SUBJECT INDE

adlection 95-8 adultery 73 advocate(s) 141-98 adaptability of 192-3 advocatus fisci 164 aides to 52, 54-5, 156 attendants of 122-3 and audience 54, 57, 192, 201 interaction with 55, 190-1 and audience approval 196-8 case preparation 171-6 case selection 158-67 caseloads of 150-8 in centumviral court 86 classes of 142-3 clothing of 191, 250n182 and communities 161-3 and the court calendar 176-8 in the courtroom 186-98 and the “decline of oratory” 141-50 as delator, delatores 11, 250n190 document review 170-1 education of 197 and elitism 146-50 and exercise 173-4 and eye patches 191-2 facial expressions of 188 fame of 162, 194-5, 200, 244n147 friends of 55 and friendship 158-60, 242n109 gestures of 187-91 and gifts 143 head movements of 188-9 impact of the case upon 193-8, 201-2 importance of 9 and impromptu hearings 175-6 and jewellery 191 and judges 54, 57

and judges' attention 116

and judges' emotions 117, 192—3 and junior counsel 54—5, 122 and litigants 57, 243n127 and makeup 191 memory 187

and mime, pantomime 249n152 movement of 54, 190

and negative publicity 81 and new case procedures 172—3 non-aristocratic 6, 146—50, 154—8 nourishment in courtroom 190—1 out-of-town 167-9, 250n182 and patronage 143, 145, 150, 160-3 pay 141-50, 158, 200 personal character of 195-6, 198 physical abilities of 186-7 physical appearance of 191-2 physical strain upon 193, 251n208, 251n209

portrayal of emotion 187, 191-3 and postponements 181, 246n38 professionalization of advocacy 142, 146, 186

and props 193 provincial 142, 167-9 and provincial clients 161-3 in quaestiones perpetuae 86 refusal of cases 165-7 representing family 163-4 and risk 195 role of 170-99 seating of 54-5 skills of 186-92, 201 social advancement of 157 speech lengths 172-3, 245n17 speech preparation 171-3, 185 status 141-50, 197-8, 200, 202-4

and superstition 192, 202

and symbolic capital 144, 158—60 teams of 171

terminology 141-50, 148, 160 theatrics of 55

time in court 176-81

time investment 170-85

tools of 187-92, 201 total workload 185 unscrupulous 143—4 and visual aides 193 voice of 187-8

witness preparation 171 workday 182-5

workload 170-85, 247n53

advocatus fisci 164

aediles 44

Aelius Lamia, L.

Aemilia Lepida 225n62

Aemilius Lepidus, Manius 225n62 Aemilius Scaurus, Mamercus 151, 174 Aerarium 53, 164

Afer, Domitius Cn.

Agrippa I of Judaea 4

Agrippa II 74

Agrippina 152

Aiola di Marsia 21-2 Albucius Silus, C. 50, 180, 205n6 album iudicum 90, 92-100, 112, 203, 227n3 see also judge(s)

character exam for 92—3 disqualification from 92—3 exemption from 93 organization 93 qualifications for 91 selection of 94—6 size 93—4

Aldrete, G.S. 129, 136, 189, 190, 206n46, 235n22, 238n102, 249n153, 250n161 altercatio 173, 235n15, 235n20

