Appendix B: Possible Political Trials

The comments are intended for identification, not judgment. Greek and Roman

Alcibiades (415 B.C.): Athenian general, sacrilege

Athenian Generals (406 B.C.): negligence; loss of 25 ships, 4,000 soldiers

Socrates (399 B.C.): corrupting the youth

Bacchanalia (186 B.C.): secret cult among lower class and slaves; foreign and false religion

Gaius Verres (70 B.C.): misgovernment in Sicily, corruption

Gaius Rabirius (63 B.C.): high treason

Lucius Catiline (63 B.C.): conspiracy, treason against Rome

Titus Milo (53 B.C.): killing of Claudius, a rival

Treason Trials (16–36 A.D.): Tiberius; majestas law prosecutions

Jesus (30 A.D.): blasphemy and sedition

Stephen (36 A.D.): blasphemy

Paul (56 A.D.): desecration of the Temple

Persecution of Christians: Nero (64–68), Trajan (98–117), Maximinus to Valerian (235–258), Diocletian (303–311)

Mani (276): founder of Manichaeism

Persecution of pagans and heretics (346–361, after 364) Medieval to Sixteenth Century

Medieval Inquisition (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries): heresy

Jacques de Molay (1314): persecution of Knights Templars

Thomas, Earl of Lancaster (1322): rebellion

William Sawtre (1401): Lollard heretic, burned

John Hus (1415): Council of Constance; heresy

Joan of Arc (1431): heresy and witchcraft

Spanish Inquisition (from 1478): heresy

Girolamo Savonarola (1498): Florence, religious reformer; schism and heresy

Martin Luther (1521): Diet of Worms; heresy

Catherine of Aragon (1529): divorce from Henry VIII

John Lambert (1532): heresy

Thomas More (1535): treason; refusal to accept royal supremacy over church

Anne Boleyn (1536): adultery and incest

Anne Askew (1546): heresy; tortured and burned

Michael Servetus (1553): Calvin’s Geneva; interpretation of the Trinity

John Philpot (1555): Anglican, Marian Inquisition

Marian Inquisition (1555–1558): against non-Catholics

Thomas Leigh (1568): contempt, habeas corpus

Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk (1572): Ridolfi plot against Elizabeth

Cuthbert Mayne (1575): Catholic priest, treason of propagating “Romanism”

Lord Vaux and Thomas Tresham (1580): refusal of oath that they had not harbored Edward Campion

Edward Campion (1581): Jesuit, tortured, proselytism of “Romist religion”

Mary, Queen of Scots (1586): plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth

John Udall (1590): authorship of Martin Marprelate tracts

Giordano Bruno (1591): Inquisition; heresy

John Penry (1593): Barrowist; seditious libel

Dr.

Yorke, Williams, Young (1594): conspiracy to kill the queen and raise rebellion in Wales.

Essex (1600): Robert Devereux, disobedience to Queen Elizabeth, attempted coup

Sir Walter Raleigh (1603): treason, intrigues with Spain

Guy Fawkes (1606): Gunpowder Plot to blow up king and Parliament

Henry Garnet (1606): Jesuit, accused in Gunpowder incident

Nicholas Fuller (1607): lawyer: condemnation of High Commission

Edward Peacham (1615): treason; calling the King a “whoremonger” and “drunkard”

Francis Bacon (1621): Lord Chancellor, accepting bribes

Five Knights (1628): opposition to Charles I

Galileo Galilei (1633): heresy; teaching that the earth moves around the sun

Roger Williams (1635): denied validity of Massachusetts Charter, freedom of conscience

John Lilburne (1637): treason for importing books which were “factious, scandalous”

Bastwick, Burton, and Prynne (1637): Puritan pamphleteers, sedition

John Wheelwright (1637): antinomian sermon in Massachusetts

John Hampton (1637): ship-money tax

Anne Hutchinson (1637): antinomian beliefs

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford (1641): attainder: chief advisor to Charles

Twelve Bishops (1642): treason; protested that laws of Parliament void

Samuel Gorton (1643): blasphemy in Boston; enemy “of all civil authority”

William Laud (1644): Archbishop of Canterbury; treason

John Lilburne (1645): libel of speaker of House

Charles I (1649): treason; levying war against Parliament

John Lilburne (1649): treason; writing England s New Chains

Robert Child and Samuel Maverick (1649): conspiracy to overthrow Massachusetts government and church

Christopher Love (1651): Presbyterian royalist plot

John Lilburne (1651): bill of attainder; summarily banished

John Lilburne (1653): returning from exile

Regicides (1660): sat in judgment of Charles I

John James (1661): Fifth Monarchy Man; treason

John Crook (1662): three Quakers; refusal of oaths of allegiance and supremacy

Henry Vane (1662): Parliamentary leader in Revolution; treason

Margaret Fell and George Fox (1664): Quakers; refusal of oath of obedience

Rose Cullender and Amy Duny (1665): witchcraft, Suffolk Co.

Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1667): Lord Chancellor, impeachment

Peter Messenger (1668): treason; tumultuous assembling, pulling down bawdy houses

William Penn (1670): unlawful preaching to street crowd

Francis Jenkes (1676): offensive political speech; led to Habeas Corpus Act

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Virginia; insurrection

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftsbury (1677): writ of habeas corpus

Popish Plot and Titus Oates (1678): anti-Catholic scare, Oates’s perjury

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftsbury (1681): treason; Monmouth rebellion

Algernon Sidney (1683): treason; implication in Rye House Plot to kill Charles II

Titus Oates (1685): perjury in Popish Plot

Alice Lisle (1685): treason; harboring regicides; Judge Jeffreys and Bloody Assize

Seven Bishops (1688): seditious libel; refusal to read James II’s Declaration of Indulgence

Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692)

Thomas Maule (1695): Quaker critique of Salem witchcraft trials

John Fenwick (1697): plot to assassinate William II Eighteenth Century

William Kidd (1701): piracy and murder

Nicholas Bayard (1702): treason; New York

Henry Sacheverell (1710): seditious libel for anti-Whig sermons

Robert Mortimer, Lord Oxford (1717): treason and other crimes

Prince Alexis (1718): treason; desiring death of his father, Peter the Great

Edward Arnold (1724): shooting Lord Onslow (insanity?)

Richard Franklin (1731): libel; Letter from Ghent

John Peter Zenger (1735): criticism of governor general, New York; seditious libel

Lord Lovat (1746): treason in cause of the Pretender

Admiral Byng (1757): court martial; neglect of duty

William Moore and William Smith (1758): criticism of apathetic effort in French-Indian war.

Jean Calas (1762): Toulouse: religious intolerance

John Wilkes (1764): seditious libel

Henry Laurens (1767): smuggling; South Carolina merchant

John Hancock (1768): smuggling; Boston merchant

Alexander McDougall (1770): seditious libel; author of Son of Liberty handbill

Boston Massacre Trial (1770): firing on mob, killing four

Johann F.

Silas Deane (1778): profiteering

John Roberts and Abraham Carlisle (1778): treason; Loyalists in American Revolution

Lord George Gordon (1781): No Popery riots, treason

Major John Andre (1780): British spy

Shays Rebellion (1786): insurrection

Lord George Gordon (1787): libel on judges and the Queen of France

Warren Hastings (1788): impeachment for treatment of Indians, India

Louis XVI (1792): treason

Tom Paine (1792): sedition; publishing The Rights of Man

James of Ankarstrom (1792): assassination of Swedish king Gustavus III

Marie Antoinette (1793): treason; conspiracy to cause civil war

Jacobin Tribunal (1793–1794): reign of terror and virtue, Robespierre

Charlotte Corday (1793): assassination of Marat

Thomas Hardy et al. (1794): treason; London Corresponding Society

Whiskey Rebellion (1794): treason

Gracchus Babeuf (1797): Conspiracy of Equals

John Fries (1798): armed insurrection against tax

Matthew Lyon (1798): Alien and Sedition Acts

Wolfe Tone (1798): Irish patriot; treason in service of France

Benedict Arnold (1799): court martial; use of military for private purposes

John Fries (1799): tax uprising in Pennsylvania; treason Nineteenth Century-1920

James Hadfield (1800): attempted assassination of George III (insanity)

J. Thompson Callender (1800): newspaper editor; Sedition Act

Robert Emmet (1803): Irish patriot; conspiracy and rebellion

Duke of Enghien (1804): royalist conspiracy against Napoleon

Justice Samuel Chase (1804): impeachment trial, acquitted by Senate

Aaron Burr (1806): treason; plans to establish independent country

John Bellingham (1812): assassination of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval

General Andrew Jackson (1815): contempt of court; arrest of judge under martial law

Slagter’s Nek rebellion (1815): South African frontier revolt against British

Peterloo Massacre cases (1820): Henry “Orator” Hunt arrested, crowd attacked

Arthur Thistlewood (1820): Cato St.

