Contents
12.1 Revolution as a Social Instrument of Political Change............................................................ 322
12.1.1 The Example of Prussian Social Inflexibility............................................................
32212.1.2 The English Case: The Gradual Transformation
of a Political Constitution..................................................................................................................... 323
12.1.3 Rupture as an Instrument of Change: The American
and French Revolutions....................................................................................................................... 324
12.2 From the War of Independence to the American Revolution................................................... 325
12.3 The First Europeans in the Americas....................................................................................... 326
12.3.1 The Spanish and the Portuguese............................................................................... 326
12.3.2 French and Dutch Expeditions.................................................................................. 326
12.3.3 The Origins of the English Presence in America...................................................... 327
12.4 Spanish vs. English Colonization............................................................................................. 328
12.4.1 The “Centralized” Model of Spanish Colonization................................................... 328
12.4.2 The English Model: “Decentralized” Colonization................................................... 330
12.5 The Development of English Colonization............................................................................. 331
12.5.1 The First English Colony: Virginia (1607)...............................................................
33112.5.2 Religious Colonization............................................................................................. 333
12.5.3 The Proprietary Colonies.......................................................................................... 336
12.5.4 New Colonies After the Restoration (1660).............................................................. 338
12.5.5 Political Variety and Legal Autonomy of the English Colonies
in America............................................................................................................................................ 341
12.6 The Colonists and the British Crown................................................................................. 343
12.6.1 The Colonial Explosion........................................................................................ 343
12.6.2 The First American Intervention of the English Crown: The War Against
France................................................................................................................................................... 344
12.6.3 The Price of Victory.................................................................................................. 345
12.6.4 The Fiscal Origins of the Rebellion......................................................................... 345
12.6.5 The First Continental Congress in Philadelphia (1774)............................................ 347
12.7 The War of Independence (1776-1781)................................................................................... 347
12.7.1 The First Armed Clash: The “Battle” at Lexington (April 19, 1775)................ 347
12.7.2 The Second Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence.... 348
12.7.3 The Course of the Conflict........................................................................................ 348
12.7.4 The Peace of Versailles and the Recognition of a New Nation: The United
States of America................................................................................................................................. 350
12.8 The West’s First Liberal State................................................................................................. 351
12.8.1 From Locke to Jefferson............................................................................................ 351
12.8.2 The American Revolution as a Rupture with the Old Order..................................... 352
12.8.3 A Precarious “Union”: The Articles of Confederation............................................ 355
References........................................................................................................................................... 358
12.1
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