Contents
17.1 From Liberalism to Interventionism........................................................................................ 557
17.2 The Triumph of Big Capitalism and the Transformation of the Western World....
55817.2.1 The Inventions That Changed the World............................................................... 558
17.2.2 Demographic Expansion and the Concentration of Urban Populations.... 563
17.3 The Social Consequences of Economic Expansion................................................................. 564
17.3.1 The Middle Class and the Proletariat..................................................................... 564
17.3.2 The Origins of “the Social Question”.................................................................... 565
17.4 The Constitutional Consequences of the Social Question....................................................... 567
17.4.1 From Censitary to Universal Suffrage................................................................... 567
17.4.2 The Questioning of the Laissez Faire Principle: The Socialist Approach.. 568
17.4.3 The Conservative Approach: Bismarck’s Sozialpolitik......................................... 571
17.4.4 The Return of the Interventionist State.................................................................. 573
17.5 The Russian Revolution and the First Triumph of Totalitarianism......................................... 573
17.5.1 Lenin and the Soviet Revolution.......................................................................... 574
17.5.2 International Proletarianism vs. the Capitalism of the Liberal Nation-States.. 574
17.6 The European Oligarchies React by Defending “National Socialism”................................... 576
17.6.1 Perfectly Legal Dictatorships.................................................................................
57817.6.2 An Adapted Legal Theory: From Ihering to Carl Schmitt.................................... 581
17.6.3 The Expansion of Social/Legal Protection in the Interbellum Period................. 583
17.6.4 The Crisis of the Liberal State Model in the U.S.A.: The New Deal................... 583
17.6.5 A New Deal for Europe?....................................................................................... 587
17.7 The Road to War...................................................................................................................... 592
17.7.1 The Expansion of Totalitarianism: The Confrontation Between
Communism and Fascism...................................................................................... 592
17.7.2 From the Spanish Civil War to World War II........................................................ 593
17.8 The Triumph of the Welfare State Model................................................................................ 597
17.8.1 The Welfare State and the Rule of Law................................................................. 598
17.8.2 The Spread of the Welfare State After 1945......................................................... 601
17.8.3 The United States Stands Alone: From Roosevelt to Obama............................... 602
17.9 The Transformation of the Totalitarian Model of State: Communism After 1945.. 603
17.9.1 The Marshall Plan and the Raising of the Iron Curtain........................................ 604
17.9.2 The Expansion of Communism After 1945.......................................................... 605
17.9.3 The Transformation of the Communist Model of State: The Chinese
Example.................................................................................................................. 606
17.10 The Contemporary Transformation of the State Model in Western Capitalist
Countries: A Return to Oligarchy?.............................................................................................
60817.10.1 The “Thirty Glorious Years”, or the Contemporary Way of Addressing
the Social Question................................................................................................. 608
17.10.2 The Neoliberal Way and John Rawls’ Theory of Justice...................................... 609
17.10.3 Growing Inequality and Its Constitutional Consequences..................................... 609
17.10.4 Towards a New Oligarchic Model of the State?.................................................... 611
17.11 The End of the Nation-State Era and the Beginning of Global Constitutional
History?....................................................................................................................................... 613
17.11.1 From the League of Nations to the United Nations............................................... 613
17.11.2 Governments and Governance: From Authority to Negotiation............................ 615
References........................................................................................................................................... 621
17.1
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