Anaglypha Traiani 22

Anderson, J.C. 41, 43, 45, 49, 208n31, 209n50, 217n211

Annaeus Mela 3

Annaeus Novatus 3

Antistius Vetus 74

Antoninus Pius 41, 152, 162

Antony 1, 3

Apamea 75

Aper, Marcus 5, 121, 133, 171—2

on advocates 162, 195—6

on audiences 57

on Maternus 160

Appian 44

apud iudicem proceedings 31, 33, 34, 90, 118 Apuleius 124

Aquilius Regulus 5, 126, 142, 171-2, 191-2

satirists on 6

Arch of Augustus 210n65

Arch of Septimius Severus 209n56 Archelaus of Cappadocia 37, 74-5 Arrionilla 74

Arrius Antoninus 159

Asilius Sabinus 54

Asinius Pollio, C. 147, 171, 239n25

caseload 151

and Nonius Asprenas 151

assault 73

assessors 30, 38, 51, 107, 109-10, 116, 201

see also consilium

number of 38

role of 107

Asudius Curianus 102

Atrium Libertatis 45

Attia Viriola 52, 70, 124, 132, 180, 224n37

Attius Suburanus 103

auctoritas 110, 113, 125, 139, 198, 203 audience 120-40

and advocates 54, 55, 121-2

physical interaction with 190-1

in centumviral court 132

clapping 134-6

clerks in 122

as corona 57-8

creditors in 125

criticisms of 198

education of 197

emotions of 84, 192

general 125

identity of 121-33

junior counsel in 122

litigants’ family 123—4

litigants’ supporters 123-5

manceps in 127, 129-31 mesochorus in 127, 129-31

paid 58-9, 123-4, 126-32 see also claque hiring of 129-31 payment of 130-2 rate of pay 131

participation 133-6, 139-40

physical arrangement of 57-8

physical characteristics 52-3

prompters in 122

reasons for attending 120

seating of 55, 124, 219n25, 219n36

size of 58

social standing of 132-3, 203-4

as turba 58

types of 57

youths in 121

Aufidius Victorinus 142, 161-3 Augusta Taurinorum 152, 224n26 Augustus 40, 81, 159

and the album iudicum 92-3, 98

and Archelaus 37

and assessors 38

and the Basilica lulia 62

and censorial duties 93

and Cinna 80

and the court calendar 176-7

and court holidays 115

and the court of the praefectus urbi 39

and the decuries 94-5, 106, 114-15 and delays in litigation 85

and the ducenarii 100

and the leges luliae ludiciariae 32

and Maecenas 37

and Mars Ultor 23 4

and Nonius Asprenas 124, 236n38

and the number of praetors 14

and Ovid 112

and the quaestio de adulteriis 45

and Scutarius 74, 81, 160-1

and summi viri 208n35

and Venus 23

Aulus Gellius 26-7, 34, 40-1, 85-6, 89,

98, 99, 109-10, 117-18, 215n182 on advocate’s workload 185 on exercise 174

Aurelius, Marcus 50, 124, 152, 153, 179 and assessors 38

and Fronto 79

Baburiana 159

Basilica Aemilia 15, 47, 48, 209n52 Basilica lulia 210n65, 210n68

and the centumviral court 11, 47, 62 capacity 70

restricted visibility 63

as united court 68-70

courts in 43

rebuilding of 62

Basilica of Maxentius 40

Basilica Ulpia 42-3

Bassus 247n77

Baths of Titus 40

Baths of Trajan 40

Bauer, H.

218n11

Berenice, Queen 4, 74, 109, 231n88

Bergmann, B. 1

Birks, P 230n72

Birley, A.R. 243n130

bisellium, bisellia 53, 218n10 see also benches

Bonner, S.F. 3

Bononia 75

Braund, S.H. 6 bribery 77-8, 80, 95-6, 115-16, 202, 233n152, 234n177

Burnand, Y 96

Burrus 230n66

Caecilianus 161

Caecilius Classicus 247n77

Caecilius Strabo, C. 165

Calama 161

Calatoria Themis 18-19 calendar, court 176-8

and holidays 176-7

calendar, Roman 177

Calpurnia 235n1

Calpurnius Bestia 28

Calpurnius Piso, Cn. 211n100, 233n172, 247n77

calumnia (wrongful accusations) 77, 195

Camodeca, G. 24, 210n79, 210n80, 211n81

Caracella 164, 167

Carnabuci, E. 207n7

cases

new procedures 172-3

order of 210n76

private 10

in homes 33-4, 61 stages of 31

public 10 stages of 32

Cassius Dio 2, 49, 206n1, 213 4n135

on Claudius 14, 24, 38

on the emperor's court 35-7

on Marcus Aurelius 246n26

on the number of praetors 14

on Septimius Severus 177

on Tiberius 102, 212n101

Cassius Severus 54, 82-3, 85, 151, 171, 180, 185, 196

caseload 151

as litigant 74

work schedule of 185

Castagnoli, F. 207n15, 208n28

Cato 239n25

censor 93, 227n16

centumviral court 34, 52, 126, 147, 151 advocates in 86

audience in 132

audience size 58

in the Basilica lulia 11, 47, 52, 58, 62-70, 125

and bribery 116

judges in 62

length of hearings 179 litigants in 73-4 and paid audiences 130

Pliny and 61 reconstruction of 61-70

centumviri 61-2, 90-1, 199, 219n50, 227n3 see also centumviral court

Champlin, E. 153, 241n81

Charisius 153

children 54, 87-8, 123

Christianity 73

Cicero 1, 3, 30, 44, 106, 143, 189, 198, 207n6, 209n52, 249n153

notebooks of 171

on public case procedures 32

Cilicia 161

Cinna 80, 173

Cirta 161

claque 6, 58-9, 122-3, 135-6, 236n46, 238n117 see also audience, paid payment of 130-2 purchaser of 127-9 rate of pay 131

