Index

A

Abolition of capital punishment anti-capital punishment committee 202

Brookes, William 204, 211

Burford, William 152, 153, 190, 191, 201, 202

Cawthorne, William Anderson 200, 201

debating societies 207

Gray, Samuel 211

Haynes, John 212-214, 216, 218, 219

Lang, J.D.

literary societies 202, 206

McLaren, David 190

Murray, Terence Aubrey 202, 203, 209

Nayler, Benjamin Suggitt 190

Parliamentary Associations 207

Parliamentary Classes 207 Ponder, William 207

S.A.C.P (NSW) 202, 204

S.A.C.P (SA) 200, 201

Smith, Louis Lawrence 209

Wardley, Edward 190

Weale, John Camille 190. See also Kentish, Nathaniel; Lee, Frederick; Parkes, Henry; Taylor, Alfred

Aborigines. See Indigenous America. See United States of

America

Australian colonies, disparaging opinions

Australia Imagined 161, 162 O’Brian, William Smith 162

Smith, Sydney 162

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive 257

license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2020

S. Anderson, A History of Capital Punishment in the Australian Colonies, 1788 to 1900, Palgrave Histories of Policing, Punishment and Justice https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53767-8

B

Batavia, wreck of 31 Beccaria, Cesare 14, 197 Bedford, William 95-97, 106.

See also Clergymen, notable; Religions, list of

Blackstone, William 19, 20, 44 �Bloody code’ 4. See also Capital crimes; England

Botany Bay. See Convicts Botched executions, notable examples of

Beard, Joshua 82

Collins, Patrick 72

Curtin, William 70

Johnson, William 70

Manns, Henry 73, 200

Mutter, Joseph 55, 84

Samuels, Joseph 69, 70

Streitman, Charles 44, 73

Britain. See England British Empire 8, 29, 140, 160, 161, 222. See also England

Bushranger. See Bushranging Bushranging 27, 33, 209, 225

Bushranger Act 98.

C

Canada 9, 39, 160. See also Inter­national jurisdictions, list of

Capital code. See Capital crimes

Capital crimes 4, 6, 20-24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 43, 48-50, 53, 180, 194, 199. See also �Bloody code’; Murder; Property offences, various; Rape;

Security and defence, offences related to; Sexual crimes, various

Capital statutes. See Capital crimes Children 7, 30, 34, 80, 107, 117,

121, 122, 124, 125, 134, 137, 149, 155, 173, 177, 178, 181, 210, 217, 223

Petrie, Tom 121. See also Juvenile Civilization 192, 213

Civilized. See Civilization

Civilizing Process, The

Elias, Norbert 13, 15

McGuire, John 14, 186

Pratt, John 14

Spierenburg, Pieter 13

Class, social

lower classes 7, 80, 107, 117,

122, 124, 134, 137, 223

upper classes 7, 13, 112 well-to-do 125. See also Crowd, at executions

Clemency. See Mercy

Clergymen, notable

Brosnan, John 104

McEncroe, John 98

Therry, Joseph 195

Woods, Julian T. 195. See also Bedford, William; Ullathorne, William

Colonial Office

circulars 6

Colonial Secretary 38, 84, 144, 151, 198. See also England Commuted. See Mercy Convictism. See Convicts

Convicts

Botany Bay 140, 214

Clarke, Marcus 165

First Fleet 226

gender imbalance 26, 30, 53 legacy of convictism 8, 160, 163, 224

Molesworth, William 27. See also Australian colonies, disparaging opinions of abroad; Bushranging

Courts, establishment of

Court of Criminal Jurisdiction (NSW) 31, 32

Courts of Quarter Sessions (WA) 36

New South Wales Supreme Court 5, 32, 33, 35

Queensland Supreme Court 35

South Australian Supreme Court 37, 38

Tasmanian Supreme Court 32

Victorian Supreme Court 44

Western Australian Supreme Court 36

Criminals, notable executions of

Barrett, Thomas 60

Dodd, William 121

Fenlow, John 79

Fyfe, William 99

Horrocks, Francis 52

Martin, Malachi 137, 138

Montgomery, Charles 80

O’Farrell, Henry 129

Rogan, Thomas 77

Rogers, William 133

Ryan, William 145

Scott, Andrew George 77, 102

Smith, Thomas 98

Streitman, Charles 73

Troy, John 98

Wilcox, Samuel 133

Williams, Thomas 80, 200

Wright, William 119

Young and Burns 130.

