INDEX

Alphabetical order is word-by-word Page numbers followed by β€?n’ refer to chapter notes, those followed by β€?r’ are to references.

El Aas, Amir Ibn 18–19

Abbas Mirza 147n

Abbas the Great, Shah 95

Abbasid period 89, 92, 94, 95

Abbot, Low Moffat 297r

Abdin, Ibn 70n, 76r

Abel, R.

Abel, Richard 346, 356, 368r

ablution 142n

Abu El Asam 39

Abu El Fada'el Ben El Asaal 48

Abu El Farah see Ibn El ’Ebri

Abu Hanifa, Imam 71n

AbuHanifah 141n, 142n

Abu Musa al-Ashari 91, 144n

Abu-Yaala, Mohammad ibn Hasan 145n, 158r

Abu Youssef, Imam 46

Abu Zeid, Ahmed 64, 66–7, 78r

Abu-Zohra, Muhammad 143n, 158r

Abud-Darda 144n

Abutalib, Mirza 99, 158r

accessories 134

accidents, unforeseen 55

adalat 239; see also LokA dalat

adalat khaneh (house of justice) 145n

Adamiyat, Fereydoun 97, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 146n, 147n, 148n, 149n, 153n, 154n, 158r

adjoining relationships 329, 356

adliyyeh 102, 103, 104, 106, 131

administration (diwan ’aam) 22, 24

administrative discretion 339–40

admonitory laws (ryo) 305

adultery 48, 133, 156n, 239, 314, 325

adversary system 227–8, 238, 240–1, 242, 248

β€?Aein Dadrasi Madani’ 151n

African societies 57-8

age: counting of (kazoe-doshi) 332, 356, 364n; custody of children and 39; minimum for marriage 38–9

ahkam (rules and laws) 83, 84, 126

ahlor-raay 85, 141n

ahlolhadith 85, 141n

Ahmad, I. 232, 257n, 259r

Ahmad, M. B. 233, 259r

Ainu tribes 325

Alagiyawanna, Mohandiram D. 203n

Alavi, Abol-Hasan 150n, 158r

alcohol 132

Alexandria reconciliation 19

Algar, Hamid 98, 143n, 147n, 148n, 158r

Ali, Sheikh 86

Ali-Abadi, Abdol-Hoseyn 114, 132, 158r

alimony 38, 39, 44–5, 46, 71n, 72n

Aliyasantan laws 231

Alles, Justice AC. 187, 204n

Allot, Antony N.

aman (peaceful relationships) 65

Amedroz, H. Frederick 145n, 158r

Ameli, Shams od-Din Mohammad ibn Jamal od-Din Makki 142n

Ameli, Zeyn od-Din Ali ibn Ahmad 142n

Amerasinghe, A. R. B. 210n, 214r

Amin od-Dowleh 149n

Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi Khan 101, 103, 105, 139, 146n, 148n

analogy (qiyas) 21, 49, 85, 87

ancestor worship 342

anchal panchayat (panchayat cycle) 176

Andaman islanders 250

Anderson, J. N. D. 83, 89, 93, 143n, 147n, 153n, 155n, 159r

Anglicization, Brahminic law and 223–30

Anglo-Hindu law 225, 230; see also Brahminic law

annual events (nenju gyoji) 347–8

Anvari, Hasan 145n, 159r

Anwabizi, B. 57, 74n

Apa Tanis tribe 251

apostasy 132

appeal courts 109, 112, 134, 194

Aqa Khan Nuri, Mirza 149n

Aqa Khan-e Kirmani, Mirza 99

Aqasi, Haji Mirza 146n

aqdal-qodat 144n

Aquinus, St Thomas 281

Arab Socialist Union 66

Araqayn, Shaykhol 148n

arbitration 116; see also conciliation

Armenian Orthodox Church 48, 72n

artha (wealth, interest) 218

arthavada 219

Asadabadi, Sayyid Jamal od-Din 99

ElAsam, Abu 39

ascription (isnad) 73n

al-Ashari, Abu Musa 91, 144n

Ashari School 232

asl ot-tasavi see equality in law

aslol baraah (innocence presumption) 90

āśrama 218

assimilated law 8

El Assiouti, Sarwat Anis 18, 52, 53, 73n, 74n, 76r

Aston, W. G. 359n, 368r

Atallah, Borham Mohammed 55, 76r

Attallah 75n

Attorney General: office of (moddail omum) 112; Sri Lankan 172

attorneys see legal profession

authorities 20, 22–3

authority: dharma and 222; of Tenno see Tenno

autonomous legal domains 278–80, 282, 295, 383, 386

avemong (self help) 251

β€?avenger of blood’ 60

Avval, Mohaqqiq-e 142n

Avval, Shahid-e 142n

Awad, Archbishop Philothaos 48, 72n, 76r

awakel (wise men) 64

Awlad Ali tribal society 64–7

Al-Awzai 142n

ayatollah 144n

Ayudaya period 275, 283

El Azhar 36, 38, 42, 47

El Azar Sheikhs 69r

back country courts see mofussil courts

Badrawy, Abdel Moneim 68, 73n, 75n, 76r

Baghdadi, Baha od-Din Mohammad ibn Moayyad 144n, 159r

Bagley, F.

Bahar, Mohammad Taqi 150n, 159r

bail, caution money 52

bailment, of foreign nationals 118

Bakhash, Shaul 105, 159r

Bakhtyari, Semsam os-Saltraneh 150n

bakuchi-uchi (gamblers) 351

Bakufu (Shogunate) 306, 307

Banani, Amin 151n, 159r

Bandaranayake, S. W. R. D. 174, 205–6n

Bandaranayake, Srimavo 206n

Bangkok period 275–6

banishment 251

Barakat, Ali 70n, 76r

Bastani-Parizi, Ibrahim 109, 111, 149n, 150n, 151n, 159r

Baxi, Upendra 216–66

Bayley, D.H. 247, 259

bayyina (evidence) 91–2

Beardsley, Richard K. 362n, 366n, 368r, 369r, 373r

bedna (extended family) 67

Befu, Harumi 365n, 368r

Begriffsjurisprudenz 272

behaviour see ahkam, giri relations,

ibadat and moamalat

Behbahani, Ayatollah 154n

Belgian constitution 108, 121, 123, 124, 153n, 154n

beliefs (eateqadat) 83

Benedict, Ruth 343, 344, 365n, 368r

Bennet, JohnW. 371r

bequests 39, 40, 70n; compulsory 70n

Beteille, A. 239, 241, 259r

betrothal gifts (yuino) 340

El Betti, Osman 39

Beyhaghi, Abul-Fazl Mohammad ibn Hoseyn 144n, 159r

Bhargava, B. S. 260r

bhoodan (gifts) 244

biradari (community) 243

Blankenburg, Erhard 388, 394r

blood money 26, 60, 64, 65, 66, 74n

blood vengeance 66–7

Bodenheimer, Edgar 289, 297r

Bodin, Jean 270

Bohannan, Paul 303, 359n, 368r

Boisard, Marcel A. 143n, 144n, 159r

bona fide 213

boryokudan (gangsters) 351

Brahminic law 223–30

Brahmins 220

bribery 243

bridal money (mahr) 39, 45

Brierley, J.E.C. 4, llr

Brotherhood of Buddhist Monks (Sangha) 279, 282, 285, 287

Browne, E. G. 109, 146n, 159r

Brujerdi, Shaykh Abd or-Rahim 148n

Bryce, James 360n

Buddhism/Buddhist law 5; in Japan 304, 306, 350, 366n; in Sri Lanka 188; in Thailand 285–7

buke-ho (warriors’ law) 306

bunlbungen (restrictions attributed to status) 307

Bunce, William 361n, 368r

bunten (branch shops) 334

buraku or burakumln (hamlet people) 315, 316, 325, 348–9, 363n

buraku spirit 353

burden of proof 91

burdens, shared 52

Bureau of Translation 99

Burks, Ardath W.