Classicus, Caecilius see Caecilius Classicus

Claudia Pulchra 152

Claudius 75, 95, 105, 112, 116, 118, 178, 226n76, 230n88, 245n6

on advocates’ pay 143^, 146

and the court calendar 176-8 and the decuries 106 on delays in litigation 79, 85 holding court 35, 48, 83-4 and Isidorus 36

and the number of praetors 14 use of tribunal 37

Claudius Aristion of Ephesus 74

Claudius Restitutus 144-5, 154, 191

and Martial 8

clemency 113

clerks 122

clientship 136-9, 235n2 see also patronage and the claque 136-9

Clivus Argentarius 45

Clodius 207n7

Cloud, D.

Coarelli, F. 15, 40, 207n13, 209n55 cognitio system 110

Collinet, P. 231n89 colores 3 see also declamation Colosseum 40

Commodus 96, 115

Comum 224n26 consilium 38, 232n122 see also assessors consuls 13

in the Forum of Trajan 41-3 jurisdiction of 39 location of courts 40-1

controversia, controversiae 3. contubernium 235n5 conventio finiendae controversiae 208n20

Corbeill, A. 190

Corellia 74

Corellius 107

Cornelius Fronto, M. see Fronto, M.

Cornelius

Courtney, E. 206n34, 234n177, 237n60 courtroom see also advocate(s); audience;

judge(s); litigant(s) noise in 6, 187-8 physical arrangement of participants 53-5, 201

physical interaction in 51, 201 physical space in 11, 203-4 procedures 235n15 reconstruction of 51-70 size, in private case 60-1 courts see also specific courts

as entertainment 200

hours of 182-3

and ideology 13

locations 2, 13-50 see also specific courts and procedural stages 31-4 pervasiveness of 13-14, 199-200 physical environment of 2 procedural reforms 240n42 size and arrangement of 32-4 slowness of 77, 181 transparency of 200

Crispus Passienus, C. Sallustius 81, 152, 171, 245n6

Crispus, Vibius 142, 240n30

Crook, J.A. 3, 145, 148, 155, 166, 205n20, 206n34, 207n6, 213-4n135, 213n122, 231n88, 238n1

curatores 44

Curia lulia 53, 207n7 Curiatius Maternus 5, 20, 58, 160, 171-2 Curius, Manius 82

David, J.-M. 15, 20-1, 208n34, 209n58, 238n1

de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. 240n26 decemvir stlitibus iudicandis 91-2, 99 decemviri 219n50, 220n71 decuries 93-9, 101, 104-6, 108, 111-15, 114

education level 104

equestrians on 111-13

exemption from 230n85 provincial members of 96-7

senators on 94, 111

delation 239n30 delatores 11, 239n3, 250n190 delegation of authority 102, 231n93 Demougin, S. 94, 95, 97, 98, 228n31, 229n45

Digest 71

Dio see Cassius Dio

Diocletian 62 drvmatioo 32 Domitia 81

Domitian 4, 75, 78, 96, 116, 167, 244n169 holding court 35, 48

reconstruction of Forum of Julius Caesar 45

Domitius Afer, Cn.

