Arrogante, 130, 271; Boa União, 101; Caraïbe, 269; Cerqueira, 102; Charming Susanna, 129; Clotilda, 66, 146, 286; Dembia, 160, 161; Dois Amigos, 452; Dois de Fevereiro, 99; Duc de Laval, 269; Duke of Argyle, 77, 107; Emilia, 99, 292, 293; Feco, 111; Flor d’África, 102; Flor d’América, 102; Friedrich Wilhelm, 102; Galathée, 100; Galocha, 111; Henriqueta, 102; Heroína, 102; Jesus Maria, 271; Juliana, 102; L’Aimable Françoise, 269; Maria, 101; Maria Thereza, 102; Marie-Séraphique, 310–13; Mariquinhas, 113; Memphis, 113; Peggy, 97; Pistola, 99; Providência, 113; Recovery, 111–12; Sally, 108–9; Sandown, 78; Santa Anna, 102; Terceira Rozália, 102; Tibério, 102; Umbelina, 102; Victoria, 102; Zong, 102, 111–12

slave societies, 11, 192, 194, 233, 281, 367, 479

SlaveVoyages (database), 110, 490n12

smallpox, 106, 129, 145, 169

Smallwood, Stephanie, 106

Smith, Venture (Broteer Furro), 55, 129

Soares, Mariza de Carvalho, 290

Société des Missions Africaines, 456

societies with slaves, 11, 168

Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, 443. See also American Colonization Society

Society of Jesus, 160, 170, 175. See also Jesuits

sodomy, 278, 279, 281

Sokoto Caliphate, 52, 434

Someone Knows My Name (Hill), 440

South Asia, 70, 172

South Atlantic: colonies, 230; length of slave voyages over, 81; Ocean, 330, 447; region, 91; sea currents, 22, 80, 81; system, 7, 84, 86, 91, 92, 94, 97, 100, 102, 106, 112; winds, 81; world, 14, 101, 367

South Carolina Gazette, 160

Southeast Asia, 172

Southeastern Africa, 10, 221, 465, 467

South Sea Company, 144

Souza, Francisco Félix de, 448, 451

spaces of correlation, 364

Spanish Americas, 82, 151, 172, 174, 184, 186, 212–15, 237, 240, 291, 294, 304, 353, 366, 370, 372, 408, 422, 424. See also Spanish-speaking Americas

Spanish-speaking Americas, 7, 420, 427, 469

Stanfield, James Field, 270

Stono Rebellion, 244, 389, 395, 421

Street of the Blacks’ Pit (Rua Poço dos Negros) 122, 123

sugar estates. See plantations: sugar

suicide, 109, 270, 339, 360, 361

Sweden, 43, 79, 80, 97, 425

syncretism, 364

Tacky’s Revolt, 396–97

task system, 177, 196

Taylor, Anthony, 440

Tejuco, 282–83

Texas, 171, 190, 427

textiles, 19, 36, 67, 69, 79, 83, 85, 171, 189, 213, 226, 227, 239. See also cloth

Thirteenth Amendment of the US Constitution (1865), 428

Thistlewood, Thomas, 274–75

Thornton, John K., 357, 372

tobacco, 59, 67, 72, 74, 82, 83, 86, 89, 136, 157, 166–68, 181–82, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 200, 218, 219, 278, 380, 423, 468

Togo, 30, 47, 238, 371, 446, 454, 458

Tom, King, 441

Tomich, Dale, 191

trauma, 60, 62, 114, 143, 149, 150, 154, 290, 323, 326, 468

Treaty of Alcáçovas, 26, 168

Treaty of Paris of 1783, 439

Trelawny Town, 356

Triunvirato Rebellion, 414

Trump, Donald, 490n6

Tubman, Harriet, 352, 383

tumbeiro (floating tomb), 90

Turner, Henry McNeal, 461

Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 111

Turner, Nat, 2, 405

12 Years a Slave (movie), 2, 190

Underground Railroad, 352

UNESCO World Heritage List, 133

UNIA, 461–63

United States: Capitol, 217; Civil War, 9, 15, 151, 188, 191, 286, 320, 345, 351, 353, 427–28, 444, 460, 474, 475, 555n18; Deep South, 189, 307; Fugitive Slave Act (1793), 351, 352; Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 353; North, 163, 188, 218, 332, 334, 352, 481; White House, 217, 218