Burman, S. B. 8, llr

bushi (warriors) 306, 307

bushido (code of warriors) 306

business law: Shari'a and 15, 21, 51–6, 60–2; see also commercial law

cabinet ministers, trials of 116

Cahen, Claude 141n, 159r

caliphate, doctrine of 86–7, 90, 122

Canagarayar, S. 202n, 203r

Canon Law 5, 48, 49

capitalism 52, 69n, 73n

capitulary rights 97–8, 115–16, 126, 127, 146n; see also foreign concessions

Carita 217

caste-panchayats 225, 235, 236–9, 243, 245, 256

castes 224, 226, 229–30

castigation of husband 45–6, 71–2n

Catholic canon law 49

Catholic creed 72–3n

caution money 52

Ceylon see Sri Lanka

El Chafei, Imam 45, 71-n; see also Shafei, Mohammed ibn Idris

Chakkrapani, Luang 297r

Chakravarty, A. 234, 237, 242–3, 260r

Chancery, Court of 273

Chang Chi-Tung 291

chastisement of husband 45–6, 71–2n

Chenchu tribe 250

cheri panchayat 241

Chiba, Masaji 1–9, 11, 157n, 159r, 296n, 297r, 301–94

chief courts see sudder courts

children: alimony for 45; blood

vengeance and 67; custody 39, 46–7; rights of 40

China: modernization in 291; law reception in Japan 304–6

chonai-kai (town block associations) 339, 348

chotei (mediation) 247, 335

Christensen, Arthur 142–3n, 145n, 160r

Christian law 14, 48–9; see also Canon law and Coptic law

chu-ko (fidelity to Tenno) 311

chugen (mid year present) 344, 365n

Chula Chakrabongse, Prince 297r

Circassian Mamelukes 21–2, 24, 25

Civil Code: German 293–4; Iranian (qanun-e madani) 116, 117, 126–9, 154–5n;Japanese 309, 312, 362n; Ottoman (majallah) 155n; Thai 293, 296n; see also Code Napoleon

Civil law: in Egypt 51–6; in Japan 328–33; see also business and commercial law, Civil Code

civil liability 119

civil life, Japanese 343–8

Civil Procedures Code: Iranian 111–12, 114, 117–18, 119, 151n, 152n, 156n;Japanese 309

civil rights: in Iran 128, 129; in Sri Lanka 196–7, 212n

Civiska, Luigi M.

claims of invalidation 62

classes, in Japan 306–7

clerk of Shari'a court 93

Code Napoleon 272, 289, 293–4, 379; in Egypt 24, 51–6, 59–60; in

Iran 106, 126, 128, 155n

Code Penal 130

codification: Egyptian 51–2; Iranian 95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 111–12, 113, 114;Japanese 309–10, 359–60n; Thai 293–4, 296n; see also Civil Code, Civil Procedures Code, Code Napoleon, Code Penal etc

Coedeās, G. 297r

Cohn, B. S. 180, 214r, 234–8, 240, 242, 243, 260r

Coke, Edward 269

Coleman, Rex 359n, 369r

collateral, fixed (ne-teito) 331, 356, 364n

collective system 69n

Colville, Cabot 361n, 369r

Commercial Code: Iranian 114; Japanese 309, 333–4; Thai 293, 296n

commercial courts 24

commercial customs, saāstras and 217

commercial law 37; Japanese 333–4; see also business law

Commercial Procedures Code, Iranian 113

Commission of Superior Justice 172

common, right of (iriai-ken) 329–30, 356, 364n

Common Law 272, 273, 301–2, 317

commoners (shomin) 307

community: biradari 243; NSLS based on 235

compensation: dijah 65; for injuries 254; m uta, to divorcee 38, 44–5, 71n

comprehension see fiqh

compulsory bequest 70n

concessions, foreign 23, 27, 29, 37, 47; see also capitulary rights

conciliation 174; wakai 335–6, 346, 356; see also arbitration, Conciliation Board, dispute handling, mediation

Conciliation Board, Sri Lankan 171–5, 381; between 1958 and 1965 181–5; between 1965 and 1970 185–9; Ceylon and Indian compared 175–8; jurisdiction 177, 185, 186–7, 199; oath requirement 184, 203n; opposition from legal profession 185–6, 200–1; politization of 182, 183, 185, 187–8; recruitment for 176–7, 182–3; β€?reformists’ views 178–9; β€?revivalists’ views 178, 180–1, 188; socialist coalition and 199–200; socialist view of 179–80; specialist legalist view 178, 179–80; U.N.P. government and 200–1

conciliator (muradi) 64

confiscation 53

conflict management see conciliation and dispute handling

Confucianism 304, 306, 312

consensus: Indian tradition of 227, 238, 241; see also ijmaalijmah

consolidation 60

constitution: Belgian 108, 121, 123, 124, 153n, 154n;Indian 257n; Iranian 100, 107, 121–6;Japanese 310–12, 360n, 362n; of Empire of Great Japan 309; Seventeen Article 304, 315, 359n; Showa 316–19, 320–5; Sri Lankan 194–5

Constitutional Court (Sri Lanka) 195

consular courts 27, 29, 109

consultation, house of 101–2

contract council 55

contracts: farouka 52; theory of 55

Coons, J.

Cooray, J. A. L. 211n, 214r

Coptic law 16, 18–19, 48–9

Coptic Orthodox Church 47, 48, 49, 72n

Cornell, John B. 366n, 369r

corpus juris (Thai) 281–2, 284

Coulson, Noel J. 88, 90, 92, 141n, 142n, 143n, 144n, 145n, 160r

council: contract 55; customary (mi'ad) 64; judiciary 120

council of ministers (Iran) 101

Council of Peace (Sama Mandalaya) 188

counting age (kazoe-doshi) 332, 356, 364n

counting years: gengo 323, 356, 362–3n; lunar calendar 346–7, 356 court nobles (kuge) 306 182,202n

court nobles’ law (kuge-ho) 306

Court of Chancery 273 369r

court of first instance: divan islah 100, 134; guizeh 75n

court of justice (divan adliyyeh) 100

Court of Summary Proceedings 75n

court ranks (ikai kunto) 324

courts see individual courts, eg consular, district, millah, mofussil courts etc

covenants (jingi) 351

criminal law: Japan 325–6; see also penal code

criminal procedures, Egypt 37

Criminal procedures code: Iran 112;Japan 309

criminal tribes 246

Crosby, Sir Josiah 297r

cultures 3, 1On, 30–6, 56–8, 303

Curzon, George N. 96, 97, 101, 106–7, 146n, 160r

custody of children 39, 46–7

customary council (mi'ad) 64

customary law 6, 28, 269; Awlad Ali tribal society 64–7; courts of 95–6; Egypt 14–16; family and 143n;Indian 220–2, 225, 231;Iranian 83, 101; see also derbah, orf, People's law, tribal law and unofficial law

customs: as source 22; borrowed positive law and 63; Indian 217–26, 230–2; legalization of, in Japan 319–20; see also customary law, usages

Damaghani, Mohammad Taqi 148n, 156n, 160r

Daoud, Anan ibn 49

Dareste, Rodolphe 145n, 160r

darugheh (sheriff) 145n

Das, V. 250, 260r

dasturol amal (procedural manual) 103, 149n

Davar, AliAkbar 115–17

David, RenΓ© 4, 11r

Dayabaga school 220

de Silva, Colvin R. 205n, 209n, 214r

de Silva, G. C. T. A. 202n

de Silva, K. M. 193, 214r

de Silva, M. W. H. 171–5, 179, 181

De Vos, George A. 363n, 367n

Deb, R. 252, 260r

debts 55, 331, 364

decree legislation 83, 95;presidential 41; royal 277, 280–1

defence pleadings 37

delegates (vakils) 91, 93

delinquents (yakuza) 351

denial, oath of 91

β€?denotified’ tribes 246

deprofessionalization 191–2, 194–200

derbah (legislations) 64, 65, 75n

Derrett, J. D. M. 217, 218, 223, 224–5, 229, 257n, 260r

Desai, I. P. 260r

desertion 44

deshi 349

Devaraja 288

deviant groups 350–1, 354, 357

Dhagamwar, V. 260r

Dhani Nivat, Prince Kromaman Bidyalabh 274, 297r

dharma 217–23; customary law and 220–2; in Japan 304; Lingot on 218–23; western legal system and 222–3; see also Dharmasastras

Dharma Councils of Five Persons (nyaya panchayats) 174, 175–8, 243, 245; see also panchayats

dharmaraja 288

Dharmasastras 217, 218–19; in Thailand 276–7, 278, 280–1, 282–4, 383

Dharmasutras 217

Dicy, Albert 360n

Diet, the 310, 317

dijah (compensation) 65

discretion, administrative 339–40

dispute handling 356; in India 227, 233–5, 242–9; unofficial, in Japan 346, 356; see also conciliation, Conciliation Boards, mediation, panchayats, People's law, village courts

district courts (mahakim-e solh) 112, 114, 120

divan adliyyeh 100

divan-begi 102, 104, 145n

divan-e aala (supreme court) 100, 145n

divan-e adalete ozma 125

divan-e tamiz (appeal court) 106

divan islah 100, 134

divan Khaneh-ye Aazam 101, 103, 145n

Divisional Development Councils (Sri Lanka) 198

divorce: in Egypt 38, 39, 40, 43–4, 48, 70n, 71n; Indian 233; Iranian 117, 128, 129;Japanese 327–8, 340, 356, 363n; Thai 283–4, 286; see also family law

Diwan, P. 257n, 260r

Dodwell, Henry 69n, 76r

Dore, Ronald P. 342, 343, 369r

dozoku (common kin) 334, 343, 349–50, 354, 362n, 365n

Durant, Will 297r

Durkheim, Emil 143n, 160r

dvija 218, 221

dwaparayuga 221

easements 330

Eatamad os-Saltaneh, Haj Ali Khan Maraghe-ie 149n; see also Saniod-Dowleh

eateqadata (beliefs) 83

El'Ebri, Ibn 48

Egypt 13–80, 378–9; acceptance of alien culture 30–6; changes in law from outside 21–3; commercial court 24; civil law 51–6; history of legal system 13–29; mixed courts 28, 29, 32, 52; modern legal structure 29–36; modernization 25, 27–8; Napoleonic expedition 23–4; national courts 28, 29, 50; official and unofficial law conflicts 62–7; Ottoman rule 22–3; secular thought 33–4; state monopoly 32, 36; western positive law and national legal principles 59–62