anthropologist 130 due process, guarantor of 107 female spectators 120

Innes, Joseph Long 116, 117, 119 scientific experts 130. See also Children; Class, social; Jour­nalists; Phrenology; Sheriff; Women

Culture, communication, and punishment

Durkheim, Emile 17

Garland, David 9, 15

Masur, Louis P. 15

Smith, Phillip 9, 16. See also

Lesson of the gallows

D

Death recorded 42-44, 51 Deeming, Frederick Bailey 34, 42.

See also Criminals, notable executions of

Dickens, Charles 109, 206 Douglass, Henry Grattan 146-149, 161, 165, 224. See also Private Execution Acts

Dying game. See �Game’

E

Elites, opinions of

Cunningham, Peter 124

Lang, John Dunmore 108, 124.

See also Kentish, Nathaniel

Emotions and punishment

Gatrell, VA.C. 16

McGowen, Randall 16

England

Ewart, William 21, 109

Howard Association 194

Makintosh, James 21

Peel, Robert 21

Romilly, Samuel 21

Tyburn 21. See also �Bloody code’;

Blackstone, William; British Empire; Colonial Office; Dickens, Charles; International jurisdictions, list of Example of the gallows. See Lesson of the gallows

Executioner 1, 7, 60, 62, 64, 72, 77, 78, 80, 85, 98, 99, 104-106, 124, 127, 130, 195. See also Executioners, notable

Executioners, notable

Blay, Soloman 63, 71

Elliot, Robert 69, 71

Flude, Henry 62

Green, Alexander 63, 100

Howard, Robert (�Nosey Bob’) 63

Marwood, William (English) 81

Execution methods, suggestions of carbonic acid gas 83 electrocution 83, 223 guillotine 7, 83 iron tank 82

Executions, notable procedural elements of buried 76, 178 curtain 83, 84 death mask 131, 132 equipment 77, 101 hangman’s knot 70, 77 hour of execution 61 metal washer 77 pinioning 73, 77 procession to the scaffold 74 rope 71, 80

Table of Drops 57, 71, 72, 81 taking down of the body 80 tarpaulin 83, 222.

Colonial Office; Crowd, at executions; Hanging in chains Executive Council

Executive councillors 48

Governor-in-Council 41, 53, 222 ministers 41, 46. See also

Governors, notable

Eyewitness accounts, notable

Finn, Edmund 64, 90, 115

Innes, Joseph 121, 122 Marjoribanks, Alexander 123

Taylor, Joseph Fogg 101

Willmer, George 125

F

Federation xii, xiii, 6, 7, 23, 24, 28,

29, 31, 35, 39, 57, 210, 219, 222, 225

Female. See Women

Fenian 203, 204

Fenianism. See Fenian

Finnane, Mark 32, 33, 36, 39, 47,

50, 164, 165, 181

Foucault, Michelxiii, 10-12, 14, 17,

18

Discipline and Punish 11 panopticon 12, 17

Frontier 6, 30, 31, 51, 53, 161, 169, 171, 173, 175, 178, 181, 182, 184-187, 224, 225