Upper Guinea, 26, 27, 29, 55, 188, 355

Uruguay, 97, 291, 325, 333, 334, 424, 425, 426

Utrecht, 209

Valongo: area, 134; neighborhood, 133; slave market, 153–55, 162; wharf, 251

Vaughan, James Churchwill, 444

Venezuela, 324, 334, 402–4

Viceroyalty of New Granada, 324, 355, 402

Viceroy of Ouidah, The (Chatwin), 450

villages marrons (maroon villages), 354

Virginia: Alexandria, 148, 426, 460; as British colony, 3, 64, 82, 96, 183, 187–89, 283, 295, 307, 308, 420; plantations, 124, 219; Richmond, 218, 443; Southampton, 2, 405; as US state, 408, 426, 427

Virginia Gazette, 346

Wales, 97

Walsh, Robert, 132, 153, 154

War of Castilian Succession, 26

Warren, Wendy, 305

Washington, Booker T., 461

Washington, George, 125

Wayles, John, 284

Weeping Time, 151

Wegbadja, King, 48

West Africa: and Atlantic slave trade, 14, 36, 38, 39, 60, 64, 67, 78, 89, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 139, 188, 204, 205, 430, 443; currencies, 70, 85; and enslavement, 40, 42, 51, 66, 68, 269; gold, 21; Portuguese explorers and traders in, 20, 22, 25–29, 37, 168, 174, 466; returnees, 437, 438, 446, 478; and slavery, 11; trans-Saharan trade, 21; women, 236–38, 240, 249

West Central Africa: and Angola’s links with Brazil, 81, 87, 99, 299, 330, 357, 469, 480; and Atlantic slave trade, 12, 18, 37, 38, 41, 44, 60, 63–65, 67–70, 77–78, 89, 92, 94–95, 98–99, 113, 151, 153, 174, 204–5, 292, 310, 418, 466–69, 480; Benguela, 42, 44, 83, 87, 117, 330; Catholicism, 364–66, 368; currencies, 85; Dutch in, 82; and Eastern slave trade, 11; and enslavement, 266, 466; and family, 287–88; and gender, 287; in global exchanges, 19; Kingdom of Kongo, 36, 364; Luanda, 43–44, 83, 87, 101, 117; and marriage, 297; Portuguese explorers and traders in, 20, 26, 33, 35–36, 39, 43, 44, 87, 168; returnees, 437, 446, 472; and slavery, 40, 434; women, 236–38, 240, 249

Western Carolinian, 348

West India Company (Dutch), 217

West Indies, 3, 7, 11, 79–80, 91, 95, 96, 97, 116, 148, 174, 180, 181, 186, 191, 200, 201, 237, 274, 280, 283, 308–9, 343–46, 380, 381, 462, 472; British, 6, 39, 40, 57, 63, 81, 92, 96, 109, 124, 157, 159, 172, 182, 183, 188, 241–42, 271, 275, 293–94, 354, 365, 417, 423, 469, 473–74; Danish, 72, 106, 277, 425; Dutch, 72, 82, 124, 183, 210; French, 81, 92, 103, 124, 183, 185, 212, 241, 310, 345–46, 354, 390, 469; Spanish, 96, 148, 183, 192, 214, 240, 242, 478

Wetherell, James, 226, 248

Wilberforce, William, 1, 112

Windward Coast, 77, 107, 109, 188

Windward Maroons, 356

wine, 32, 71, 83, 268, 358

Woman King, The (movie), 265, 450

Works Progress Administration’s Federal Writers Project, 272

Wright, Joseph, 73, 74, 91

XV Square (Praça XV, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 132, 251

Yanga, 4, 354, 355

yellow fever, 145, 402

Yoruba: Kingdom of Ijebu, 57; Kingdom of Oyo, 49; language, 263; religious system, 385; speakers, 51, 52, 53, 99, 242, 253, 256, 301, 409, 410, 414, 453, 454; -speaking polities, 48, 447; town, 48; village, 286; word, 386, 408

Yorubaland, 51, 57, 73, 238, 264, 292, 390

Youle, Alfred Phillips, 320, 321

Zoninus collar, 340

Zumbi, 4, 359, 360

Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, 23, 34, 139