Notes
1. See Donald Juel, Messiah and Temple: The Trial of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark (Missoula, Mont., Scholars Press 1977).
2. Oscar Cullmann, The State in the New Testament (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1956), pp.
11–13; S. G.F. Brandon, The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (New York, Stein & Day, 1968), Chs. 4–5.3. Brandon, Trial of Jesus, pp. 25–27.
4. Ibid., pp. 28–29; Cullmann, State in the New Testament, pp. 9–10.
5. Brandon, Trial of Jesus, p. 144; Cullmann, State in the New Testament, pp. 15– 16.
6. Mark 11.
7. Mark 14:58. Juel suggests that, instead of charging Jesus with magic in claiming to rebuild the Temple in three days, Mark includes this charge against Jesus to emphasize that the new temple is the Christian community and that Jesus as the Messiah will build it. Juel, Messiah and Temple, Chs. 5, 10.
8. Mark 14:62.
9. Mark 15:2.
10. Cullmann, State in the New Testament, pp. 48–49; Brandon, Trial of Jesus, pp. 102–103.
11. W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Garden City, Doubleday, 1967), p. 352.
12. Ibid., pp. 369–370.
13. Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine (New York, Dial Press, 1969) pp. 93–95.
14. Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Anti-Semitism (New York, Macmillan, 1965), p. 48.
15. G. G. Willis, Saint Augustine and the Donatist Controversy (London, S.P.C.K., 1950), Ch. 1–2; W. H. C. Frend, The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa (New York, Oxford, 1952).
16. Philip Schaff, ed., A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church (Buffalo, Christian Literature, 1886), Letter 86, Vol. I. p. 367.
17. Ibid., Letter 93, p. 385.
18. “The Correction of the Donatists,” ibid., Vol. 4. p. 635.
19. G.G. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty (Boston, Beacon Press, 1938), Ch.
23; Frances Gies, Joan of Arc: The Legend and the Reality (New York, Harper, 1981), Chs. 11—12: Marina Warner, Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism (New York, Knopf, 1981).20. W. P. Barrett, The Trial of Jeanne d’Arc: A Complete Translation of the Text of the Original Documents (London, George Routledge, 1931), pp. 270–279; Albert Bigelow Paine, Joan of Arc: Maid of France, 2 vols. (New York, Macmillan, 1925), Vol. 2, Pt. 9, Chs. 1–27.
21. H. C. Lea, The Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1963, originally published 1887), p. 152.
22. Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition (New York, Mentor, 1965), pp. 22–23.
23. Ibid., pp. 47–48.
24. Ibid., pp. 48–49.
25. Ibid., pp. 37, 148–156.
26. Roland H. Bainton, The Travail of Religious Liberty (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1951), p. 52.
27. Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York, Mentor, 1950), Ch. 5.
28. John Dillenberger, ed., Martin Luther: Selections from His Writings (Garden City, Anchor Books, 1961), pp. 420–421.
29. Bainton, Here I Stand, pp. 143–144.
30. Ibid., Ch. 10.
31. Ibid., p. 147.
32. See Salo Wittmayer Baron, Modern Nationalism and Religion (New York, Meridian, 1960), Ch. 1.
33. See Patrick O’Farrell, Ireland’s English Question: Anglo-Irish Relations, 1534– 1970 (New York, Schocken Books, 1971); England and Ireland since 1800 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 29–31.
34. William Theobald Wolfe Tone, Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, 2 vols. (Washington, Gales and Seaton, 1826), Address to the People of Ireland, Vol. 2, p. 299.
35. Quoted by Carleton J.H. Hayes, Essays on Nationalism (New York, Macmillan, 1928), p. 101.
36. O’Farrell, Ireland’s English Question, p. 43.
37. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment, pp. 89–90.
38. Christopher Hill, God’s Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1970), pp.
116–122.39. O’Farrell, Ireland’s English Question, p. 46.
40. Thomas Pakenham, The Year of Liberty: The Story of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 1969).
41. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 19, p. 951.
42. Pakenham, Year of Liberty, pp. 336–338.
43. State Trials, Vol. 27, pp. 616–617.
44. Ibid., p. 621.
45. State Trials, Vol. 28, p. 1177.
46. O’Farrell, Ireland’s English Question, p. 139.
47. Malcolm Brown, The Politics of Irish Literature: From Thomas Davis to W.B. Yeats (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1972), p. 187.
48. John O’Leary, Fenians and Fenianism, 2 vols. (New York, Barnes & Noble, 1968, originally published 1896), Vol. 2, p. 224.
49. Edward MacLysaght, “Larkin, Connolly, and the Labour Movement,” in F.X. Martin, ed., Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin, 1916 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1967), p. 132.
50. Max Caulfield, “The Executions,” in Roger McHugh, ed., Dublin, 1916 (New York, Hawthorn Books, 1966), p. 261.
51. B. L. Reid, The Lives of Roger Casement (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 399–400.
52. Quoted in McHugh, Dublin 1916, pp. 360–361.
53. Jacqueline Van Voris, Constance de Markievicz: In the Cause of Ireland (Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press, 1967), p. 200.