caseload of 152

in the centumviral court 62-3, 152

and Quintilian 4

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus 81

Domus Flaviana 36

Domus Tiberiana 214n139 ducenarii 93-8, 100, 106, 112-13

education level of 104 Duncan-Jones, R.P. 244n144

emperor, court of 10, 13, 51-2, 82, 91, 114, 199

and assessors 51

case procedures in 172-3

and cognitio extraordinaria 34-5

communities in 75 extra ordinem cases 92, 102 in the Forum of Augustus 35 in the Forum Romanum 35, 48 in the imperial gardens 36 in the imperial residence 35—6 jurisdiction 34, 41—2 length of hearings 179 litigants in 73

location 34-9, 47, 244n152

in the Pantheon 36

in the Portico of Livia 36

and provincial advocates 167-8

size of 37-9

and tribunals 37

Eprius Marcellus 142, 157, 240n30 equestrians 11

and the album iudicum 92-6, 98-100, 103-4, 111-13, 115

and the decuries 111-13

Erucius Clarus 142

exedrae, in Forum of Augustus 18-20, 23-5 exordium 189

expositio 189

Fabius Maximus 25, 205n6

Fabius Severus, L. 161-3

Falerio 75

Favorinus 89

Felix 211n100

Ferguson, J. 234n177 fideicommissa 14

Firminus 247n77

Firmum 75

fiscus 14, 164

fora 11, 13 see also individual forums forgery 73

Forma Urbis Romae 40, 43

Fornix Fabianus 15

“forum” 50, 218n250

Forum Boarium 36

Forum of Augustus 41-3, 44, 46-50, 182, 199

and ideology 23-4, 46

and the praetor peregrinus 21, 23-4, 47-8 and the praetor urbanus 16-21, 47-8 and the quaestiones perpetuae 28-9, 46 Forum of Julius Caesar 48, 76

courts in 45, 46

legal activities in 44

Forum of Nerva 46

Forum of Trajan 40-1

and consuls 41-3, 49

courts in 42-3, 46

design 42-3

legal activities in 40-1

and praefectus praetorio 41-3

and praefectus urbi 41-3, 49

size 42

Forum Romanum 40, 44, 46-50, 164, 199 and court of the emperor 35, 48 court of the praetor peregrinus in 21-3, 48 court of the praetor urbanus in 14-16, 48 courts in 46, 48 evolution of 209n53 overcrowding of 21, 209n50 quaestiones perpetuae in 28, 48 repaving of 21-2

Foxhall, L.

Friedlander, L. 206n34 friendship, and patronage 243n136

Frier, B.W. 207n6, 211n95, 211n100, 212n104, 213n126

Frontinus 107

Fronto, M. Cornelius 1, 50, 102, 121, 142, 150, 161, 242n89, 243n119 on advocate’s tools 188

and Arrius Antoninus 159

caseload 152-3

and Claudius Severus 109

clients 152

in the emperor’s court 181 and Marcius Turbo 175 and Marcus Aurelius 79, 124 as patron 161

Pro Bithynis 153

Pro Nucerinis 153

Pro Ptolemensibus 153

and Squilla Gallicanus 121

and Sulpicius Cornelianus

and symbolic capital 159

Furnius 152

Fuscus Salinator 150, 230n86

Gagliardi, L. 219n50

Gaius (emperor) 49, 92-3, 177, 214n145 and the decuries 98, 106, 114 and equestrians 98

Galba 114, 115

and the court calendar 176-7

Galerius Trachalus 62-3, 125, 188

Gallicus 124

Garnsey, P 110, 232n141 Gavius Gallicus, M. 167

Gellius, Aulus see Aulus Gellius

Germanicus 94, 211n100, 233n172 Girard, H.F. 212n112

Giuliani, C.F. 21, 62, 209n56, 210n66 Gleason, M.W. 206n46, 251n225

Gold, B.K. 243n136 Goldhill, S. 206n46 Graf, F 190, 251n225 gratitude 144, 158—9 see also symbolic capital

Green, P 146 Greenidge, A.H.J. 32, 212n113 Gunderson, E. 206n46

Hadrian 35, 48, 102, 152-3, 164, 214n148 use of tribunal 37

Heliodorus 164

Helvidius Priscus 234n193 Heracleides 37, 168 Herculaneum 24, 168 Herennius Senecio 142

Herodes Atticus 79, 152-3, 168, 224n25 Hoke, J.R. 212n108, 220n73

Hoolltooriurn 36

Horace 5-8, 15, 112, 182, 211n82

on advocates 154-5

on the Anaglypha Traiani 22 in the Forum Romanum 15-16

Hortensius Hortalus, Marcus 158 Hortensius, Quintus 158 Hülsen, C. 21

lanus medius 15 identity, and gender 206n46 identity, and performance 11 Ilium 75

in iure proceedings 30-1, 34, 117-18, 175,

178 infamia 17 inheritance 73 iniuria (insult) 73, 80, 81 inquisitio 174 Isidorus 36 "iudex" 51 iudex quaestionis TJ see also quaestiones perpetuae

iudices ex V dec 95, 97-8, 112 iudices vice sacra 245n179 iudicia legitima 248n83 iudicia quae imperio continentur 248n83 iuridicus, iuridici 243n123, 245n179 ius trium liberorum 93, 101, 111, 233n150 iustitium 247n63, 247n64