Denmark Vesey (1822): slave rebellion

William Lloyd Garrison (1830): abolitionist; libel

Richard Lawrence (1835): attempted assassination of President Jackson (insanity)

Cinque and Amistad slaves (1839): slave mutiny; murder, piracy

John Frost (1839): Chartist; treason; leading mob

Edward Oxford (1840): attempted assassination of Queen Victoria (insanity)

Daniel McNaughtan (1843): assassination of prime minister’s secretary (insanity)

Feargus O’Connor and fifty-eight others (1843): Chartists; seditious

conspiracy

Thomas Cooper (1843): Chartist; seditious conspiracy

Levi Williams, others (1845): accused assassins of Mormon leader Joseph Smith

Ferdinand Lassalle (1848): theft in the cause of Countess von Hatzfeldt

Dred Scott (1847): slavery

Karl Marx (1849): plotting against government; antitax proclamation

Ferdinand Lassalle (1849): plotting against government; antitax proclamation

Luther v. Borden (1849): Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island (1841)

Shadrach and Anthony Burns (1851, 1854): Fugitive Slave Law; mob rescues prisoner

Castner Hanway (1851): Fugitive Slave Law

Theodore Parker (1855): attempt to free fugitive slave

Felice Orsini (1858): attempt to assassinate Empress Eugenie and Emperor Napoleon III

John Brown (1859): slave rebellion

John Merryman (1861): suspension of habeas corpus; treason

Dakota uprising participants (1862): murder and insurrection

Clement Vallandigham (1863): Ohio editor; court martial, sympathy for enemy

Ex Parte Milligan (1864): suspension of habeas corpus; treason

John O’Leary et al. (1865): treason; Fenians writing for Irish People

Mary Eugenia Surratt (1865): assassination of Lincoln

Henry Wirz (1865): Andersonville Prison deaths

John Surratt (1867): conspiracy to assassinate President Lincoln

General George Custer (1867): court martial; muddled Indian campaign

President Andrew Johnson (1868): impeachment

Robert Mitchell (1871): Ku Klux Klan leader; conspiracy to deny citizens the right to vote

William Tweed (1872): Boss Tweed; graft

Susan B.

Langalibalele (1874): South African chief refused to register guns

Molly Maguires (1876): Irish Mafia; union activities v. Pinkertons; murder

Anne Besant (1877): publication of pamphlet on contraception

Vera Zasulich (1877): shooting of St. Petersburg chief of police

Charles Guiteau (1881): assassination of President Garfield

Hungarian Jews (1883): ritual murder, Tiszaeszlar affair

Louis Riel (1885): leader of Canadian rebellion

Haymarket Riot (1886): anarchists; conspiracy to commit murder

Davis v. Beason (1890): oath in order to vote; not belonging to organization (Mormon)

Alfred Dreyfus (1894): military secrets/anti-Semitism

Eugene Debs (1895): Pullman strike

Oscar Wilde (1895): homosexuality

Uitlanders (1896): South Africa; treason for support of Jameson raid

Luigi Lucheni (1898): assassination of Austrian Empress

Emile Zola (1898): libel; accused army of covering up evidence in Dreyfus case

Shona Chiefs (1898): Rhodesia, Chimurenga rebellion

Caleb Powers (1900): assassination of candidate for Kentucky governor

Leon Czolgosz (1901): assassination of President McKinley

Cape and Natal rebels (1901): Afrikaners; treason for support of Boers

Leon Trotsky (1906): insurrection in Petrograd, 1905

Bill Haywood (1907): IWW leader; sedition, murder of Governor Steunenberg

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1908): Indian nationalist; sedition

Francisco Ferrer (1909): complicity in attempt to kill Spanish king and queen

Dinizulu (1909): Zulu Chief; treason for Zulu rebellion

James McNamara (1910): murder, labor dispute

Lieutenant Adolf Hofrichter (1910): murder, poisoning of member of General Staff (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

Emmeline Pankhurst (1912): suffrage movement

Arturo Giovannitti (1912): murder during strike (IWW)

