Contents

4.1 Church and State in the Western Tradition................................................................................ 66

4.2 The Origins of Christianity.........................................................................................................

4.2.1 It All Started with Judaism............................................................................................ 67

4.2.2 A Provincial Jew Named Jesus, Aka “Christ”.............................................................. 68

4.2.3 Had It Not Been for St. Paul......................................................................................... 70

4.3 Christianity and the Roman Empire........................................................................................... 72

4.3.1 A Threat to the Empire?................................................................................................ 72

4.3.2 From Forbidden Cult to Official State Religion (380 ad)........................................... 73

4.3.3 The Origins of Catholicism........................................................................................... 76

4.3.4 Emperors vs. Bishops: “Caesaropapism”...................................................................... 78

4.4 The Church as a Political Body.................................................................................................. 79

4.4.1 The Origin of the Ecclesiastical Profession: Bishops, Deacons and Presbyters 79

4.4.2 The Development of Church Organization: Parishes and Dioceses............................. 80

4.4.3 Metropolitans and Patriarchs......................................................................................... 81

4.4.4 The Councils as Collective Decision-Making Bodies................................................. 81

4.4.5 The Origins of the Papacy as a Moral Authority.......................................................... 82

References............................................................................................................................................. 85

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 65

B. Aguilera-Barchet, A History of Western Public Law,

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11803-1_4

4.1