G

�Game’, definitions of

Grose, Francis 87

Hotten, John Camden 87 �Game’, examples of

Fagan, Hugh 85

Jenkins, John 98

Williams, Samuel 85

Gaol officials, notable

Castieau, John Buckley 61 Gaols, list of

Adelaide Gaol 38, 66, 73, 76, 81-83, 127, 134, 137, 176, 177

Beechworth Gaol 61

Boggo Road Gaol 66, 128

Darlinghurst Gaol 1, 2, 66, 70, 73, 77, 102, 117, 121, 128, 133, 145-147, 204

Derby Gaol 183

Dubbo Gaol 134

George Street Gaol 66

Goulburn Gaol 130

Hobart Gaol 67, 127 Launceston Gaol 74, 130

Melbourne Gaol 1, 2, 4, 34, 61, 66, 68, 75, 76, 83, 131, 132, 136

Murray Street Gaol 67

Newgate Gaol (English) 57 Pentridge Prison 222

Perth Gaol 67

Petrie Terrace Gaol 66

Queen Street Gaol 119, 122 Roebourne Gaol 183

Rottnest Island 183

Garland, David 9, 11, 15,

16, 17, 165. See also Culture, communication, and punishment

Gender 6, 15, 36, 48, 53, 225

Gibbet. See Hanging in chains

Governor 24, 38, 41, 42, 45, 46, 53, 69, 97, 142, 149, 170, 176,

183, 184, 199, 200

Lieutenant-Governor 79, 97, 150,

184, 185. See also Governors, notable

Governors, notable

Arthur, George 33, 97

Bourke, Richard 32

Darling, Ralph 32

Davey, Thomas 79

Hotham, Charles 150

LaTrobe, Charles 115, 184, 185 Phillip, Arthur 32

Stirling, James 37.

H

Hanging in chains 11, 22, 79, 80, 174

hung in chains xi, 79, 174

�Hunter’s Island’ 79

Morgan, Frances 79

Hangman. See Executioner Humanitarian. See Humanitarianism

Humanitarianism 186, 216

Hung in chains. See Hanging in chains

Indigenous Australians, opinions of

Cook, James 180

Dampier, William 179, 180

�savagery’ 181

Indigenous executions, debate around

Bagot, John 178

Grundy, Edward 178

inter se 50

Irwin, Frederick 37

Strangeways, Thomas 175, 176 terror of the law 25, 173, 186 tribal custom 50

Indigenous executions, notable

�Bob’ 74, 118

Bunaboy 173

Cooperabiddy 183

Corrondine 182

Doodjep 173

Dugald 186

Goologol 174

�Jack’ 74, 118

Kanyan 173, 174

Kulgulta 172

Manyella 176, 177

Meengulta 182

Midgegooroo 36, 37

Mingulta 172

Rainbird Murderers 134

�Roger’ 74, 184

�Scabby Harry’ 130

Tchawada 182

Terribie 182

Wera Meldera 76

Yandal 174. See also Maria Massacre

International jurisdictions, list of

Belgium 194

Cape of Good Hope 160

China 214

France xiii, 9

Germany xiii, 9

Netherlands, the xiii, 9

Portugal 194

Russia 194

Scotland 9

South Africa 40

Sweden 194

Switzerland 194. See also Canada; England; New Zealand; United States of America

J

Journalists

O’Toole, �Bob’ 114

reportage 6

Judge

Chief Justice 42

Judge Advocate 20, 79

Magistrate 38 trial judge 36, 42, 43. See also

Judges, notable; Justice of the Peace; Lawyer

Judges, notable

Collins, David 79

Hodges, Henry 42

Milford, Frederick 5

Willis, Walpole John 184. See also

Judge

Jury 44-46, 177, 198, 207, 210 pious perjury 44

Justice of the Peace 144

Juvenile 51, 125

youths 51, 52. See also Children;

Mercy; Mount Rennie

K

Kelly, Ned

�As game as Ned Kelly’ 104 �Kelly gang’ 103

�Such is Life’ 104. See also

Criminals, notable executions of

Kentish, Nathaniel 109, 112—114, 124, 137, 191, 207.

Knatchbull, John 1, 2, 4, 117, 125. See also Criminals, notable executions of

L

Last words 90, 99, 104

Lawyer xiv, 203, 218

Lee, Frederick 190, 191-201, 203, 204, 210, 211, 219. See also Abolition of capital punishment

Lesson of the gallows 5, 105, 173, 181, 187, 222, 226. See also Culture, communication, and punishment

Letter to the Editor 82, 136, 174

M

Magistrate. See Judges, notable

Maria Massacre 69, 170, 174. See also Indigenous executions

Marxists and punishment

Hay, Douglas 12, 21

Kirchheimer, Otto 12 Linebaugh, Peter 13, 21

Marx, Karl xiii, 12 Rusche, Georg 12 Thompson, E.P 12, 21 Medical

dissection 80 doctor 80, 131 surgeon 144 Mercy xii, 4, 6, 20, 41, 42, 44,

45, 48-53, 69, 70, 145, 194, 195, 198-201, 203, 222, 225, 226. See also Death recorded; Executive Council; Gender; Judges, notable; Jury; Juvenile; Petitions, notable; Race Military 32, 74, 123, 126, 187, 216 Moreton Bay. See Queensland Mount Rennie 51, 70, 128, 200 Murder

attempted murder 22-24, 28, 53,

90 homicide 35 infanticide 49 intent to murder 22, 23, 27, 203 petit treason 22, 23. See also