Leo Frank (1913): murder, publicity, anti-Semitism

William Sulzer (1913): Governor of New York; impeachment, campaign contributions

Mendel Beilis (1913): Kiev, ritual murder

Joe Hill (1914): IWW leader, murder, Salt Lake City

Henriette Caillaux (1914): murder of newspaper editor

Jopie Fourie (1914): Afrikaner rebellion

Nurse Edith Cavell (1915): Belgium; concealing French and English soldiers

Warren Billings and Tom Mooney (1916): bomb in San Francisco parade

P.H. Pearse et al. (1916): Easter Rising in Dublin

Roger Casement (1916): Irish nationalist, hanged as traitor

Margaret Sanger (1916): advocacy of birth control

Friedrich Adler (1917): assassination of Austro-Hungarian prime minister

Bill Haywood (1917): IWW leader, sedition

Mata Hari (1917): espionage

IWW 101 (1918): Chicago; sabotage and conspiracy to obstruct war

Eugene Debs (1918): sedition; denouncing prosecution of dissenters

IWW—Sacramento 46 (1918): bombing of governor’s home

IWW—Wichita 34 (1918): oil strike

Roman Malinovsky (1918): agent provocateur in Russian Revolution

Scott Nearing (1919): obstructing recruiting and enlistment

Schenk v. U.S. & Abrams v. U.S. (1919): Espionage Act prosecutions

IWW—Centralia 11 (1920): murder

Joseph Calillaux (1920): French political leader; treason, opposition to war

William Bross Lloyd (1920): Chicago Communist trial

Benjamin Gitlow (1920): Red Scare; New York criminal anarchy law 1921–1944

World War I war crimes trials (1921): Leipzig

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1921): murder of payroll clerk; anarchists and immigrants

Simon Kimbangu (1921): Belgian Congo, intending to demolish government

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1922): writing seditious articles for Young India

Matthias Erzberger (1922): libel case against Weimer minister

Taffy Long (1922): South African gold mine strike

Adolf Hitler (1924): Treason: Beer Hall Putsch

Friedrich Ebert (1924): libel suit of president of Weimar Republic

Leopold and Loeb (1924): murder (“the perfect crime”)

Carl Magee (1924): Albuquerque editor; libel and contempt

Marcus Garvey (1925): back to Africa movement leader, mail fraud

John Scopes (1925): the “Monkey trial”

General Billy Mitchell (1925): court martial of WWI ace

D.C. Stephenson (1925): Grand Dragon of Ku Klux Klan accused of murder

Albert Fall (1925): Teapot Dome; bribery and conspiracy to defraud U.S.

William McAndrew (1927): Chicago Supt. of Schools, history texts

Al Capone (1931): tax evasion

Scottsboro (1931): rape

Near v. Minnesota (1931): gag law, prior restraint

Giuseppe Zangara (1933): shooting Chicago Mayor Cermak

Georgi Dimitrov (1933): Reichstag fire

Angelo Herndon (1933): insurrection; Communist organizer in Georgia

Samuel Insull (1934): utility millionaire, mail fraud

Ustachi Band (1935): assassination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia while in France

Bruno Hauptmann (1935): murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr.

Leon Trotsky (1936): Stalin’s purge

Harry Bridges (1938): attempt to deport labor leader

Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda, et al. (1938): purge trial

Earl Browder (1940): American Communist; passport fraud

Hershel Grynszpan (1941): murder of German Diplomat

Ozaki Hotsumi (1941): Japan, espionage

Dunne Brothers (1941): Minneapolis Teamsters, Trotskyites; sedition

Riom Trials (1942): Vichy France; responsibility for defeat

Doolittle Flyers (1942): Tokyo raids

Nazi People’s Court (1944): trial of those who attempted to kill Hitler

Joseph McWilliams and Far-Right leaders (1944): sedition

Robby Liebbrandt (1944): Afrikaner; treason for pro-German activity 1945–1959

Vidkun Quisling (1945): Norway; treason

Marshal Henri Petain (1945): Vichy French government leader; treason

Pierre Leval (1945): Vichy vice-president; treason

William Joyce (1945): Lord Haw-Haw, German radio broadcasts to England

Ezra Pound (1945): treason; broadcasting Fascist propaganda (adjudged insane)

General Yamashita (1945): war crimes in the Philippines

Nuremberg (1945): Nazi leaders

Mikhailovitch Draja (1946): USSR; treason and war crimes

Knut Hamsun (1947): Norway, treason

Mayor James Curley (1947): Boston; mail fraud

Douglas Chandler (1947): “Paul Revere”; treason for Nazi broadcasts

Tokyo War Crimes Trial (1948): Gen. Tojo and others; waging aggressive war

N.K. Godse (1948): assassination of Mohandas K. Gandhi

Caryl Chessman (1948): kidnapping, robbery

Robert Best (1948): treason; Nazi broadcasts

Cardinal Mindszenty (1949): Hungary; treason, opposition to Communism

Eugene Dennis (1949): Smith Act conviction of Communist Party leaders

Harry Sacher (1949): lawyer in Dennis case; contempt of court

Judith Coplon (1949): espionage

Alger Hiss (1949): State Department official; perjury

Mildred Gillars (1949): “Axis Sally”; treason for Nazi broadcasts

Iva Toguri d’Aquino (1949): “Tokyo Rose”; treason for WWII broadcasts

Klaus Fuchs (1950): atomic bomb secrets, England

William Remington (1950): Commerce Department employee; perjury

Abe Brothman and Miriam Moskowitz (1950): espionage, obstruction of justice

Oscar Collazo (1951): attempted assassination of President Truman; Puerto Rican nationalist