Ehrlich, Eugen 230, 260r

eikosaku-ken (perpetual land lease) 330, 356

election law: in Japan 313–14, 361n; (nezam-nameh-ye intekhabat) 153n

Elwin, H. V. H. 260r

Embree, John F. 366n, 369r

Employee Councils (Sri Lanka) 198

Emperor of Japan see Tenno

enacted law (satzungsrecht) 270, 271, 295

β€?encapsulated’ tribes 254

endowments, religious see vaqf, and wakf

Engel, David M. 297r

Engi-shiki 315

enkiri-dera 363n

entrusted imam 87–8; see also mojtahids

Ephraim Khan 109

epochs (yugas) 221

Epstein, A. L. 261r

Epstein, T. S. 261r

equality in law 290; in India 226–7, 240; in Iran 90, 123, 125; in SriLanka 192, 209n

equity 6, 272, 273; house of (khana-ye insaf) 120

Esmein, A. 135, 160r

established imam 87

estate mortgage 61

evidence: bayyina 91–2; borrowed or rational 21

excommunication 239, 251, 253, 257n

experimental law enactment, in Iran 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116–17, 118–19, 138

expulsion (murahachibu) 345–6, 348, 356

extended family: bedna 67; dozoku 334, 343, 349–50, 354, 362n, 365n

extortion 243

El Fada'el Ben El Assal, Abu 48

families: autonomous legal domain 278–80, 282, 295, 383, 386; ie-seido 312, 324, 342–3, 353, 359n; kaho or kaken 342; kazoku-seido 307, 310–12, 317, 359n, 361n; see also extended family

family law: in Egypt 21, 37–8; in India 233; in Iran 90, 120, 129, 143n; in post-war Japan 326–8, 340–3; see also divorce, inheritance, marriage, personal status

faqih 122

El Farah, Abu see El ’Ebri, Ibn

Farag, Tewfik Hassan 73n, 76r

Farhad-Moatamad, Mahmud 104, 149n, 160r

Farmer, B. H. 206n, 207n, 214r

farouka (contracts) 52

Fasai, Hasan 105, 160r

Fathali Akhond-Zadeh, Mirza 99

Fathali Shah 147n

Fattah, Nabil Abdel 69n

fatva (opinion) 144n

Fazlur Rahman 143n, 160r

Fedaiyan-e Islam see Moslem Brotherhood

felonies (jenayat) 131, 132, 155n

Felstiner, W. L. F. 261r

Fernando, H. N. G. 211n

Fernando, Sam P. C. 182, 203n

fictitious relationships, Japan:

brothers (kyodaibun) 350;

parental (oyabun and koburi) 340, 343, 344, 350

filial piety 311, 312

finance clique (zaibatsu) 365n

Fiqh, Shii 86–8, 89, 126, 127, 128, 142n; see also Sharia

first instance, court of 75n, 100, 134

Fischer, Michael 143n, 160r

fixed collateral (ne-teito) 331, 356, 364n

folk law 6, 10n

followers (moqallids) 86

foreign concessions 23, 27, 29, 37,47; see also capitulary rights

foreign nationals: bailment of 118;teachers in Japan 324–5, 363n

forgiveness 286

Forughi, Mohammad Ali 111, 112, 113, 151n, 160r

Forughi Zakaol Molk, Mohammed Ali 113

four-varna model 230

France 31, 37; see also Code Napoleon, Code Penal, Napoleonic expedition

Freed, R. S. 244, 261r

Fridell, Wilbur M. 316, 366n, 369r

Friedman, W. 209n, 214r

frozen alimony 46

Fukutake, Tadashi 366n, 369r

Fundamental law code 107–8, 110, 121–2, 124, 149n, 153n; supplement 108, 110, 112, 121, 122, 123–4, 150n, 153n, 154n

Furer-Haimendorf, C.v. 250–3, 261r

future crops, prohibition to sell 51–2

Fyzee, Asaf A. A. 142n, 160r

El Gabarty 69n

gaichi-ho (external territories law) 360n

Galanter, M. 10n, 223, 224, 245, 247, 261r

gamblers (bakuchi-uchi) 351

gamsabhavas (village council) 200

Ganambal, K. 236, 261r

gangsters (boryokudan) 351

Gendarme, RenΓ© 57

Genghis Khan 21, 95, 145n

gengo (counting years) 323, 356, 362–3n

gentos laws see sastric laws

German Civil Code 293–4

geziah (head tax) 17 El Ghazali 48

GhazanKhan 95, 145n

Gibb, Hamilton 83

gift giving 344, 365n; betrothal gifts 340; bhoodan and gramdan 244

giri relations 343–4, 354, 356, 365n

Glossator school 272, 289

Gluckman, Max 57, 297r, 303, 359n

Gneist, Rudolf von 360n

go-betweens (nakodo) 340

Gond tribe 252–4, 256

good faith (bona fide) 273

goodwill (noren) 334, 356

Goonesekere, R. K. W. 182, 189, 204n, 212n, 214r

Goonewardene, D. P. R. 180

Gosh, Mokhtar 48

Gough, K. 243, 261r

governors (walis) 90–1, 92

gram-panchayats see village panchayats

gramdan 244

Grand Mofti 145n

Grand Mojtahids 86

Grand Office of Justice (divan-e adalete ozma) 125

Great Britain 31, 106

Greek Orthodox Church 48, 72n

groom foster-son (muko-yoshi) 341–2, 356, 365n

von Grunebaum, Gustave E. 34β€”5

guarantor, acting as (mimoto hosho) 331–2, 354, 356

Guizeh Court of the First Instance 75n

Gunewardene, D. J. R. 204n

Gurvitch, G. 261r

Gusfield, Joseph R.