Capital crimes

N

Nationalities, list of non-English Afghan 36

Asian 186

Chinese 36 French 36

Indian 36 Irish 162 Malay 36

Mongolian 130 Pacific Islander 186. See also

Indigenous

New South Wales 4, 5, 8, 9, 20-29, 31-33, 35, 40, 44-47, 49, 63, 69, 78-80, 93, 100, 108, 110-112, 115, 117, 121, 126, 128, 129, 134, 140-144, 146-151, 154, 156, 160-164, 166, 169, 174, 185-187, 189, 191, 192, 195, 198-200, 202-204, 206, 209-214, 216, 219, 221, 224, 225

New Zealand 39, 160. See also International jurisdictions, list of

Norfolk Island 31, 33, 45, 94, 100 Northern Territory 38, 39

O

Onlooker, at executions. See Crowd, at executions

Opposition to death penalty. See Abolition of capital punishment

P

Pain. See Suffering

Parkes, Henry 206, 210, 211.

See also Abolition of capital punishment

Penal change xiii, 10, 16-18, 189, 226

Penal progress 18

Radzinowicz, Leon 10, 11. See also Humanitarianism

Penitence 7, 86, 90, 92, 101-103, 223

Penitent. See Penitence

Penitent deaths, examples of

Ellis, Charles 90

Fogarty, Martin 90-92, 118

Gardiner, James 96

Jepps, Daniel 90-92

Jerries, Thomas 95

Routley, Charles 96

Petitions, notable

Buttner, Ernest 199

Buttner, John 199

Collins, Louisa 199

Hewart, Robert 199

Makin, John 199

Montgomery, Charles 200

Norfolk Island mutineers 45

Rice, William 199

Williams, Thomas 200 Phrenologists, notable 34

De Blumenthal, G.A. 131

Hamilton, Archibald S. 131, 132 Phrenology 131, 132. See also Phrenologists, notable Port Phillip District. See Victoria Prisons. See Gaols, list of Private Execution Acts 8, 67, 79, 134, 135, 140, 154, 160, 165, 166, 224

An Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals (NSW) 135, 141, 145, 148

Private executions, notable supporters of

Blyth, Arthur 152

Nichols, George 147, 149

Plunkett, John 141, 147, 148 Stawell, William 150

Townsend, William 152

Younghusband, William 152. See also Douglass, Henry

Private executions, transparency

Champ, William 151

Manning, William 149 Martin, James 211

Property offences, various burglary 22 larceny 22 robbery 22, 32, 33 stealing 32, 33 theft 22. See also Bushranging;

Capital crimes

Punishment, non-capital corporal 42 fines xi, 12 flogging 164 incarceration 197, 216 �lash’, the xi, 165 pillory xi prison 4, 6, 12, 16, 101, 106, 113, 137, 169, 197, 216 transportation xi, 42, 206

Q

Queensland 5, 8, 20, 23, 25, 29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 47, 49-52, 55, 56, 63, 64, 66, 71, 84, 121, 128, 130, 136, 141, 169, 185, 187, 221, 224

Religions, list of

Anglican 93, 97

Atheist 76

Catholic 75, 93

Christian 75

Churches of Christ 191

Jewish 76, 191

Muslim 76

Presbyterian 111

Quaker 207

Unitarian 194. See also

Clergymen, notable Retentionist 201, 205, 210. See also

Retentionists, notable

Retentionists, notable

Copeland, Henry 218

Cowper, Charles 210

Gould, Albert 217

Leslie, John 151

Waddell, Thomas 217

Royal Assent, debate around 141, 142

Darvall, John 142. See also Private Execution Acts

Ryan, Ronald xii, 104, 222. See also Criminals, notable executions of

R

Race 6, 15, 36, 53, 179, 185, 225. See also Indige­nous; Nationalities, list of non-English

