Notes

1. Raoul Berger, Impeachment: The Constitutional Problems (New York, Bantam Books, 1974), p. 33. See also C.V. Wedgwood, The King’s Peace: 1637–1641 (New York, Macmillan, 1956), Ch.

2. Thomas B. Howell, comp., A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783, 35 Vols. (London, R. Bagshaw, 1809–1826), Vol. 4, p.321. Hereafter cited as State Trials.

3. Holdsworth, History of English Law, Vol. 2, pp. 449–450.

4. Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 493–496.

5. Conrad Russell, “The Theory of Treason in the Trial of Strafford,” English Historical Review 80 (1965), pp. 30–50.

6. Ibid., p. 34.

7. Ibid., p. 46–47.

8. Berger, Impeachment, p. 37.

9. Ibid., p. 38.

10. Wedgwood, King’s Peace, p. 328.

11. Ibid., pp. 421–428.

12. State Trials, Vol. 4, pp. 326–329.

13. Ibid., pp. 358–359.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., pp. 361–363.

16. Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment: The Right against Self-Incrimination (London, Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 267.

17. Ibid., Chs. 12–30. Irving Brant, The Bill of Rights: Its Origin and Meaning (New York, New American Library, 1965).

18. Charles McIlwain, The High Court of Parliament and Its Supremacy (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1910), p. 153.

19. Ibid., p. 386.

20. Brant, Bill of Rights, Ch. 2.

21. C.V. Wedgwood concludes that Cromwell knew nothing of Pride’s Purge before it occurred, since he was in the North, but that he gave his approval because “it was too late for any redeeming maneuver and Cromwell accepted with a good grace a situation which he could not alter.” Wedgwood, The Trial of Charles I (London, Collins, 1964), p. 43.

22. State Trials, Vol. 4, pp. 990–994.

23. Roger Howell, Cromwell (Boston, Little, Brown, 1977), pp.

24. Wedgwood, Trial of Charles I, pp. 98–100.

25. Ibid., p. 96. Although the new Great Seal bears the date 1651, it was ordered made at the time Charles’s trial was in preparation, 1648.

26. Howell, Cromwell, pp. 123–124.

27. Esme Wingfield-Stratford, King Charles the Martyr, 1643–1649 (Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1975), p. 312.

28. Wedgwood, Trial of Charles I, p. 123.

29. Ibid., p. 102.

30. State Trials, Vol. 4, pp. 1045–1048.

31. Ibid., pp. 995–996.

32. Ibid., p. 996.

33. Ibid., pp. 999–1000.

34. Ibid., pp. 1009–1010.

35. Ibid., p. 1011.

36. Ibid., pp. 1012–1013.

37. See George Lefebvre, The French Revolution (New York, Columbia University Press, 1962), 2 Vols., Vol. 1, Chs. 13–15.

38. Michael Walzer, ed., Regicide and Revolution: Speeches at the Trial of Louis XVI (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 110–114.

39. Ibid., pp. 139–157. Condorcet’s views were circulated in a pamphlet.

40. Ibid., pp. 121–126.

41. Ibid., p. 131.

42. Ibid., pp. 132–133.

43. Ibid., p. 178.

44. Ibid., p. 183.

45. See Albert Camus, The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt (New York, Vintage, 1956), Ch. 3; J.L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (New York, Praeger, 1960), pp. 78–98.

46. David P. Jordan, The King’s Trial: The French Revolution vs. Louis XVI (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1979), p. 109.

47. Ibid., p. 113.

48. Constitution of 1791, Pt. 3, Ch. 2, Sec. 1, in Walzer, Regicide and Revolution, Appendix, pp. 215–216.

49. Jordan, Kings Trial, p. 113.

50. Ibid., pp. 114–115.

51. Ibid., pp. 130–131.

52. Ibid., pp. 131–132.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid., p. 135.

55. Ibid., pp. 137–141.

56. Ibid., pp. 172, 176, 190.

57. Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 1947), 42 Vols., Vol. 2, pp. 98–99.

58. Ibid. pp. 100–102.

59. Bradley E. Smith, Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg (New York, New American Library, 1979), pp.

60. Ibid., p. 8. See also pp. 77, 144, 160, 215, 267, 291, 303–304.

61. Ibid., pp. 23–24.

62. Ibid., p. 303.

63. Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and Vietnam: An American Tragedy (New York, Quadrangle, 1970), p. 84.

64. See Leon Trotsky, The Russian Revolution, trans. by Max Eastman (Garden City, Doubleday Anchor, 1959), pp. 199 ff; Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York, Vintage, 1958), pp. 139 ff.

65. Feliks Gross, in Assassination and Political Violence: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, ed. by James F. Kuhhan, Shelden G. Levy, and William J. Crotty (New York, Praeger, 1970), p. 578.

66. Holdsworth, History of English Law, Vol. 3, p. 278.

67. Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 99–100.

68. See Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (New York, Atheneum, 1974), Graeme Newman, “Khomeini and Criminal Justice: Notes on Crime and Culture,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73 (1982), pp. 561–581.

69. See Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution, pp. 192–207; Christopher Dawson, The Gods of Revolution: An Analysis of the French Revolution (New York, Minerva Press, 1972), Chs. 5–7; Lefebvre, French Revolution, Vol. 2, Ch. 2.

70. The three sources of law, or three schools of jurisprudence, seem to have been established by a variety of thinkers. Max Weber’s well-known classification of the three types of legitimate authority is (1) traditional, (2) charismatic, and (3) rational, H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 78–79, 295 ff. Roscoe Pound, Introduction to the Philosophy of Law (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1954), Ch. 2, sees the growth of law coming from historical assimilation (tradition), legislation (sovereignty), and philosophical theory (juristic). Judith Shklar (Legalism, pp. 6 if.) finds legalism, analytical positivism, and natural law.

71. Shklar, Legalism, p. 9.

72. Trial of the Major War Criminals, Vol. 22, p. 367. See Bradley F. Smith, The Road to Nuremberg (New York, Basic Books, 1981) for the Morgenthau Plan and its politics, Chs. 1–2.

73. Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons (New York, Vintage, 1960), pp. 37–38.

74. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Oxford, Blackwell, 1957), Ch. 17.

75. Ibid., Chs. 28–29.

76. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Secunda Secundae, Question 42, in A.P D’Entreves, ed., Aquinas: Selected Political Writings (Oxford, Blackwell, 1954),p. 161.

77. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. by Peter Laslett (New York, Mentor, 1960), Second Treatise, sections 203–209, 220–222.

78. Northern Securities Company v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, at 400 (1904).

79. See Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1970); Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1983), Introduction.