Johnson, H.D. 211n94

Johnston, D. 212n112

Jones, A.H.M. 215n177 judge(s) 10, 89—119 see also centumviri;

decemviri; decuries; ducenarii; emperor, court of; magistrate(s), presiding; praetors; single judge (unus iudex) adlecti 95-8, 112 and advocate 54

attention of 116

and bribery 77-8, 80, 115-16, 202, 233n152, 234n177

contact with litigant 53

in the courtroom 116-19 criticisms of 104-5 and duty 110-16 emotions of 87, 108, 117 equestrians as 11 evidence on 90 and favoritism 108-10 holidays for 115 and honor 110-16 and impartiality 109-10 intelligence 116 iudices ex V dec 95, 97-8, 112 jurisdictions of 227n1 panels of 28, 30-3, 43, 51-3, 55-6, 62, 65, 68, 91 numbers 55-6

penalties for 104

and physical contact 53, 87, 118 private citizens as 102 for a quaestio 99-100 role of 11-12, 89-90 selecti 95-100, 105, 111-12, 114-15 selection of 92-103 see also album iudicum senators as 94-5 status of 202-4

stress of 103-8, 108

verbal interactions 117-18 and visual tools 107-8

Julius Africanus 142

Julius Bassus 236n38

Julius Caesar 23, 44, 49

Julius Naso 121, 235n3

Julius Secundus 121, 171

Julius Servianus 103, 113

Juvenal 5-8

on advocates 146-8, 155

clothing of 6, 178, 191

on claques 135

on clients 137

on the court of the praefectus urbi 1, 7, 39-40

on delays in litigation 181 on the Forum of Augustus 49 on judges' ignorance 105 on Quintilian 146 on the slowness of courts 77 on women as litigants 76

Kelly, J.M. 166, 213n122, 248n83 Kennedy, G. 249n123

Kondoleon, C. 1

Konstan, D. 243n136

Labienus, Titus 147-8 Lacus Curtius 21, 209n54, 209n56 Lacus luturnae 29

Laelius, Decimus 152, 171 Larcius Licinus 126 leges luliae ludiciariae 32, 92, 94, 100, 107, 143, 213n119, 228n26, 248n83 Levick, B. 149 lex Aurelia 227n18 lex Cincia 143 lex Irnitana 206n43, 230n70 lex lulia de privatis iudiciis 99, 227n2 lex Pompeia de vi 230n67 Libo Scribonius 207n7 librarii 52, 130 see clerks Licinius Nepos 94, 111, 143 4

Licinius Sura 142

litigant(s) 10, 200 children as 224n30 choosing advocates 81 clothing of 87 communities as 75, 161-3 consequences for 80-1, 88 contact with judge 53, 87 contact with opponents 87-8 in the courtroom 81-8 emotions of 83-4, 87-8, 201-2 facial expressions of 87 family members as 76 financial standing of 166-7 freedmen as 76 guardians as 76 and humiliation 79 identity of 72-6 influence of 77-8, 80, 110 information on 71 men as 72-4 motivation of 77-81 nature of disputes 73, 76 out-of-town 74, 77, 224n44, 224n45 participation of 85—8, 201 patrons as 76

