Contents
18.1 The Precedents for European Integration..................................................................................................... 650
18.1.1 The Survival of the Universal Model......................................................................
65018.1.2 “Composite Monarchies” as aPrime Example of Unions of States inEurope 652
18.1.3 Assembly-Based Integration: The Singular Case of the Swiss
Confederation....................................................................................................................................... 657
18.1.4 Westphalia’s Peace and the Triumph of the Europe of States................................. 662
18.1.5 Europe Between Imperialism and Coordination: 1789 to 1914.............................. 663
18.2 The Idea of Europe from 1918 to 1939........................................................................................................ 664
18.2.1 Europe Lies in Ruins, at the Mercy of the United States and the Soviet
Union.................................................................................................................................................... 664
18.2.2 The Resurgence of Nationalisms and Disunity in Europe....................................... 665
18.2.3 Some Attempts at Integration.................................................................................. 667
18.3 European Integration During World War II.......................................................................................................... 672
18.3.1 The Franco-British Union (June 1940)................................................................... 672
18.3.2 Hitlerian Europe.................................................................................................... 673
18.3.3 The “Integrationist” Idea in Anti-Hitlerian Europe................................................
67418.4 European Integration During the Post-War Period (1945-1949).......................................................................... 677
18.4.1 Europe in 1945...................................................................................................... 677
18.4.2 A First, Unsuccessful Attempt at Integration: The Congress of The Hague
(1948), and the Failure to Form a Federal Europe............................................................................... 681
18.5 Step by Step Integration: The Invention of the “Community Method” (1950)............................................ 684
18.5.1 The Pioneers: Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman.................................................. 684
18.5.2 The Schuman Declaration of May 9, 1950............................................................. 687
18.6 From the European Coal and Steel Community to the European Economic
Community (1951-1957)............................................................................................................. 689
18.6.1 The 1951 Treaty of Paris and the Creation of the ECSC........................................ 689
18.6.2 From the Failure of the EDC to the Treaties of Rome (1951-1957)..................... 690
18.7 The Extension of the Community Method to Create a Common European Market,
and the Institutionalization of European Integration (1957-1965).............................................. 691
18.7.1 The Court of Justice of the European Communities and the European
Parliament............................................................................................................................................. 691
18.7.2 The European Free Trade Association: A British “Tantrum”................................ 692
18.7.3 The Merging of Community Executives................................................................ 692
18.8 A Step Back in the Integration Process: A Return to the Intergovernmental Method
(1966-1986).................................................................................................................................
69318.8.1 The Rejection of Qualified Majority Voting and the Return of Unanimity:
The Luxembourg Compromise............................................................................................................. 693
18.8.2 On the Path Towards Expansion............................................................................ 693
18.8.3 The Democratization of the Integration Process: An Elective European
Parliament............................................................................................................................................. 694
18.9 Returning to the Community Method: From the Single European Act
to the Maastricht Treaty (1986-1992).......................................................................................... 694
18.9.1 The Schengen Agreement....................................................................................... 695
18.9.2 The Single European Act........................................................................................ 695
18.10 Combining the Community and the Intergovernmental Methods: From the Europe
of Communities to the European Union (1992-2009)................................................................ 695
18.10.1 The Maastricht Treaty and the Appearance of the Structured Integration
Pillar...................................................................................................................................................... 696
18.10.2 Towards an Economic and Monetary Union: The Euro as a Common
Currency.............................................................................................................................................. 697
18.10.3 Many New Members............................................................................................. 698
18.10.4 The Need to Reorganize the EU: From Amsterdam to Lisbon............................. 698
18.11 The EU of the Twenty-First Century.................................................................................... 699
18.11.1 The Lisbon Treaty................................................................................................ 699
18.11.2 A Legally Complex Integration........................................................................... 700
18.12 A Provisional Conclusion for an Unfinished Process: What Kind of Integration Are
Europeans Looking For?............................................................................................................. 702
References........................................................................................................................................... 711
18.1
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