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951): atom bomb espionage

Rudolf Slansky (1952): Prague show trial

Jomo Kenyatta (1953): Kenya; conspiracy in Mau-Mau uprising

Owen Lattimore (1953): Senator McCarran’s committee; perjury

J. Robert Oppenheimer (1954): suspended by Atomic Energy Commission as a security risk

Four Puerto Rican nationalists (1954): shooting in House of Representatives

Sam Sheppard (1954): pretrial publicity in murder trial

Roy Bryant and J. W. Milan (1955): murder of Emmett Till

John Henry Faulk (1956): Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) entertainer; libel, blacklisting by anti-communists

Wilhelm Reich (1956): leading psychologist; Food and Drug Act violation

Frank Costello (1956): denaturalization of gambler

Milovan Djilas (1956): Yugoslavia; spreading hostile propaganda

Treason Trial (1956–1961): South Africa; African National Congress (ANC)

James Hoffa (1957, 1964): teamsters union leader

Batista’s Pilots (1959): Cuban revolutionary courts 1960–1969

Francis Gary Powers (1960): U-2 spy pilot shot down by USSR

Francis Jeanson (1960): aid to Algerian FLN

Lady Chatterley’s Lover (novel by D.H. Lawrence) (1960): England; obscenity

Adolf Eichmann (1961): Nazi, tried in Israel

Spiegel Affair (1962): German government crackdown against a newspaper

Ghana Treason Trials (1962): opposition to President Kwame Nkrumah

Chief Enahoro (1962): Nigerian opposition party leader

Iginuhit Ng Tadhana (1962): Phillipines campaign film and censors

Nelson Mandela (1962): incitement, leaving South Africa unlawfully

Martin Luther King (1963): Good Friday march in Birmingham; parade without a permit

O. V. Penkovsky and G. M. Wynne (1963): USSR; spying for the West

Marcos Perez (Jimenez) (1964–68): Venezuela, embezzlement

Jack Ruby (1964): murder of Lee Harvey Oswald

Keshav Singh (1964): India, contempt of the legislature

Rivonia Trial (1964): South African dissidents

Fanny Hill (1964): censorship

Norman Butler and Thomas Johnson (1965): assassination of Malcolm X

Andrei Sinyovsky and Yuli Daniel (1965): Soviet authors

Arnold Rose v. Gerda Koch (1965): libel of professor by right-winger

David Henry Mitchell III (1965): refusing induction

Abram Fischer (1965): South African lawyer; sabotage

David John Miller (1966): draft card burning

Fort Hood Three (1966): refusing order for Vietnam duty

David Gutknecht (1967): turning in draft card

Regis Debray (1967): guerrilla activity in Bolivia

Bobby Baker (1967): Senate majority secretary; larceny, tax evasion

Captain Howard Levy (1967): refusal to obey military order

International War Crimes Tribunal (1967): Jean-Paul Sartre and others indict

U.S. concerning the Vietnam War

Baltimore Four (1967): pouring blood on draft records

Namibians (1967): SWAPO, terrorism

LeRoi Jones (1967): Black poet, Newark riots

Cecil Price and Sam Bowers (1967): conspiracy to murder civil rights work-

ers—Schwerner, Chaney, Goodman

Orangeburg, S.C. Police (1968): shooting and killing three student demonstrators

Benjamin Spock and William Sloane Coffin (1968): draft resistance, Boston Five

Suzi Williams and Frank Femia (1968): draft board raid, Boston Two

Huey P. Newton (1968): Panther leader; murder, assault, kidnapping

James Lenkoe (1968): South Africa; death at police station

Milwaukee 14 (1968): draft board raid

Sirhan Sirhan (1968): assassination of Robert Kennedy

Oakland Seven (1968): conspiracy to trespass and resist arrest; stop the draft

Catonsville Nine (1968): the Berrigans; destruction of draft records

Pavel Litvinov (1968): denouncing USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia, Moscow Five

Reies LĂłpez Tijerina (1968): Hispanic raid on New Mexico courthouse

Adam Clayton Powell (1968): failure to obey subpoena

Clay Shaw (1969): possible conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy

James Earl Ray, Jr. (1969): assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Pasadena Three (1969): draft board raid

Chicago Fifteen (1969): draft board raid

Women against Daddy Warbucks (1969): Manhattan draft board raid

New York Eight (1969): draft board in Bronx

Chicago Eight (1969): demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic National Convention

Charles Bursey and Warren Wells (1969): Panthers: Oakland shootout

Algiers Motel (1969): Detroit policeman; killing three Black youths in 1967 riot 1970–1975

Basque Separatists (1970): murder of secret police inspector

Charles Manson (1970): Manson gang, murder of Sharon Tate and six others

Welsh Language Protesters (1970): disruption of court, contempt (England)

Dow Chemical Protesters (1970): unlawful entry, malicious destruction of property

Alfred Cain, Richard DeLeon, Jerome West (1970): Panthers; conspiracy to rob Harlem hotel

Minnesota Eight (1970): draft board raid

Lonnie McLucas (1970): murder, Panther

Lieutenant William Calley (1970): My Lai massacre, court martial

Seattle Eight (1970): demonstrations against Chicago Seven trial

Tacoma Seven (1970): Anti-riot Act and contempt of court

Bobby Seale and Erika Huggins (1971): Panthers, murder, New Haven

Lumumba Shakur et al. (1971): New York Panthers Twenty-One; conspiracy to bomb police headquarters

Huey Newton (1971): second trial; killing policeman

Detroit Panthers Twenty-One (1971): murder of policeman

Baltimore Panthers (1971): murder of suspected informer

New Orleans Panthers Twelve (1971): police shootout; attempted murder

Los Angeles Panthers Thirteen (1971): police shootout; conspiracy to murder

Huey Newton (1971): third trial of Panther; killing policeman

Dean of Johannesburg (1971): possession of subversive pamphlets

Mangrove Nine (1971): making an affray, England

Aly Sabry (1971): high officials in Egypt; treason

Captain Ernest Medina (1971): My Lai massacre

Colonel Oran Henderson (1971): My Lai massacre

Quebec Separatists (1971): kidnapping, murder, seditious conspiracy

New York Times v. U.S. (1971): Pentagon Papers censorship

Wilmington Ten (1972): Rev. Ben Chavis, others; firebombing White-owned grocery

Soledad Brothers (1972): murder of prison guard

Angela Davis (1972): Marin County Courthouse kidnapping and murder

Mark Holder (1972): Panther factional feud; murder

Edward Hanrahan (1972): Chicago state’s attorney; conspiracy in killing of Panther leaders

Arthur Bremer (1972): shooting George Wallace

Harrisburg Seven (1972): conspiracy to kidnap Kissinger

Brittany Separatists (1972): Paris, terrorism

Daniel Ellsberg (1973): Pentagon papers; theft and leak

G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord (1973): Watergate break-in

Ervin Committee (1973): Senate Watergate hearings

Otto Kerner (1973): Illinois governor and federal judge; bribery, tax evasion, perjury

Camden Twenty-Eight (1973): draft card destruction

Gainsville Eight (1973): Vietnam Vets against the War; conspiracy to disrupt GOP Convention

Karlton Armstrong (1973): arson, murder: University of Wisconsin bombing

Tony Boyle (1974): UMW president; murder of rival Yablonski

Russell Means and Dennis Banks (1974): AIM leaders; Wounded Knee takeover

Maurice Stans and John Mitchell (1974): obstruction of justice, illegal campaign

contributions from Robert Vesco

John Ehrlichman (1974): Plumbers’ Trial; break-in at Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office

John Mitchell et al. (1974): Watergate cover-up

Mikhail Stern (1974): Soviet Jewish doctor; sons’ emigration to Israel

Joanne Little (1975): murder of jailer

Breyten Breytenbach (1975): Afrikaner poet; terrorism

Kim Chi Ha (1975): South Korean dissident poet

Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme (1975): attempt to assassinate President Ford

Beyers Naude (1975): refusal to testify before South African Commission

John Connally (1975): secretary of treasury; bribery

Baader-Meinhof Gang (1975): West German radicals; murder, bank robbery

Kent State (1975): Ohio governor and National Guard; responsible for shooting?

Kenneth Edelin (1975): is abortion manslaughter?

Russell Little (1975): Symbionese Liberation Army member; killing Oakland

school superintendent

Birmingham 6 (1975): IRA pub bombing

Guildford 4 and Maguire 7 (1975): IRA pub bombing 1976–1979

Aaron Mushimba et al. (1976): Namibia; SWAPO, assassination

SASO/BPC Leaders (1976): South Africa; organization of rally

Marvin Mandel (1976): Maryland governor; bribe in racetrack legislation

Bob Robideau and Dino Butler (1976): AIM members; murder of two FBI agents

Patty Hearst (1976): bank robbery

Emily and William Harris (1976): kidnapping of Patty Hearst

Balcombe Street Four (1977): IRA hit men; kidnapping, murder, and bombing in London

Leonard Peltier (1977): AIM member; murder of two FBI agents

Jacobo Timerman (1977): Argentina; military dictatorship v. editor

Frank Collin (1977): neo-Nazi rally in Skokie, Illinois

Ali Bhutto (1978): Pakistan’s former president

Jonathan Nelson (1978): anti-Trident submarine demonstration

Anatol Shcharancky (1978): Soviet dissident

Daniel Flood (1979): Congressman; bribery and conspiracy

Iranian Revolutionary Tribunal (1979)

Dan White (1979): killing of Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Milk, San Francisco

Guillermo Novo and Alvin Ross (1979): assassination of Chilean ambassador Letelier

Jeremy Thorpe (1979): British Liberal Party leader; attempted murder

Progressive Magazine (1979): publication of H-bomb secrets

Dean and Robert Oeltjen (1979): Minnesota powerline opponents

William Kurykendall and James Merrill (1979): nuclear plant sabotage

Vaclav Havel et al. (1979): Czech human rights activists

Frank McGirl and Thomas McMahon (1979): IRA leaders; murder of Lord Mountbatten

MOVE (1979): Philadelphia radicals

Harry Hanson (1979): Minnesota Red Lake Indian Reservation; disturbances 1980–1989

Liberian Officers (1980): tribunal following coup; treason and corruption

Robert Garwood (1980): Vietnam vet; desertion, collaboration with enemy Burt Lance (1980): bank fraud

Kim Jae Kyu (1980): South Korea; assassination of President Park

Kim Dae Jung (1980): South Korean opposition leader; sedition

Four Miami Policeman (1980): murder of Black insurance man, traffic violation

Brian Keenan (1980): IRA organizer; conspiracy, London bombings, murder of Ross McWhirter

Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four (1980): plotting assassination of Mao, persecuting officials, planning rebellion

Abscam (1980): congressmen; bribery

Nazi and KKK members (1980): Greensboro, N.C.; murder and rioting

Plowshares Eight (1981): Berrigans; damage to nuclear nose cone

Shipyard Bomb Conspiracy (1981): San Diego; plot to sabotage

Mehmet Ali Agca (1986): attempt to assassinate Pope John Paul

Larry Layton (1981): People’s Temple; conspiracy to murder Representative Leo Ryan

Albanian Separatists (1981): Kosovo Province, Yugoslavia; nationalist riots

Egyptian fundamentalists (1981): assassination of President Anwar El Sadat

Eugene Tafoya (1981): shooting of dissident Libyan student

Creationist trial (1981): Arkansas; requirement of both creationist and evolutionist theory in school

Red Brigades (1982): kidnapping General James Dozier

Sadegh Gotbzadeh (1982): former Iranian foreign minister; plot against Khomeini

Mad Mike Hoare (1982): coup attempt in Seychelles

Sun Myung Moon (1982): tax fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice

John Hinckley (1982): shooting President Reagan and others (insanity)

Joseph Franklin (1982): shooting Vernon Jordan

Enten Eiler and Benjamin Sasway (1982): failing to register for draft

Eddie Carthan (1982): Mayor of Tchula, Miss.; murder of political rival

Barbara Hogan (1982): South Africa; treason, membership in ANC, organizing boycott

Kakuei Tanaka (1982): former Japanese prime minister; bribe from Lockheed

Hugh Hamblelton (1982): England; Soviet spy

Red Brigades (1983): kidnapping and killing Aldo Moro

Yorie Kahl and Scott Faul (1983): tax protesters; killing two U.S. marshals

South African (Venda) Policemen (1983): police brutally, murder of lay preacher

Weather Underground and Black Liberation Army (1983): Goshen, N.Y.; Brink’s heist

Edwin Wilson (1983): ex-CIA agent; attempted murder of witnesses

Major Zin Mo and Captain Kang (1983): North Koreans in Burma; bomb

killed South Korean cabinet ministers

Yuri Sokolov (1983): death penalty for USSR food store corruption

Carl Niehaus and Johanna Lourens (1983): South Africa; treason, working for ANC

Rita Lavelle (1983): EPA official; perjury and obstructing a congressional inquiry