had(d) see hudud

hadiths 87, 141n, 142n

Hagfameeting 65

Hairi, Abdul-Hadi 147n, 149n, 153n, 160r

Haley, John O. 359n, 364n, 369r

Hall, John C. 359n, 369r

Hall, John W. 368r, 369r

Halliday, Fred 205n, 207n, 214r

Hamidi, Anvar 154n, 161r

Hamidullah, Mohammad 143n, 144n, 161r

hamlet people (buraku or burakumin) 325, 348–9, 363n

Hanafi school 86, 94, 95, 141n, 145n, 232

Hanafite doctrine 38, 39, 43, 45, 46, 50

Hanbal, Imam Ahmed Ibn 46, 71n, 141n

Hanbali school 86, 141n

Hanifa, Imam Abu 71n

Hanifah, Abu 141n, 142n

hanko (seals) 326, 331, 334, 356

Harada, Toshiaki 362n, 370r

harmony see wa

Harrell-Bond, B.E. 8, 11r

Hassanein, Ahmed Said 32, 69n, 76r

Hastings, Warren 224

Hastings Plan 224–5, 233

Havens, Thomas R. H. 370r

Hayek, F. A. 270, 278, 295, 298r

head tax (geziah) 17

headman 254–5

Hedayati, DrHadi 119

Hedayati, Mohammad Ali 113, 118, 161r

Hegazi, Abdel Hay 75n, 76r

Henderson, D. F. 247–8, 262r, 359n, 370r

Herrschlag, Z. Y. 31, 32, 69n, 76r

Hess, Albert G. 359n, 370r

Hibino, Yutaka 361n, 370r

Hidayatullah, M. 249, 262r

hidden imam 88

high-culture laws see Anglo-Indian law, Braminic law, Islamization

Hilli, Sheykh Abdol Karim 154n

Hindu law 5, 216–66; classical sources 217–18; in Thailand 275

Hirohito Tenno 313

hiyal (tricks) 95

Hoebel, E. Adamson 4, 11r

hokm (verdict) 110

holidays, Japanese 321–3, 347–8, 356

Holtom, D. C. 361n, 370r

Holy Edict of the Rose Chamber 98

holy precepts (vinaya) 287

homicide 90, 255, 285–6; blood

money and 65; inheritance and 40; of ascendant in Japan 326

Hooker, M. B. 4, 11r, 267, 282, 298r, 339–40, 370r

Horei ( Proper LawAct) 319

Hori, Ichiro 362n, 370r

house of consultation (maslahat khaneh) 101–2

house of equity (khana-ye insaf) 120

House of Representatives (Sri Lanka) 195

Hozumi, Nobushige 312

Hozumi, Yatsuka 312

Hsii, Immanuel C. Y. 298r

Hsu, Francis L. K. 349, 370r

Htin Aung 346, 370r

El Huda (The Right Path) 48

hudud (had) : in Egypt 21, 22, 26, 59–60; in Iran 90, 130, 131, 132, 133, 155n

humanitas (humanity) 273

hundis 257n

Husain, S. A. 257n, 262r

Hussain, W. 233, 262r

hypothec (teito) 331, 364n

ibadat (worship) 84, 90, 141n

Ibn El Aas, Amr 18–19

Ibn Abdin 70n, 76r

Ibn Ali, Mohammad see Saduq, Shikh-e

Ibn Babaweyh 142n

Ibn Daoud, Anan 49

Ibn El'Ebri 48

Ibn Hanbal, Imam Ahmed 46, 71, 141n

Ibn Hasan Tusi, Mohammad 142n

Ibn Khalaf, Dawud 141n

IbnKhaldun 92, 144n, 161r

Ibn Sherma 39

Ibn Yaaqub al-Koleyni, Mohammad 142n

Ibn Yahya, Najm od-Din Jaafar 142n

ie (family or household) 312, 342–3, 353; seido 312, 324, 342–3, 353, 359n

iemoto seido 349, 354

ijitihad 40

ijmaalijmah 21, 49, 85, 87

ijtehad 85, 86, 88, 89, 94

ijtihad 23, 40

ikai kunto (imperial court ranks) 324

Ike, Nobutaka 362n, 370r

iltizam 32, 35, 36, 70n

imam-e mostaqarr (established imam) 87

iman-e mostowdaa (entrusted imam) 87–8; see also mojtahids

imam jomah 145n

imamate, theory of 86–8, 90, 122, 124, 153n

Imperial Ordinances, Japan 310–11, 360n

Imperial Regulations, Japan 306

incrimination 60

India 216–66, 381–2; Brahminization and Anglicization 223–30; Ceylonese and Indian conciliation compared 175–8; colonial period 223–34; Dharma 217–23; highculture law 223–34;Islamization 230–4; People's law 234–49; tribal law 249–56, 382, 392n

Indian Council of Social Science Research 249, 262r

indigenous law 8, 10n; interaction with received law 389–91

inheritance: in Egypt 39–40, 55; in India 224; in Iran 90, 126, 142n;in Japan 312, 328; sole-heir (tandoku sozoku) 342, 356

inkan (seals) 326, 331, 334, 356

innocence, presumption of 90

Inoue, Kowashi 311

interest (riba) 61, 62, 74n, 145n

International Society for Legal Sciences 57

invalidation, claims of 62

ioka vidvista (odious) 221

ioka-vikrusta (reproved) 221

Iqbal, Abbas 101, 161r

Iran 379–80: Civil Code 116, 117, 126–9, 154–5n; constitution 100, 107, 121–6; judiciary, organisation and procedure 134–6; modern judiciary and Sharia 121–36; nine-teenth century reform 96–107, 136–7; Pahlavi reform 114–21, 138; penal code {qanun-e jaza) 114, 116, 118, 129–34, 155n; pre-nineteenth century 82–96; reform following 1905 revolution 107–14; separation of judiciary and executive 101, 124

iriai groups 348

iriai-ken (right of common) 329–30, 356, 364n

ise-jingu 316, 338

Ishii, Ryosuke 359n, 370r

Islamic law 5; see also Egypt, Iran, Sharis'a and Sharia

Islamic penal code see hudud

Islamization, in India 230–4

Ismail, Ihab 76r

Ismail, Khedive 27, 28, 32, 33

isnad 73n, 141n

Istanbul meeting 1873 28

istihsan 21, 94, 145n

istinaf (appeal courts) 109, 112, 134

istislah 94, 145n

Iswharan, K. 262r

Ithnaashariyya(h) (twelvers) 86, 87, 88 Iwai, Hiroaki 367n, 370r

i'zar 55

Jaafar as-Sadiq, Imam 87, 142n

Jaafar ibn Yahya, Najm od-Din 142n

Jaafari school 87, 88

Jackson, Bernard S. 298r

Jain, M. P. 223, 224, 227, 262r

Jamieson, G. 298r

Jamrah 19

Japan 301–77, 384–5; before Meiji restoration 303–7; changes after WW2 301–2, 309, 313, 316, 317–19, 362n; Chinese law in 304–6; civil law 328–33, 343–8; codification 309–10, 359–60n; commercial law 333–4; communities in 348–51; constitutions 309, 310–12, 360n, 362n; contemporary system 301–3; criminal law 325–6; culture and law 303;deviant groups 350–1, 354, 357; exclusion of foreign teachers 324–5, 363n; family law 326–8, 340–3; indigeneity of Meiji system 313–316; indigenous law in state law 319–36; indigenous legal postulates 353–5; indigenous unofficial law 336–51; legal history 303–19; modernization 291, 307–13;β€?premodern’ 335, 344, 346, 364n; procedural law 335–6; public life 337–40; seventeen article constitution 304, 315, 359n; Showa constitution 316–19, 320–5; social classes 306–7; western law reception 307–10, 359n

jati panchayats see caste-panchayats

Jayasekera, A. D. 203n

jenayat (felonies) 131, 132, 155n

Jewish law 5, 14, 16, 19–20

Jews 48, 49; Alexandria reconciliation 19

Jhering, Rudolf von 271, 360n, 379, 392n, 394r

jichin-sai 338

Jihan, Shah 146n

Jimmu Tenno 323

Jimutavahana 220

jingi (covenants) 351

jinja (Shinto shrines) 315–16, 337–9, 354, 361–2n

Jinja Shinto 355

jitsuin 326

Johnson, Erwin H. 366n, 371 r

joint ownership 330

Jones, William 143n, 161r

jonheh (misdemeanours) 131, 132

jon (reasonableness) 308

Jossi, P. C. 262r

joto-tampo (mortgage) 331, 356, 364n

Judaic laws see Jewish laws

judges, Iranian 110, 114, 116, 119,144n, 151n; see also qadis

judiciary: council (shura-ye davari) 120; house of (divan khaneh) 145n

jural postulates see legal postulates

juristenrecht (lawyer's law) 269, 270–1, 288

jury trials, Iranian 114, 125

jus aequum 271, 272, 294

jus gentium 272

jusnaturale 272, 290, 294

jus strictum 271, 272, 273, 294, 295

justice 6, 68; court of (Iran) 100;Grand Office of (divan-e adalete ozma) 125; house of (divan khaneh) 145n; Ministry of (Iran) 102, 103, 109, 111–12, 115; Ministry of (Sri Lanka) 172–3

Kadish, Mortimer 388, 394r

Kadish, Sanford 388, 394r

kaho (constitution of family) 342

Kahre, R. S. 262r

kaken see kaho

kalantar (magistrate) 145n

kali-varjyas theory 221

kaliyuga 221

Kalugalla, P. B. G. 180, 203n

kama (pleasure) 218

kami (god) 354–5, 357

Kane, P. V. 224, 225, 262r

Kan'i Juni-Kai (twelve grades of officials) 304, 323 405

Kantowsky, D. 262r

kao (face) 350

Karaite sect 48, 49

Kamal Ataturk (Mostafa) 115, 157n

Kamangar, Ahmad 120, 153n, 155n. 156n, 161r

kar-gozariha (legal agencies) 98

Kasemsup, Preedee 267–300

Kashani, Abu Talib Kalim 146n, 161r

Kasravi, Ahmad 109, 135–6, 139, 149n, 161r

katib (clerk) 93

Kawashima, Takeyoshi 335, 342, 346, 371r

Kazemzadeh, Firuz 151n, 161r

kazis 233

kazoe-doshi (counting age) 332, 356, 364n

kazoku-seido (family system) 307, 359n

kebara 65

kempo (constitution of buraku) 348

Kempo Jushichi-jo (17 Article constitution) 304, 315, 359n

ken (length) 366n

Khadduri, Majid 161r

Khalaf, Dawud ibn 141n

khalaf (violations) 131, 132

Khalkhali, Sheykh Sadeq 135

khana-ye insaf 120

kharma (an act) 286, 296n, 300

Khatt-e Sharif-e Golkhaneh 98, 101

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 135, 139, 141n, 161r

Khoo, Gilbert 298r

khurag (land tax) 17

Kidder, R. 241–2, 244, 262r

kigen 323

kimei natsuin (showing one's name) 334

King, Aelian 203n

Kira, Hassan 73n, 77r

Kirmani, Mirza Aqa Khan-e 99

Kirmani, Nazemol-Islam 150n, 162r

Kitano, Seiichi 343, 371r

kobun (fictitious children) 340, 343, 344, 350

Kock, G. L. 156n, 162n

Kocourek, Albert 298r

Kokka Shinto (State Shinto) 315, 316, 318, 355, 357

kokutai (national polity or structure) 311, 312, 314

kolah-e sharii 145n

al-Koleyne, Mohammad ibn Yaaqub 142n

Konyak Nagas see Naga Tribes

Koran 20–1, 39, 42, 84, 85, 87, 97;extracting new laws from see ijtehal

Koyama, Takashi 342, 371r

Kreiner, Josef 362n, 371 r

krtayuga 221

kuge (court nobles) 306

kuge-ho (court nobles law) 306

Kushawaha, R. 263r

kyaku (supplementary laws) 305

kyodaibun (fictitious brothers) 350

Kyoha Shinto (Sectarian Shinto) 315, 355

Kyoiku Chokugo (Rescript on Education) 311–12, 360-ln

Kyrollos, Patriarch of Alexandria 48

kyureki (lunar calendar) 346–7, 356

labour tribunals (Sri Lanka) 196

labourers, Japanese 314–15, 318, 361n

Laloubire 298r

Lambton, A. S. 94, 145n, 162r

land tax (khurag) 17

land tenure: customs, sastras and 217; eikosaku 330, 356

landlords, Japanese 313–14

Landon, Kenneth P. 298r

Lasswell, Harold 138, 157n

law lOn; assimilated 8; basic10n; in action 6, 303; instrumental conception of 191, 192–4; morals and 271–2; on Royal policy 26; societal change vehicle 192, 193;theoretical framework 267–73;three levels structure 4, 5–7, 36–56, 385–9; see also individual types of law, eg Canon law, Civil law, unofficial law