54. London, The Guardian, Dec. 13, 1975, p.1; Jan. 16, 1977, p. 4; Times, Feb. 11, 1977, June 25, 1977, pp. 1,2. Robert Kee, Trial and Error: The Maguires, the Guildford Pub Bombings and British Justice (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1986), pp. 239–256; Grant McKee and Ros Francy, Time Bomb: The Guildford Four (London, Bloomsbury, 1988), pp. 4–6, 329–333, Ch. 34.
55. London, The Guardian, June 26, 1980, pp. 1,7; Times, June 16, 1980, p.1; Daily Telegraph, June 26, 1980, p.3. The author attended Keenan’s trial in Courtroom #2 of London’s Old Bailey, June 9–25, 1980.
56. McKee and Francy, Time Bomb, p.372.
57. Ibid., pp. 372–83.
58. Notes of author from observation at the Keenan trial.
59. New York Times, Oct. 18, 1989. London, Sunday Times, Oct. 22, 1989, p. B3. See also Anne Maguire, Miscarriage of Justice (London, Harper Collins, 1994).
60. London, The Independent, June 11 and 17, 1991. This assertion is challenged by Anne Maguire, op. cit.
61. London, Times, July 1, 1994, p.3.
62. Ibid.
63. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India), Vol. 23, p. 111.
64. Ibid., Vol. 21, p.221.
65. Ibid., Vol. 22, p. 28.
66. Ibid., pp. 457–458.
67. Ibid., Vol. 23, pp. 114–119.
68. Ibid., pp. 119–120. Tilak had been tried for sedition in 1908. Dictionary of Indian History (1972).
69. Robert Ferguson, Enigma: The Life of Knut Hamsun (New York, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1987), p. 324.
70. Paul M. Hayes, Quisling: The Career and Political Views of Vidkun Quisling (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1972), p. 301.
71. Ferguson, Enigma, pp. 377–78.
72. Ibid., p. 386.
73. Ibid., p. 372.
74. Knut Hamsun, On Overgrown Paths (New York, Paul S. Eriksson, Inc., 1967) trans. by Carl L. Anderson, p. viii.
75. Ferguson, Enigma, p. 393.
76. Hamsun, On Overgrown Paths, p. 140.
77. Ibid., pp. 140–41.
78. Ferguson, Enigma, pp. 343–44.
79. See Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin (New York, W. W. Norton, 1977), Ch. 7; The Mismeasure of Man (New York, W. W. Norton, 1981), Chs. 2, 3.
80. Ferguson, Enigma, pp. 401–403.
81. Ibid., p. 407.
82. Sara Blackburn, ed., White Justice: Black Experience Today in America’s Courtrooms (New York, Harper Colophon, 1977), pp. xxi–xxiv.
83. Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (New York, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1973), Chs. 26, 31; Edward Keating, Free Huey (Berkeley, Ramparts Press, 1971); New York Times, September 9, 1968, 1:4, June 29, 1971, 14:4; December 10, 1971, 63:4.
84.
Blackburn, White Justice, Ch. 5; New York Times, May 23, 1970, 44:5; September 27, 1970, 72:3.85. Donald Freed, Agony in New Haven: The Trial of Bobby Seale, Ericka Huggins, and the Black Panther Party (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1973); New York Times, August 20, 1970, 1:6; August 23, 1970, Sec. 4, p. 4; May 30, Sec. 4, p. 6; Blackburn, White Justice, Ch. 6.
86. In Los Angeles Elmer Pratt and twelve others were charged with conspiracy to murder as a result of a police shootout. They were acquitted of the murder conspiracy charge, although eight were found guilty of conspiracy to possess illegal weapons. New York Times, December 24, 1971, 14:2. In Detroit twelve Panthers were acquitted of murdering a policeman, although three were convicted of felonious assault. New York Times, July 1, 1971, 38:2. Twelve Panthers in New Orleans were found not guilty of attempted murder of a policeman. New York Times, August 8, Sec. 4, 3:7.
87. Blackburn, White Justice, Chs. 3, 4; New York Times, April 14, 1972, 48:6.
88. Murray Kempton, The Briar Patch: The People of the State of New York v. Lumumba Shaker et al. (New York, Delta, 1973), p. 278.
89. Peter Zimroth, Perversions of Justice: The Prosecution and Acquittal of the Panther 21 (New York, Viking, 1974), pp. 6–7.
90. Ibid., p. 397.
91. Norman Dorsen and Leon Friedman, Disorder in the Court: Report of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York Special Committee on Courtroom Conduct (New York, Pantheon, 1973), pp. 65–66.
92. Zimroth, Perversions of Justice, Ch. 4; Kempton, Briar Patch, Ch. 4.
93. Kempton, Briar Patch, p. 140.
94. Zimroth, Perversions of Justice, p. 396.
95. Kempton, Briar Patch, p. 218.
96. Ibid., p. 217.
97. Charles R. Ashman, The People vs. Angela Davis (New York, Pinnacle Books, 1972), pp. 24–25.
98. Ibid., p. 158.
99. Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 596 (1940).
100. