The Spread OfUniversities in Europe
One glance at a map of Europe in the mid-fifteenth century shows that every region proclaimed its vocation for university teaching. From Bohemia (Prague, 1348) to Austria (Vienna, 1365) and Germany (Heidelberg, 1386; Cologne, 1388); from the British Isles (Cambridge and Oxford) to France (Paris, Montpellier, Toulouse, Orleans); from Spain (Palencia, Lerida, Huesca, Salamanca) to Italy (from Bologna, eleventh and twelfth centuries, to Catania, 1434-44), there were evÂerywhere tens of universities in which the original libertas scholarium was entangled in and governed by the apparatus of the studium and student associations (the universitates, the nationes) and professors’s associations (the collegia) and had less and less room for action.
At the same time, universities tended to have a political and cultural bent strongly linked to the fortunes of the principalities or the regna and determined by the will of the lord (prince or sovereign) or the acquiÂescent or competing will of the bishop or the pope. The cities and the patricians who ruled them could also have a part in university affairs, proof positive that the problems of university teaching had become just as important as problems and views connected with the intellecÂtual disciplines that the universities cultivated and transmitted from one generation to another.8.
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