Rape 21, 23-26, 36, 70, 128, 180, 186, 216, 218. See also Capital crimes; Mount Rennie; Sexual crimes, various

S

Scaffold crowd. See Crowd, at executions

Security and defence, offences related to

espionage 29

piracy 29

treason 29. See also Capital crimes

Sexual crimes, various

bestiality 26

buggery 26

carnal knowledge 24, 25 sodomy 26, 27. See also Capital crimes; Rape

Shakespeare, William 47

Sheriff 7, 63, 70, 72, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 123, 127, 130, 134, 135, 137, 143, 144, 223, 224. See also Sheriffs, notable

Sheriffs, notable

Boothby, W.R. 127

Cowper, Charles 63, 64 Prout (Under-Sheriff) 99

Sams, William 127. See also Sheriff

Smith, Phillip 9, 16. See also Culture, communication, and punishment

South Australia 5, 8, 20, 23, 24, 29, 37, 38, 42, 47-51, 65, 83, 112, 117, 127, 134, 139, 141,

142, 152, 153, 164, 169, 170,

172, 174-179, 181-187, 191,

200-202, 204, 207, 221, 224

convict-free 164

Spectator, at executions. See Crowd, at executions

Suffering 7, 16, 56, 84, 86, 107, 158, 223

Supporters, death penalty. See Retentionist

Swan River Colony. See Western Australia

Sydney Cove. See New South Wales

T

Tasmania 5, 8, 23, 25-29, 31, 32, 39, 40, 47, 49, 51, 63, 72, 79,

119, 121, 127, 129, 134, 135,

141, 143, 164, 169, 174, 187,

191, 192, 205-208, 219, 221

Taylor, Alfred 44, 89, 190-192,

195, 197, 198, 201, 210, 219.

See also Abolition of capital punishment

U

Ullathorne, William 75, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 106, 163. See also Clergymen, notable; Religions, list of

United Kingdom. See England United States of America xiii. See

also International jurisdictions, list of

V

Van Diemen’s Land. See Tasmania Victoria 5, 8, 20, 23-29, 31, 33, 34,

39, 47-49, 51, 66, 74, 81, 85,

90, 114, 118, 119, 125, 126,

129, 130, 141, 142, 144, 150,

151, 157, 163-166, 169, 184, 185, 205

W

Western Australia 5, 8, 20, 23, 24, 27-29, 36, 47-49, 51, 67, 76, 133, 141-144, 153, 164, 169, 170, 173, 174, 179-187, 191, 208, 221, 224

Women

chivalry 50

isolation 6, 53

�purity’ 25, 30, 217 Women, notable executions of

Benwell, Eliza 121

Davis, Ann 49

Knorr, Francis 90

Woolcock, Elizabeth 49

³⁴For the original English Act, see United Kingdom, Chapter 62 of 1832, An Act for Abolishing the Punishment of Death in Certain Cases, and Substituting a Lesser Punishment in Lieu Thereof.

⁴¹It is worth noting that a continent-wide estimation of execution numbers was conducted in the 1980s by Satyanshu Mukherjee et al. It put the number of executions carried out in Australia after 1820 at 1648 people. Although Mukherjee’s estimation was restricted to the

⁶⁶In Adelaide this occurred at the execution of Michael Magee in 1838 according to the account of T. Horton James. In Launceston a man named Jefferies in 1826 was carted to the gallows

²⁵In scholarly book-length historical studies of German, French, Dutch, and American execu­tions the prominent role of the church on the day of execution been widely examined, see Paul Friedland, Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Punishment in France, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 101—107; Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punish­ment in Germany, 1600—1987, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 77—86; Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776— 1865, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 33—39; Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression; From a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 59—66. More specific

¹⁸Tasmania has an extensive collection of these official statements signed by public witnesses and medical practitioners ranging from 1856 to 1946, see â€?Copies of Declaration by Witnesses

⁸⁹These questions and motions were in the 1891 (twice), 1892, 1894, and 1895 sittings, see SAPD, House of Assembly, 11 June 1891, p. 50; SAPD, House of Assembly, 12 August 1891, pp. 717-720, see also pp. 1361-1362, 1652-1657, and 1869-1870; SAPD, House of Assembly,