Law of Ozun Hasan 95

lawful shares 40

lawyers see legal profession

lawyer's law see juristenrecht

Le Bon, Monsieur 360n

leases 55, 73n

leasing (eikosaku-ken) 330, 356

Lebra, Takie Sugiyama 355, 365n, 371r

Lebra, William P. 365n, 371r

legal agencies (kar-gozariha) 98

legal aid 174

legal capacity 128, 129

legal document registration (sabt-easnad) 112

legal pluralism 4

legal positivism 270

legal postulates 6–7, lOn, 386–7; in Japan 309, 310, 353–5; see also dharma

legal profession 91, 93; deprofessionalization 191–2, 194–200; forbidden by dharmasastra 284–5; in India 247; in Japan 302; in Thailand 284–5; opposition to Conciliation Board 185–6, 200–1; place in western law 290

legislations (derbah) 64, 65, 75n

Leonowens, Mrs Anna H. 291–2, 298r

lex humana 281

Liebesny, Herbert 146n, 147n, 155n, 162r

limitation, time 62

Ling, Trevor 298r

Lingat, Robert 263r, 275, 276, 281, 283, 296n, 298r

litigation (qada) 84

living law 4, 6, 303, 308–9

β€?local law-ways’ 243–4

Lok Adalat (People's Court) 233–4, 235, 239, 244–5

lokshakti 235

Lord, Donald C. 298r

Lu, David John 311, 313, 337, 371r

lunar calendar (kyureki) 346–7, 356

MacArthur, General Douglas 317

Mclllwain, Charles H. 288, 298r

Madhyava exergesis 219, 220

Madinah, the 84, 85, 87

Madkour, Mohammed Salama 38, 39, 70n, 77r

magistrate (kalantar) 145n

Maha Sangha (Supreme Monastic Council) 188

mahakim -e orf 95–6

Mahgoub, Mohammed Abdou 64, 65, 66, 74–5n, 77r

mahkameh (tribunal) 145n

Mahmood, S. T. 224, 231, 233, 257n, 263r

mahr (bridal money) 39, 45

Maine, Sir Henry 224, 388, 394r

Majallah (civil code) 98, 126, 155n

Majlis (legislative assembly) 96, 107–8, 109, 112–19, 137, 152n; rules of order 107; translation and compilation committee 109–10, 149n; ulama decreasing role 150n; see also Fundamental law

Majlis-e Shura-ye Melli see Majlis

majlises (courts) 105

Maki, JohnM. 363n, 371r

Makki, Hoseyn 15In, 162r

Makki Ameli, Shams od-Din Mohammad ibn Jamal Od-Din 142n

Makram, Omar 70n

Malaviya, H. D. 202n, 214r

Malcolm, Sir John 145n, 162r

Malik, Imam 46

Malik ibn Anas 141n

Maliki school 86, 94, 141n, 145n

Malikite doctrine 38, 44, 47, 71n

Malinowski, Bronislaw 4, llr, 64, 74n, 344, 371r

Malkom Khan, Mirza 99–100, 102, 103, 105, 147n, 162r

Mamdouh, Omar 25

Mamelukes 21–2, 24, 25

Manavarajsevi, Phaya 296n

Mandelbaum, D. G. 236, 238, 256, 263r

Manu, Code of 219, 275, 276, 278, 288

Mapilla people 231

Marasinghe, M. L. 200, 214r

Margoliouth, D. S. 144n, 162r

marriage: in Egypt 38–40, 45–6, 49;in India 217, 218, 219–20, 224, 233, 257n;inlran 117, 128; in Japan 326–7, 340–1, 356, 363n; in Thailand 279–80, 286; rule of prescription 218, 219–20, 221; see also betrothal gifts, bridal money, family law

Marumakkatayam law 231

Maruyama, Masao 356, 371r

Maslahat khaneh 101–3

matas (religious organization) 236

Matin-Daftari, Ahmad 109, 114, 115, 118, 146n, 151n, 152n, 153n, 162r

Matsudaira, Narimitsu 362n, 371r

matsuri (Shinto rituals) 315, 337, 338, 339, 354

maulvis (moslem divines) 224, 226

Mawardi, Abol Hasan 145n, 162r

Mazaheri, Aly 143n, 163r

mazalim hearings 94, 103, 106, 145n

measurement (shaku or shakkan-ho) 332–3, 347, 356, 364n, 366n

mechas 217

mediation (chotei) 247, 335

Mehren, Arthur T. von 359n, 373r

Meiji legal system 313–16

Meiji Restoration 301

Meiji Tenno 313, 353

Memons tribe 231

Mendis, D. L. 213n

Mendis, G. C. 193, 209n, 215r

Merton, R. K. 138, 163r

Meshnah 19

Metwalli, Mahmoud 69n, 77r

Metzger, Barry 182, 185, 204n, 212n, 214r

mi'ad (customary council) 64

miai 340

mibun (status) 354

mibun kaiso-sei (status hierarchy) 307, 310, 316, 323–5, 354

Michida, Shinichiro 333, 371r

military tribunals 116

millah courts 48, 49, 50, 72n

Mimansa interpretation 219

mimoto hosho (vouching) 331–2, 354, 356

Minamoto, Yoritomo 315–16

Minear, Richard H. 312, 359n, 371r

ministers, trials of 116

Ministry of Justice see justice, Ministry of

minorities (Japanese) 325, 363n

misdemeanours (jonheh) 131, 132

missing persons 38, 39

Mitaksara school 220

mixed courts: Egyptian 28, 29, 32, 52; Iranian 98

miyaza (guild of a shrine) 339.