physical appearance 84

and physical intimidation 78

physical movements of 87

and praemia 225n54

Quintilian on 86—8 representing self 82 and revenge 79 seating of 54—5

status of 74, 77-80, 91, 110, 114-15,

165-6, Jo 3|, 233n146 supporters of 54-5 wards as 76

women as 72-4, 76, 82, 87, 226n96 litis contestatio 248n83

Livia 82, 112

Livy 160

loans 73

Lustricius Bruttianus 74, 82, 172

Maecenas 102, 124

and Augustus 37, 38 magistrate(s), presiding 28, 30-1, 43, 46,

51, 53, 56-8, 67-70, 91, 199 education level of 106

Maier-Eichhorn, U. 189

maiestas 114, 179, 233n172 manceps 127, 129-32, 139

Manlius Sura 241n76

Marcellus 49

Marcius Turbo 102, 153, 175, 230n87 Marius, C. 25

Marius Priscus 5, 219n40, 247n77

Martial 5-8, 25, 30, 191

on advocates 155-6, 157

on the advocate’s workday 182

on Cinna 173

on claques 135

on Claudius Restitutus 8, 144-5

as client 137-8, 161

and Gallicus 124

and Ponticus 165-6

on speech length 172-3

on a woman as litigant 76

Maternus, Curiatius see Curiatius Maternus Mayer, R. 205n21

Mazeaud, J. 227n8

mesochorus 127, 129-31, 139

Messalla Corvinus, M. Valerius 151, 171,

245n7

Metzger, E. 208n25

Millar, F 163, 206n46, 213-4n135, 223n21

minores advocati 52 monitor see prompter

Montanius Atticinus 82, 172 Moschus the Apollodorean 151 murder 73

Naevius of Arpinum 4 Naevius Surdinus 21-2, 23 Narbo 75

Nepos see Licinius Nepos Nero 48, 53, 75, 81, 135, 172

and aediles 44

Nicolet, C. 212n109 nomenclatores 52, 123 nominis delatio 32

Nonius Asprenas 124, 236n38 Norbanus Licinianus 245n175 Numantia 74

Octavian 1

Octavius, C. 213n117 Olson, K. 226n85

oratory

changing nature of 197-8

“decline” of 141-50, 148, 196-8 Ovid 19, 44-5, 47, 95-6, 208n31

in album iudicum 98 and Augustus 112 on bribery 115-16 as centumvir 99 as judge 227n3 on single judges 103 as unus iudex 98-9 on women as litigants 76

Packer, J.E. 42-3

Pallas 230n66 Pani, M. 239n14 patronage 136-9, 141-2, 143, 145, 150, 160-3, 200-1, 238n113, 238n118, 243n136, 243n144

terminology of 160 Peachin, M. 213n128 peroratio 180, 191, 193 Persius 15

Pertinax 96 Petronia lusta 18-19 Philippus 48, 183 Philostratus 164, 167-8 platforms 29, 211n96 see also tribunals

Plautus 160, 209n52

Pliny the Elder 29, 49, 93-5, 99-100 Pliny the Younger 1, 5, 73 as advocate 9, 142 on advocates 54, 150 movement of 190 tools of 188

on the advocatus fisci 164 as assessor 105, 179, 230n86 on the audience 150 on audience size 58 average day of 184 and Caecilius Classicus 160 on case procedure 172 caseload 160

and the centumviral court 61-2, 65-70, 71, 150, 172

on claques 126-7, 135 and Corellia 165 and Corellius 107 on courts in general 10 on Domitius Afer 62-3, 152 on exercise 173-4 and Frontinus 107 and Gaius Caecilius 165 and the ius trium liberorum 111 as judge 101-3 and Julius Naso 121 letters of 9 as litigant 83

and Marius Priscus 5, 219n40 on paid audiences 130 and Quintilian 4 on Regulus 171-2 representing Firmum 75 satirists on 6

on selecting cases 158-9 on single judges 103 on speech length 172 and Statius Sabinus 158 and symbolic capital 159 and Tacitus 5 wife of 235n1 workload of 185

Polemo 167-8

Pompeii 17 Pompeius Auctus 151, 155-7, 157, 176 Pompeius Saturninus 125, 142 Ponticus 161

Porcius Latro, Marcus 47, 205n6 Porter, J.I. 206n46

Portico of Livia 36, 47 Portico of Octavia 47

Portico of Pompey 47 Porticus lulia 15, 19 postulatio 32

Postumius Festus 142, 161 praeco 235n22 praefecti aerarii 44 praefectus annonae 44 praefectus praetorio 92, 114, 153, 245n179 closing hour 183 in the Forum of Trajan 41—3

praefectus urbi 1, 13, 51—2, 91, 92, 114, 245n179

and assessors 51 closing hour 183 in the Forum of Trajan 41—3 length of hearings 179 location 39—40

praefectus vigilum 44 praemia (rewards) 225n54 praetor peregrinus 13, 17, 176 closing hour 183—4 in the Forum of Augustus 21, 23—4, 33, 47

