Contents
16.1 From Absolutism to Liberalism................................................................................................ 491
16.2 The Europe of the Restoration (1815-1848).............................................................................
49316.2.1 The Congress of Vienna......................................................................................... 493
16.2.2 The Holy Alliance or the Return of Divine Legitimacy......................................... 494
16.2.3 Metternich and the Counterrevolutionary Principle of Legitimate
Intervention......................................................................................................................................... 495
16.2.4 An Exception to the Principle of Nation-State Confrontation: The
Metternich System as a Forerunner of European Integration.............................................................. 495
16.2.5 The Impossibility of Restoring Absolutism........................................................... 496
16.3 The Liberal Alternative: A State with Limited Powers and Controlled by
an Economic Elite....................................................................................................................... 497
16.3.1 Legal Limits on State Power: Constitutions and Fundamental Rights................ 497
16.3.2 The Politicization of the Term “Nation”............................................................ 499
16.3.3 From Absolute Monarchy to Liberal Oligarchy: The Era of Censitary
Suffrage............................................................................................................................................... 500
16.4 The Liberal Revolution............................................................................................................. 502
16.4.1 Moderate Liberalism..............................................................................................
50316.4.2 “Revolutionary Liberalism”.................................................................................. 504
16.4.3 Spain, Spearheading the Liberal Revolution: Riego’s Revolt (1820).................... 505
16.4.4 France Comes to Lead the Liberal Revolution (1830)........................................... 509
16.5 The Revolution of 1848 as the Key to the Spread of the Liberal State in Europe... 511
16.5.1 Another Italian Liberal Revolution........................................................................ 512
16.5.2 The Revolution of 1848 in the German Territories................................................ 513
16.5.3 The Austrian Empire and the Revolution............................................................... 515
16.5.4 Prussia vs. Austria: The Fight for German Supremacy......................................... 516
16.5.5 Prussia Becomes a Constitutional Kingdom......................................................... 518
16.5.6 Relative Calm in Europe by 1850.......................................................................... 519
16.6 The Unification of Italy........................................................................................................... 519
16.6.1 II Risorgimento....................................................................................................... 520
16.6.2 French Support for the Italian Cause.................................................................... 521
16.6.3 A Democratic Integration...................................................................................... 521
16.6.4 Garibaldi and the Annexation of the South........................................................... 521
16.6.5 The Kingdom of Italy Is Founded (March 14, 1861)............................................ 522
16.6.6 The “Roman Question”.......................................................................................... 522
16.7 German Unification.................................................................................................................
52316.7.1 Bismarck, Architect of Prussian Hegemony......................................................... 524
16.7.2 The Defeat of Austria and the North German Confederation............................... 524
16.7.3 The Franco-Prussian War and the Second Reich.................................................. 525
16.7.4 A Top Down Integration in a Federal and Laic State........................................... 526
16.8 Imperial Russia as a Final Bastion of Autocracy.................................................................... 527
16.8.1 From Enlightened Absolutism to the Consolidation of Autocracy..................... 527
16.8.2 Speransky and the First Attempt to Establish the Principle of the Rule
of Law in Imperial Russia....................................................................................... 528
16.8.3 The Revolution of 1905 and the First Russian Constitution (1906)...................... 529
16.9 Colonialism and Confrontation: The International Consequences of the Triumph
of the Nation-State Model........................................................................................................... 530
16.9.1 The Golden Age of Colonialism............................................................................ 530
16.9.2 Nationalism and Confrontation: The Europe of the “Armed Peace”.................... 531
16.10 World War I and the Crisis of the Liberal State Model........................................................ 533
16.10.1 The Implosion of the Nation-State System.......................................................... 533
16.10.2 The Assassination in Sarajevo and Europe’s Suicide.......................................... 533
16.10.3 The Dominos Fall............................................................................................... 535
16.10.4 An Apocalyptic Conflict...................................................................................... 535
16.10.5 The Constitutional Consequences of World War I: The End of Liberalism
and the Resurgence of State Power..................................................................................................... 536
References........................................................................................................................................... 541
16.1
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