mizu ni nagasu (washed away) 335

Mizushima, Keiichi 367n, 369r

moamalat (social actions) 84, 90, 126, 141n

Moasir, Hasan 149n, 163r

Moatamad od-Dowleh Javanshir, 408Abbas-Qoli Khan 102–3

Moatamanol Molk Pir'niya, Mirza Hoseyn Khan 110, 149n, 150n

Modarris, Sayyed Hasan 111, 112

moddail omum 112

mofti 144n; Grand 145n

mofussil (back country) courts 223–4, 227

Mohammad, the prophet 84, 92

Mohammad Ali Shah 108–9, 111, 150n

Mohammad Shah 146n

Mohammed Ali 25–7, 31–2, 33, 34, 35, 69n, 70n

Mohsen, Safia 64, 77r

Moinol Mamalik, Mirza Mohsin Khan see Moshir od-Dowleh Sepahsalar

mojtahids 87, 88, 89, 90, 111, 123, 125, 141n, 144n; Grand 86

mokarrar 132

Mokhtari, Habibollah 151n, 163r

Molk, Mohammed Ali Forughi Zakaol113

Molk, Nasirol 150n

Molk-Ara, Abbas Mirza 106, 149n, 163r

mollas 101, 148n Momtaz od-Dowleh 112

monarchy: in Iran 107, 122, 124; in Thailand 274, 275, 282–4, 288, 296n

Mongkut, King 291–2

Mongol invaders 95; see also Tartar law

monopolies 55; state, in Egypt 32, 36

Montreux Agreement 37

moola kadi (roots of matter) 278

Moore, S. F. 242, 263r

moqallids (followers) 86

morals, law and 271–2

Morioka, Kiyomi 339, 350, 362n, 372r

Morris, R. 203n

Morrison, C. 263r

mortgage: estate 61; joto-tampo 331, 356, 364n

Moshir od-Dowleh Pir-niya, Mirza

Hasan Khan 110–13, 134, 149n, 150n, 152n

Moshir od-Dowleh Sepahsalar, Mirza

Hoseyn Khan (formerly Mirza Mohsin Khan Moinol Mamalik) 103–5, 146n

Moshir od-Dowleh, Mirza Nasrollah Khan 109

Moshir os-Saltaneh, Mirza Ahmad Khan 109

Moslem Brotherhood 47, 56, 135

Mossaddigh, Dr 101; see also Mussadegh, Dr Mohammed

Mossadiq period 150n

Mostashar od-Dowleh, Mirza Yusef Khan 163r

Mostowfi, Abdollah 104, 105, 147n, 149n, 163r

Motoda, Eifu 311

moving tribunals (for nomads) 119

Mozaffar od-Din Shah 107–8

mozakki 93

mubadan-mubad 93

Mueller, Gerhard 155n, 163r

Mukai, Ken 361n, 372r

muko-yoshi (groom foster-son) 341–2, 356, 365n

multazimin (tax collectors) 35, 36, 70n

Munro, Neil Gardon 325, 372r

muradi (conciliator) 64

murahachibu (expulsion) 345–6, 348, 356

Murayama, Shigeko 359n, 370r

murder see homicide

Mussadegh, Dr Mohammed 119; see also Mossaddigh, Dr

muta 38, 44–5, 71n

Nader, Laura 359n, 372r, 388, 394r

Naeini, Ayatollah Mohammad Hoseyn 153n, 163r

Naeini, Mirza Reza 151 n

Naga tribes 251–2, 253, 254, 255, 256

Nagai, Michio 371r

Nagalingam, C. 202n

naien (marriage) 326–7, 340, 363n

Najmi, Nasir 147n, 163r

Nakamura, Hajime 304, 372r

Nakane, Chie 343, 372r

Nakhjavani, Mohammad ibn Hindu Shah 144n, 163r

nakodo (go-betweens) 340

Napoleonic Code see Code Napoleon

Napoleonic expedition 23–4, 33, 69n

Napoleonic penal code see Code Penal

narcotics 132

Nasir od-Din Shah 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107

National Court of Appeal (Sri Lanka) 194

national courts, Egypt 28, 29, 50

National Economic Plan (Sri Lanka) 191, 208n

National Foundation Day (Japan) 322, 362n, 363n

National Holidays (Japan) 321–3, 356

national polity (kokutai) 311, 312, 314

National Security Organization (SAVAK) 119

National State Assembly (Sri Lanka) 195

nationality, Japanese 324

nationalization 53

Natiq, Homa 102, 103, 147n, 148n, 158r

native law 6

natural justice 272, 290, 294

natural law 6, 68, 75n

Navaei, Abdol-Hoseyn 150n, 163r

nawabari (territory) 351

Nawaii, Abdol-Khaliq 144n, 163r

nazir (overseer) 104

ne-teito (fixed collateral) 331, 356, 364n

necessity, theory of 55

Neisastro, L. C. 277, 299r

nenju gyoji (annual events) 347–8

next of kin 40

nezam-e jadid 101

nezam-nameh-ye intekhabat 153n

Nezami, Mohammad Asaad 150n, 163r

Nezami Talesh, M. A. 81–165

Nishitsunoi, Masayoshi 362n, 373r

Nitisastra Paisal, Prince Phya 299r

nizam nameh-ye dakheli 107

Noda, Yoshiyuki 303, 305, 306, 308, 343, 344, 346, 359n, 372r

nomadic tribes 119

Non State Legal System see People's law

noren (goodwill) 334, 356, 365n

normative subsystem 138, 157n

Nubar Pasha 27, 32

Nuraei, Fereshteh 147n, 163r

Nuri, Ayatollah Sheykh Fazlollah 154n

Nuri, Mirza Aqa Khan 149n

nuzzar see blood money

nyaya panchayats 174, 175–8, 243, 245

oaths: at Conciliation Board 184, 203n; of denial 91

obligations: in public law 73n; taklif 128; see also giri relations

O'Brien, Patrick 69n, 77r

official courts see nyaya panchayats

official law 5–6, 62–7, 385–6

Ohira, Masayoshi 338

Old Testament 49

Oliver, Henry M. 209n, 215r

olol-amr (rules) 142n

Omar, Caliph 90–1, 92, 142n, 143–4n

Onar, S. S. 147n, 163r

opinion: fatva 144n; preponderance of 21, 94, 145n; raay 84

Oppler, Alfred C. 337, 362n, 372r

oral testimony (bayyina) 91–2 orf 83, 94–5; courts 95–6; in civil code 126, 128, 129; see also customary law and customs

Organization code, Iranian 111–12, 151n, 152n

orthodox creed 72n

ostracizing 251

osul (roots) 85

osul-e Mohakamat-e Hoquqi 111

osul-e Tashkilat-e Adiyyeh 111

Otsu case 325, 335, 363n

Ottoman empire: Egypt and 22–3, 24, 25, 31, 32; Iran and 93, 98

β€?outcasting’ 239, 253

oyabun (fictitious parents) 340, 343, 344, 350

Ozun Hasan, Law of 95

Pahlavi period 114–21, 138

Pallegoix, Jean Baptiste 284, 299r

Panchayat Act, West Bengal 175–8, 202n

panchayat cycle (anchal panchayat) 176

panchayats : caste 225, 235, 236–9, 243, 245, 256; cheri 241; gram see village; in Gond villages 252–4; nyaya 174, 175–8, 243, 245; tribal 246, 252–4; village 176, 235, 237–9, 241, 243

pandits (learned men) 224, 225, 226, 229

Parasara 221

parental relationships (oyabun and kobun) 340, 343, 344, 350

parenthood 39

Parikh, Shri H. 245

particularized rules (shiki) 305

passage, rites of 347–8

Passin, Herbert 360n, 372r

Patel, M. L. 249, 263r

paternal relations 40, 340, 343, 344, 350

peasant law 26

Peaslee, Amos J. 163r

penal code: Egypt 37, 59–60, 65;Iran (qanun-e jaza) 114, 116, 118, 129–34, 155n;Japan 309, 310; Thailand 296n; see also Code penal, hudud

People's Committees (Sri Lanka) 198, 212n

People's Court see Lok Adalat

People's law; in India 234–49, 257–8n, 386; volksrecht 268–9, 270, 275, 287, 295; see also conciliation, panchayats

Perera, N. M. 198–9, 207–8n, 209n, 212n

Pemi, Adolph 112, 114, 130

personal reasoning: ijtehad 85, 86, 88, 89, 94; ijtihad 23

personal status: in Egypt 14, 37–51, 59; qanum-e madani 128–9

Pharaonic law 15, 18

Pichit Preechakorn, Prince Krom Luang 299r

Pieris, L. H. R. 205n

Pillai, K.N.G. 263r

pious endowments see vaqf, and wakf

Pir-niya, Mirza Hasan Khan see Moshir od-Dowleh Pir'niya, Mirza Hasan Khan

Pir-niya, Mirza Hoseyn Khan see Moatamanol Molk Pir-niya, Mirza Hoseyn Khan

pleadings 37, 50

pleasure (kama) 218

pledge (shichi) 331

Ploetz, Karl 292, 299r

pluralism, legal 4

polygamy 44, 71n, 252

Pospisil, Leopold 4, 12r, 263r

positivism, legal 270

Post-Glossator school 272, 289

postulates, jural see legal postulates

postulates, legal see legal postulates

Pound, Roscoe 294, 299r

poverty, effect on law and justice 246–7

pradhan 255

Praetor legem 272

pre-emption, right of 52–3, 54

preachers(voaaz) 145n

precedents 96, 281

premodern Japan 335, 344, 346, 364n

preponderance of opinion 21, 94, 145n

prerogative of Supreme Command 311

prescription 218, 219–20, 221

presents: betrothal gifts 340; end year (seibo or oseibo) 344; mid-year (chugen) 344, 365n

Presidency town courts 223

Presidential decrees 41

presumption of innocence 90

prime minister (sadr-e Aazam) 104

primitive law 6

Privy Council: Indian 230; Sri Lankan 194

procedural manual (dasturol amal) 102

β€?proctors’, village 180

proof: burden of 91; of customary

rules 225–6

Proper Law Act (Horei) 319

property rights 32, 53, 69n; in Iran 117, 120, 127; in Thailand 275

public prosecutor: Egyptian 64; Iranian (vakil or-reaya) 91, 93, 114, 145n

publicity 4

Punjab, the 231

purification 253

qada (litigation) 84

qadil qodat (chief qadi) 93, 144n

qadis (judges) 84, 91, 92, 93, 130; see also judges

qanum-ejaza see penal code

qanum-e madani see civil code

qanuns 100

qiyas 21, 49, 85, 87

quadruple system (el tarbah) 66

Quajar period 103

Quaritch Wales, H. G. 299r

Quigley, Harold S. 362n, 365n, 372r

raay (opinion) 84

Rabanite sect 48, 49

Rabi, Prince 292, 299r

Rahman, Fazlur 143n, 160r

rajsastra 278, 280, 281, 283, 288, 383

Rakugo 366n

Rama Kamhaeng the Great, King 274

Rama I, King 276, 283–4, 286, 288; code of 276, 279–80, 282

Rama IV, King 276

Rama V, King 292–3

Rama VII, King 293

Rama VIII, King 293

rape 239

Rashed, Ali 60, 74n, 77r

or-Rashid, Harun 93

Rateb, Aicha 70n, 72n

rational evidence 21

rational sources (of Shari'a) 21

Ratnam, K. P. 205n

Real Estate Credit Bank 53

reasonableness (jori) 308

received law 7; interaction with indigenous 389–91

reception of law 4–5, 7; Chinese law in Japan 304–6; in Thailand 291–4; western law in Japan 307–10, 359n