in the Porum Romanum 21—3 and in iure proceedings 30 jurisdiction of 206n4 location of 28—9 numbers of cases 156 role of 33 status of 14 tribunal of 21—2

praetor urbanus 13, 16, 19, 176, 213n135 closing hour 183—4 in the Forum of Augustus 16—21, 23, 33, 47

time period of 20—1 in the Porum Romanum 14—6 and in iure proceedings 30 jurisdiction of 206n4 location of 14-21, 28-9 number of cases 156 role of 33 status of 14

praetors 10, 97, 110, 233n146 see also praetor peregrinus; praetor urbanus

numbers of 14, 206n3, 218n11 role of 14

status of 14 tribunals of 11, 21, 29-31

pragmatici 52

Principate 148, 154, 197 Priscus see Marius Priscus

Priscus, Marcus 233n172

private hearings see cases, private

procurator fisci 44

prompter 122 provincial courts 2 public display 11 public hearings see cases, public

Puteal Libonis 15

Puteoli 24, 168

Quadratus 211n100

quaestio de adulteriis 45, 234n172 quaestio de falsis 234n172

quaestio de sicariis et veneficiis 233n172 quaestiones perpetuae 10, 13, 14, 18, 32—3, 52,

68, 96, 108, 114-15, 199, 207n16, 211n89 advocates in 86 closing hour 183 in the Porum Romanum 28 judges in 90-119 jurisdiction 28, 91 location 27-9 number of judges 28 procedures 179 role 27

Quinctilius Varus, P 152

Quintilian 3-4, 73

advice to advocates 4

on advocate’s endurance 49

on advocate’s emotions 4, 191

on advocate’s family as clients 163

on advocate’s movements 54, 190

on advocate’s techniques 4

on advocate’s personal character 195, 198 on advocate’s skills 129, 186-92 on advocate’s workload 185

on bribery 115

on case preparation 174 caseload 241n58 cases 4

on Cicero 189

on claques 135

on clemency 113

on courts in general 10

on the decline of oratory 196 and Domitius Afer 4, 121 on Domitius Afer 152 elitism of 148-9 expertise of 180, 189 focus of 34

on impromptu hearings 176

Institutio Oratoria 3-4, 72

motives for writing 186 on in iure proceedings 178 on judges 53, 114, 203 on judges' ignorance 104—5

Juvenal on 146

life of 4

on litigants 53, 76, 86-8

on litigants’ supporters 124

on Marcus Porcius Latro 47

and Pliny the Younger 4

satirists on 6

on selecting cases 158-9

on speech length 172

on speech preparation 172, 174-5

on stage actors 187

on Trachalus 62-3, 125

on types of cases 33

in youth 121, 235n5

Quirinus 164

recuperatores 31, 33, 34, 48, 90-1, 227n2, 227n12

selection of 99

Regia 15

Regulus see Aquilius Regulus repetundae trials 5, 103, 153, 159, 165,

178-9, 236n38, 247n69

Restitutus, Claudius see Claudius Restitutus rhetoric 195, 251n220

Rhodes 75

Richardson, L. 15, 21, 32, 62, 207n7 Rodger, A. 25

rostra Vandalica 209n56

Rufrius Pollio 24

Sacra Via 16, 63

Saenius Pompeianus 153 saevitia 153

Saller, R.P. 243n136, 243n144

Salmon, J. 206n46, 207n15

Sardis 168

satire 5-8 see also Horace; Juvenal; Martial as source of evidence 6-8

Scopelian 167, 244n169

Scutarius 74, 81, 160-1

Secundus, Julius 5, 121 sella curulis 29, 30 senate 53, 71, 75, 91, 167, 218n11, 219n23, 226n37, 245n175

hours of 7, 183 senatorial court 10, 114 senators 94-5

on the decuries 111

Seneca the Elder 2-3, 49-50, 81, 142,

150-1

on advocates 133

on advocates’ emotions 191

on case preparation 174

on Cassius Severus 82, 171, 185, 196

on Cicero 3

Controversiae 3, 77-9

elitism of 147-8

on endurance 49

on judges 53

life of 2-3

on litigants 53, 76

on Titus Labienus 147-8

Seneca the Younger 3, 76

on judges 95

on judges’ ignorance 105

Sentius Saturninus, Cnaeus 24-5 Septimius Severus 37, 142, 167-8, 177 Sherwin-White, A.N. 69, 150, 220n70,

