Contents

6.1 The Transformation of the Papacy: From Spiritual to Temporal Power.................................. 122

6.1.1 The Popes vs. the Byzantines and Lombards..............................................................

6.1.2 The Alliance with the Frankish Monarchy and the Rise of the Papal States.. 123

6.2 Charlemagne and the Resurgence of the Imperial Idea in the West......................................... 126

6.2.1 Charlemagne and the End of the Lombardian Kingdom............................................. 126

6.2.2 The Appearance of the Kingdom of Italy.................................................................... 126

6.2.3 The Reappearance of the Imperial Idea in the West................................................... 127

6.3 From the Carolingian Empire to the Holy Roman Empire....................................................... 129

6.3.1 The Prankish Monarchy Dissociates Itself from the Empire....................................... 129

6.3.2 The Germanic Revival of the Imperial Idea................................................................ 130

6.4 The Era of “Papal Theocracy”, or the Peak of Ecclesiasticism................................................ 134

6.4.1 Ecclesiastical Decline During the Feudal Period......................................................... 134

6.4.2 The Ecclesiastical Resurgence: The Eastern Schism, Cluny and the Gregorian

Reform........................................................................................................................................ 136

6.4.3 The Papacy’s Power Swells........................................................................................ 139

6.4.4 The Legal Consequences of the Papal Victory: The Secularization of Non-

ecclesiastical Public Authorities.................................................................................................. 140

6.4.5 Papal Decline and the Fragmentation of Europe......................................................... 140

6.5 The Survival of the Imperial Idea............................................................................................. 142

References........................................................................................................................................... 147

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 121

B. Aguilera-Barchet, A History of Western Public Law,

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11803-1_6

6.1