reclamation, of property 53

reconciliation 227; see also conciliation

Reddis tribe 250–1

redressing 138, 157n

references (mimoto hosho) 331–2, 354, 356

Regency, in Japan 321, 362n

Reischauer, Edwin O. 318, 355, 363n, 372r

religious organizations (matas) 236

registration of legal documents (sabt-e asnad) 112, 117

rehabilitation 119, 134

religious endowments see vaqfand wakf

religious law 5

Rescript on Education (Kyoiku Chokugo) 311–12, 360–1n

retribution 26, 60, 65, 74n; see also revenge, vengeance

revenge 286; see also retribution and vengeance

Revlin, Helen Ann 35, 69n, 77r

Reza Khan (later Shah) 112–13, 114–18, 126, 151n, 157n

Reza Naeini, Mirza 151 n

Rheinstein, Max 141n, 164r

riba (interest) 61, 62, 74n, 145n

Riesman, David 96, 146n, 164r

rites of passage 347–8

ritsu (sanctioning laws) 305

ritsu-ryo system 305, 307, 315, 359n

Robins, R. S. 264r

roots see moola kadi and osul roppo (six codes) 359–60n

Rose Chamber, Holy Edict of 98

Ross, H. Laurence 346, 372r

rotensho (stall keepers) 351

Royal Decrees, Thai 277, 280–1

Royal Ordinances, Thai 277, 280–1, 283–4, 285, 288, 383

royal policy, law on 26

Rudolph, L. H. and S. H. 223–30, 238, 264r

rulers (olol-amr) 142n

rules of order (nizam nameh-ye Dakheli) 107, 109

ruling classes 52–3, 73–4n, 125

Russia 96, 113

ryo (admonitory laws) 305

Saad od-Dowleh, Mirza Javad Khan 108, 110

Sabi, Musa 156n, 164n

sacred truths 6

sadācāra 217, 220

as-Sadiq, Jaafar 87, 142n

Sadr-e Aazam (prime minister) 104

sadr os-sodur 144n

Saduq, Shikh-e 142n

Safaei, Ibrahim 147n, 150n, 164r

Safavid dynasty 86, 93, 95, 146n

Said, Gamel El Dine 69n, 77r

Said Khan, Mirza 146n

saisei-icchi (unity of Shinto and state) 315, 316

Salama, Ahmed 73n, 78r

Saleh, Ali-Pasha 91, 114, 145n, 146n, 152n, 153n, 164r

Salem, Mamdouh 72n

Saljug dynasty 94

Saljugi, Mahmud 95, 128, 164r

Sama Mandalaya (Council of Peace) 188

Sami, Mirza 145n, 164r

sanctioning laws (ritsu) 305

Sangha (Brotherhood of Buddhist Monks) 279, 282, 285, 287

El Sanhouri, Abdel Razzak 53–4, 56, 77r

Sani od-Dowleh, Mohammad Hasan Ali Mogaddam Maraghe-ei 105, 149n, 164r

Sanskritization 228, 229

Santal tribe 249, 254–5

Saran, A. B. 264r

sarvodaya 244

Sassanid period 82, 93, 94, 142n

Śāstras/Śāstric laws 217, 219–22, 224, 225–6, 229

satzungsrecht (enacted law) 270, 271, 295

SAVAK (National Security Organization) 119

scavengers, rights of 258n

Schacht, Joseph 84, 90, 92, 94, 95, 141n, 142n, 143n, 144n, 145n, 164r

scheduled tribes 249

scholars see ulamas and ulemas

seals (inkan or hanko) 326, 331, 334, 356

seats, order of 345, 354, 356

Sectarian Shinto (Kyoha Shinto) 315, 355

secular courts 98, 101, 102, 103, 118; see also adliyyeh, divan khaneh

security 331

Seidenfaden, Major Erik 299r

self help (avemong) 251

Seligman, B. Z. 325

Sepahsalar 104, 105

separation 40

Seventeen-Article Constitution (Kempo Jushichi-jo) 304, 315, 359n

sex discrimination, Japanese 314, 315, 317, 361n; see also women

Shafei, Mohammed Ibn Idris 85, 164r; see also El Chafei, Imam

Shafei/ShafΓ©ite/Shafi'ite school 38, 46, 86, 232

shahneh 145n

shaku or shakkan-ho 332–3, 347, 356, 364n, 366n

Shanans 230

shared burdens 52

Sharh-e Lomeh 145n

Sharh-e Makasib 154n

Shan'a (Egyptian version): business law and 51–6, 60–2; civil code and 51–6, 67–8; customs as auxiliary sources 15β€”16; dissociation from organizations 22; internal structure 20–1; Tartar laws and 22; under Mohammed Ali 25–6

Shan'a, in colonial India 231–2

Sharia (Iranian version): Amir Kabir and 101, 147–8n; basic characteristics 88–90; challenge to 114; courts 93, 101, 103, 112, 114, 117, 147–8n; departure of penal code from 129–34; evasion of 95, 145n; Family Protection Law deviation from 129; modern judiciary and 121–36; pre-19th century development 83–6; pre-19th century judiciary 90–3

El Sharkawy, Gamil 48, 49, 72n, 77n

Sharma, M. 234, 238, 242–3, 264r

Shayegan, Sayyed Ali 95, 111, 152n, 154n, 165r

Shehata, Shafik 38, 52, 55, 61, 62, 69n, 73n, 74n, 77r

sheikhas (men of religion) 36

Sheil, Lady Mary Leonora 101, 165r

Sher Singh, Sher 264r

sheriff (darugheh) 145n

Sherma, Ibn 39

sheykhol Islam 145n

shichi (pledge) 331

Shii Fiqh 86–8, 89, 126, 127, 128, 142n

Shii-Islamic society see Iran

shiki (particularized rules) 305

shikitari (convention of buraku) 348

Shils, Edward 157n

Shintoism 3, 15–16, 318, 337–9, 354–5, 361–2n; see also Japan

Shirazi, Ayatollah 107

shiten (branch shops) 334

Shogunate (Bakufu) 306, 307, 315–16

shomin (commoners) 307

shops, Japanese 334

Short Tyranny 108, 110

Shotoku Taishi (Crown Prince Shotoku) 304, 310, 312, 315, 323, 353, 359n

Showa constitution 316–19, 320–5

Showa era 313

shuha (sect) 349–50, 354, 367n

shura-ye davari 120, 153n

shura-ye dowlat 101

Silberman, Bernard S. 372r

Simhadri, Y. 246, 264

Singer, Marshal 205n, 215r

Singh, Yogendra 232, 264r

Sinha, Surajit 256, 264r

Siriwardena, P. P. 203n

Siriwardena, T. Gilbert 204n

sΓ­stācāra 217, 220

Siyasat El La'eha 26

Siyasat osh-Shariyyah 95

Smart, Walter 154n

Smelser, Neil 157n, 165r

Smith, Robert J. 328, 342–3, 347, 372–3r

Smith, Ronald 207n, 215r

Smith, Thomas C. 313, 373r

social changes: in Egypt 31–3, 35–6; in India 228–30, 235, 242–3, 245, 247

socialism in Ceylon 189–95, 205–7n; influence on legal system 191–4

Sofyan alh-Thowri 142n

sole-heir inheritance (tandoku sozoku) 342, 356

solh courts 112, 114, 120

Somaratne, Senator 181

Somers, G. E. 249, 255, 264r

Sonoda, Minoru 364n, 373r

Soulbury Commission 172

sovereignty, doctrine of 290

Spencer, Herbert 360n

Spiro, Melford E. 299r

Sri Lanka 171–216, 381, 392n; 1958–65 181–5; 1965–70 185–9; 1972 constitution 194–5; Ceylonese and Indian conciliation compared 175–8; deprofessionalization 191–2, 194–200; government fidelity to law 192–3; historical development 171–89; instrumental conception of law 191, 192–4; popular participation 198–9; social welfare 193, 209n; socialist regime of 1970 onward 198–201; see also Conciliation Board