238n102, 250n187

Side 163

Silanus, Marcus 102 single judge (unus iudex) 10-11, 29, 31,

51-2, 90-119, 199-200, 202-3 see also emperor, court of; praefectus urbi

and benches 34

and bribes 95-6

courtroom arrangement 59-61 education level 105-6

exemption 101

and honor 113

hours 184

location 47

and publicity 113-14

qualifications 101-3

selection of 101-3

and tribunals 33-4

Smyrna 168, 244n169 sources, limitations of 9-10 sportula 131, 137-8, 161, 237n58

Squilla Gallicanus 198

Statius 142

Statius Sabinus 158

Staveley, E.S. 229n45

Strachan-Davidson, J.L. 212n113, 230n74 suasoria, suasoriae 3

subsellium, subsellia see benches

Subura 40

Suetonius 33, 73, 75, 142

on Claudius 37, 84

on the emperor’s court 35

on the Forum of Augustus 20, 28

on C. Albucius Silus 50

on Nero 135, 172

on Tiberius 93

Sulla 46

Sulpicius Apollinaris 26—7, 117—18 Sulpicius Cinnamus, C. 23 symbolic capital 144, 158-60

Tabula Hebana 94, 228n34

Tabulae Herculanenses 16-17, 49, 74 Tabulae Sulpiciorum 17, 49, 74

Tacitus 5, 71, 74, 142

Annales 5, 10

on courts in general 10

on delatores 239n3

Dialogus 5, 10

on Domitius Afer 4, 152

Historiae 5

and Julius Secundus 121

and Marcus Aper 121

and Marius Priscus 5

and Pliny the Younger 5

success of 5

in youth 121

Talbert, R.J.A. 7, 183, 206n42 Temple of Castor 46, 210n65 Temple of Divine Claudius 47 Temple of Divus Iulius 15, 46, 48 Temple of Mars Ultor 25, 46, 49, 208n34 Temple of Peace 40, 47

Temple of Tellus 40

Temple of Venus Genetrix 46 Temple of Vesta 15, 16

Terence 160

Tereste 162-3 terminology 10-11, 50, 51-2 testatio sistendi 25-7, 208n20 Theodosian Code 42

Thessaly 75

Thrasea Paetus 158

Tiberius 3, 29-30, 48, 102, 112, 116, 158,

212n101

and the album iudicum 93

before Augustus 75

and the decuries 106, 114

and the number of praetors 14

and Urgulania 82 tirocinium fori 235n5 Torelli, M. 22, 210n68 torture 40

Trachalus see Galerius Trachalus

Trajan 36, 102, 172, 179, 210n68, 236n38 reconstruction of Forum of Julius Caesar, 45

Tralles 75

treason 73

Trebonius Rufinus 82

tresviri capitales 44, 91—2, 99 tribunals 11, 21, 29-31, 334

and the court of the emperor 37 height of 30, 37

panels of judges on 30-1

tribunes 44

Trypho Alexandrinus 23

Turbo see Marcius Turbo

tutors 224n30

Ulrich, R.B. 45, 46

Ummidius Quadratus 150, 230n86 unus iudex see single judge (unus iudex") Urgulania 74, 82

Ursus Servianus 142

vadimonium, vadimonia 17-20, 22-7, 155-6, 168, 182, 224n45, 247n64, 248n90, 248n102

Valerius Asiaticus 36

Valerius Licinianus 251n220

Valerius Maximus 82

van den Hout, M.P.J. 241n80, 242n93

Velleius Paterculus 206n1

Verduchi, P. 21, 62, 209n56, 210n66

Verus, Lucius 38

Vespasian 4, 35-6, 48, 96

Vicus lugarius 63

Vicus Tuscus 63, 210n65

Vigintirviri 92, 229n63

Vinicius, Lucius 172

Vipstanus Messalla 5, 133, 171, 225n62

Vitellius 80, 85

Vitruvius 18, 33, 213n122

Volumnius Serena 159

Volusenus Catulus 152, 171

Votienus Montanus 75

water clocks 173, 246n23 weather 18, 49

Welin, E. 209n52

Wolf, J.G. 230n88 women, as litigants 72-4, 76, 82, 87, 226n96