Contents

15.1 Napoleonic France: From Republic to Monarchy.................................................................... 450

15.1.1 A Genius Named Napoleon Bonaparte.....................................................................

15.1.2 The Peculiar “Napoleonic Constitutionalism”.......................................................... 452

15.1.3 A Return to the Roman Model?................................................................................ 454

15.1.4 A New Monarchy for a New Regime........................................................................ 455

15.2 From Assembly-Based Government to Executive Government.............................................. 456

15.2.1 Napoleon and State Reform....................................................................................... 456

15.2.2 The Extreme Centralization of the New Administrative State.................................. 457

15.2.3 Judicial Reform and the Creation of Administrative Jurisdiction............................. 457

15.3 An Interventionist State............................................................................................................ 458

15.3.1 Religious Reform....................................................................................................... 459

15.3.2 Economic Reform...................................................................................................... 459

15.3.3 A Failed Attempt at Social Reform: The “Legion of Honor”................................... 460

15.3.4 Educational Reform: Grammar Schools, Special Schools of Higher

Education, and Universities................................................................................................................. 461

15.3.5 Legal Reform and the Unification of Private Law: Le Code Civil (March

21, 1804).............................................................................................................................................. 463

15.4 The Constitutional History of France After Napoleon: From Monarchy to Republic 465

15.4.1 From Absolutist Restoration to the July Monarchy................................................... 465

15.4.2 From the Second Republic to the Second Empire.................................................... 466

15.4.3 From the Commune to the Third Republic............................................................... 468

15.4.4 From Petain’s “French State” to De Gaulle’s Presidential Republic..................... 471

15.4.5 French Semi-presidentialism: A Return of the Napoleonic Model of State? 474

References........................................................................................................................................... 479

15.1