Srinivas, M. N. 234–5, 236, 237, 260r

stall keepers (rotensho) 351

state law 5; Indian 214–2, 245–7, 255–6

State Shinto (Kokka Shinto) 315, 316, 318, 355, 357

status: mibun 354; varna 218

status hierarchy (mibun kaiso-sei)307, 310, 316, 323–5, 354

statutes 269

Stein, Lorenz von 360n

Steiner, Kurt 341, 365n, 373r

Stokes, E. 264r

succession: in India 224, 231, 233; in Thailand 275

sudder (chief) courts 223

suffrage see election law

Sukhodaya period 274–5

Suksumran, Somboon 299r

Sunna 20, 42, 84, 85, 87

Superior Justices Commission 172

supplementary laws (kyaku) 305

Supreme Command prerogative 311

supreme court: divan-e aala 100, 119, 125, 145n; Indian 223, 224

Supreme Monastic Council (Maha Sangha) 188

Suranai Prasus, Prince Luang 299r

Swaris, J. G. 186, 204r

Syamananda, Rong 299r

Syrian Orthodox Church 48, 72n

ta'a, right of 44

taazir 130

taazirat 131

at-Tabari 142n

Tabatabaei, Mohammad Mohit 91, 154n, 165r

taboos 251, 268

Taiho Ritsu-ryo 305, 359n

taika kaishin (political reform) 305

Taisho Tenno 313

takadum see time limitation

Takayanagi, Kenzo 310, 359n, 360n, 362n, 373r

takliff (obligation) 128

Talmud 19, 49

Tambiah, H. W. 384r, 393n

Tamerlane 95, 145–6n, 165r

tamiz see appeal courts

Tanaka, Hideo 327, 359n, 362n, 363n, 364n, 374r

tandoku sozoku (sole-heir inheri-tance) 342, 356

T'ang dynasty 305

Tanzimat era 98

tapu (excommunication) 253

Taqavi, Sayyed Nasr ol-lah 151n

Taqizadeh, Sayyed Hasan 108, 124, 136, 151n, 154n, 165r

taqlid 141n

el tarbah (quadruple) 66

ot-Tariqah, Shikh 142n

Tartar law 21; see also Mongol invaders

tax collection see iltizam, multazimin

tax law, Japanese 313

ta'zir see consolidation

Tehrani, Shaykh Abdol Hoseyn see Araqayn, Shaykhol

teito (hypothec) 331, 364n

tenants, Japanese 313–14, 318

Tennakoon, T. B. 181

Tenno system: adoration 353, 355; authority of emperor 304, 305, 306, 307, 310–12, 313, 315, 317, 318, 325, 360n; crimes against imperial families 325, 363n; fidelity (chu-ko) 311; in contemporary constitution 320–1, 362n; in unofficial law 337, 338, 364n

territory (nawabari) 351

testimony, oral 91

Thailand 273–300, 383–4; autonomous legal domain 278–80, 282, 295, 383, 386; Buddhism and law 285–7; codification 293–4, 296n; cultural history 273–6; Dharmasastra'm 276–7, 278, 280–1, 282–4; Hindu legal culture in 275; legal profession and education in 284–5; legal system and jurisprudence 282–7; rajsastra 278, 280, 281, 283, 288, 383; reception of western law 291–4; Royal Decrees and Ordinances 277, 280–1, 283–4, 285, 288, 383; traditional legal system 276–82; written law 277–8, 280–2

Thani-e, Shahid-e 142n

Thayer, James Bradley 360n

alh-Thowri, Sofyan 142n

Three Great Seals, code of 276, 283–4, 288, 293

three level structure 4, 5–7, 36–56, 385–9

time limitation 62

Tiruchelvam, Neelan 171–216

Togo, Admiral Heihachiro 324

Tokugawa, Shogun 307

Tonokaboni, Mohammed Vali Khan 150n

Torobriand islanders 344

Toshitani, Nobuyoshi 361n, 372r, 373r

Touman Bay 21

town-block associations (chonai-kai) 339, 348

Toynbee, Arnold J. 34, 35, 77r

Tozuks 95, 145–6n

Traipidhaka (Tripitaka) 287

Trailok, King 275

treta yuga 221

trials, Iran 114, 117, 118, 119; of ministers 116

tribal laws 6, 64–7; Indian 249–56, 382, 392n; see also customary law, unofficial law

tribal panchayats 246, 252–4

tribes: Ainu 325; Andaman

islanders 250;ApaTanis 251;

Chenchus 250; criminal or denotified 246; cultivators 250–1; encapsulated 254; Konyak Nagas 251–2, 253, 254, 255, 256; Mapilla people 231; Memons 231; nomadic food gatherers 250; Raj Gonds 252^, 256; Reddis 250–1; Santal 249, 254–5; scheduled 249, 254–5; Thai 273–4

tribunals: labour 196; mahkameheh 145n; military 116; moving 119; village 227

tricks (hiyal) 95

Tripitaka (Traipidhaka) 287

Trubek, David M. 356, 373r

Tunc, AndrΓ© 57, 77r

Turah 19

Turkomanchi Treaty (1928) 97

Turner, John E. 362n, 365n, 374r

Tusi, Mohammad ibn Hasan 142n

Twelve Grades of Officials (Kan'i Juni-kai) 304, 323

twelvers (ithnaashariyya(h)) 86, 87, 88

twice-born model 230

Two domains of law 277–82

Tyan, £mile 92, 144n, 165r

udah 38, 43, 45

ujgami (Shinto god) 315

ujiko (children of ujigami) 315, 348–9, 362n

ulama (Iranian scholars) 82, 102, 110, 112, 139; Amir Kabir and 101; opposition to supplement 108, 122, 123, 124–5; right to veto legislation 123; Sepahsalar and 105; virtual elimination from judiciary 117, 150n; see also ulamas, ulema

ulamas, in colonial India 231, 232, 233

ulema (Egyptian scholars) 22, 24, 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 47, 56, 59, 60, 70n

Umayyads 84, 87, 89

understanding see Fiqh

UNESCO 57

unforeseen accidents 55

unionization, Japan 314–15

unofficial law 6, 62–7, 386; Japanese 308–9, 336–51; see also customary law, customs, living law, People's law, tribal law

untouchability 217, 257–8n

usages 224, 231; see also customs

usufruction 127

usury 61, 62

Uttalumcase 278, 279

Vachirayan Varorasa, Prince, the Great Patriarch 287, 299r

vakil or-reaya (public prosecutor) 145n

vakilol-jaraim (prosecutor) 145n

vakils (delegates) 91, 93

van Gennep, Arnold 347, 373r

vaqf 90; see also wakf

varna (status) 218

velayat-e faqih 122, 135

vengeance 251; blood- 66–7; see also retribution and revenge

verdict (hokm) 110

Verma, S. C. 264r

Vesey-Fitzgerald, S. G. 95, 142n, 143n, 165r

Vijnaesvara's exegesis 219, 220

village councils (gamsabhavas) 200

village courts (millah) 48, 49, 50, 72n; Sri Lankan 180–1

village panchayats: Indian 235, 237–9, 241, 243; Sri Lankan 176

village β€?proctors’ 180

village tribunals 227

vinaya (holy precepts) 287

violations (khalaf) 131, 132

vishi 219

voaaz (preachers) 145n

volksrecht (People's law) 268–9, 270, 275, 287, 295

vouching (mimoto hosho) 331–2, 354, 356

wa (harmony) 304, 305, 307, 310, 312, 314, 317

Wagatsuma, Hiroshi 363n, 369r

Wagatsuma, Sakae 328, 373r

wakai (conciliation) 335–6

wakamono-gumi (youth groups) 349

wakf 32, 39, 40, 50, 54, 55, 70n; see also vaqf

walis (governors) 90–1, 92

Wang Pe-Chi 271, 294, 299r

Ward, Robert E. 368r

warriors (bushi) 306, 307

warriors’ code (bushido) 306

warriors’ law (buke-ho) 306

Watanabe, Yozo 363n, 373r

Weber, Max 4, 12r, 289

Weeramantry, C. G. 299r

weights and measures (shakkan-ho) 332–3, 347, 356, 364n, 366n

West Bengal Panchayat Act 175–8, 202n

β€?White revolution’ 120

Wichiencharoen, A. 277, 299r

Wickremanayake, Ratnasiri Jnr 212n

Wigmore, John 298r, 329, 359n, 373r

wilaya 14

Wilber, Donald 151n, 165r

wills 226

Wimalaratne, D. 203n

wisemen (awakel) 64

witness (bayyina) 91, 93

women: in Egypt 23, 42, 67; in Iran 129; in Japan 314, 315, 316–17, 361n

Wood, A. L. 205n, 215r

Woodman, Gordon 393n, 394r

Workers Advisory Council (Sri Lanka) 198

worship (ibadat) 84, 90, 141n

Wriggins, Howard 206n, 215r

written law, Thailand 277–8, 280–2

Yājnāvalkya 218

yakuza (delinquents) 351

Yanagida, Kunio 340, 361n, 373r

yasa (decreee) 95, 145n

Yassin, El Saved 13–79

Yasukuni-Jinja 316, 338, 362n

year counting: gengo 323, 356, 362–3n; lunar calendar 346–7, 356

Yehia, Abdel Wadoud 73n, 78r

Yehia, Abdel Wadoud Ali 49, 72n, 73n, 78n

Yerlighs 95, 145n

Yerukulas tribe 246

Yogendra Singh see Singh, Yogendra

Yoro Ritsu-ryo 359n

Yoshida, Premier Shigeru 324

Youssef, Imam Abu 46

youth groups (wakamono-gumi) 349

yugas, theory of (epochs) 221

yuino (betrothal gifts) 340

Yusof Khan, Mirza 103, 104, 149n; continued as Mostashar od-Dowleh

Yut Sang-Utai 299r

Zaheri school 141n, 142n

zaibatsu (finance clique) 365n

Zaidieh doctrine 46

Zanganeh, Abdol-Hamid Aazami 151n, 165r

Zarrinkub, Abdol-Husain 144n, 165r

Zeid, Ahmed Abu 64, 66–7, 78r

Ziadeh, Faraht 197, 215r