Rose Harvey and Gerard Loughlin (1983): Belfast; IRA activities

Stacey Merkt (1984): sanctuary for illegal Salvadoran aliens

Nuns Case (1984): Salvadoran death squad; murder of four Americans

KKK in Greensboro (1984): second trial; murder of Communists

Yelena Bonner (1984): USSR; slandering the state

Roland Hunter (1984): South Africa; treason, military intelligence

Operation Graylord (1984): Chicago; judges taking bribes

Argentine Generals (1984): disappearance of leftists

John LaForge and Barb Watt (1984): antinuclear protesters; damaging computer

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) (1984): libel; accused General

Westmoreland of conspiracy to distort troop strength figures

Time (1984): libel; Ariel Sharon’s role in Lebanon massacre

Reverend Carl Kabat (1985): Kansas City Four; attempt to disarm Minuteman missile

Polish Secret Police Officers (1985): killing pro-Solidarity priest, Fr. Popieluszko

Polish Solidarity Leaders (1985): membership in an illegal organization and inciting unrest

General Ver (1985): Philippines; assassination of Benigno Aquino

Wilhelm Schmitt (1985): tax protester

Sergei Antonov et al. (1985): “Bulgarian Connection”; plot to assassinate Pope John Paul II

Richard Miller (1985): FBI agent; espionage

UDF leaders (1985): South Africa; two trials, distribution of antigovernment pamphlets and treason

The Order (1985): Nazi-like group; racketeering; murder of radio host

Governor Edwin Edwards (1985): Louisiana; racketeering

Sanctuary Trial (1985): Tucson; Central American refugees hidden in churches

Jerry Whitworth (Walker family spy ring) (1986): espionage and tax evasion

Spycatcher (1986): British ban on Peter Wright’s book

Jean-Bedel Bokassa (1987): Central African Republic, murder of children

John Demjanjuk (1987): Nazi war crimes

Bernhard Goetz (1987): subway vigilantism

Klaus Barbie (1987): crimes against humanity

Wedtech (1988): defense contract fraud, racketeering

Lyndon LaRouche (1988): fraud

Vaclav Havel (1989): subversion

Oliver North and John Poindexter (1989–90): conspiring to defraud government

Christer Pettersson (1989): assassination of Swedish PM Palme

General Ochoa Sanchez (1989): Cuba, drug trafficking

Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu (1989): Romania, crimes against the people 1990 and After

Marion Barry (1990): drug possession

Tom Metzger (1990): white supremacist, murder

Imelda Marcos (1990): fraud in looting Philippine economy

El Sayyid Nosair (1991): murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane

Andreas Papendreou (1991): Greek PM, corruption

Winnie Mandela (1991): kidnapping and assault

General Manuel Noriega (1992): drug trafficking

Lemrick Nelson (1992): murder of Hasidic Jew

Erich Honecker (1992): East German leader, manslaughter

Abimael Guzman (1992): Peru, leader of Shining Path

Clair George (1992): CIA official, lying to Congress, Iran-Contra

Los Angeles police and rioters (1992–3): trials related to Rodney King beating

Markus Wolf (1993): East German spymaster

Erich Mielke (1993): East Germany, secret police chief

Mengistu Haile Mariam (1994): Ethiopia, murder of Emperor Haile Selassie

Followers of Sheick Abdel-Rahman (1994): World Trade Center bombing

Chinese dissidents (1994): counterrevolutionary activities

Byron De La Beckwith (1994): murder of Medgar Evers in 1963

Dr. Jack Kevorkian (1994): assisted suicide

Paul Hill (1994): murder of abortion doctor and bodyguard

Paul Touvier (1994): Nazi crimes in France, 1944

Colin Ferguson (1995): murder on Long Island R. R.

Harry Wu (1995): China, human rights activist

O. J. Simpson (1995): murder

Ken Saro-Wiwa (1995): playwright and dissident in Nigeria

Giulio Andreotti (1995): Italian ex-PM, patronizing the Cosa Nostra

International War Crimes Tribunal (1996): genocide, Yugoslavia and Rwanda

South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996)

Erich Priebke (1996): Nazi SS captain, Italy

Shokc Asahara (1996): Japan, Am Shinri Kykro cult leader, subway attack

Chun Doo Hwan (1996): Korea, coup

Yigal Amir (1996): assassination of PM Rabin

Iranian leaders (1997): Germany, assassination of Kurd leaders

Timothy McVeigh (1997): Oklahoma City bombing

Maurice Papon (1997): Vichy official, deportation of Jew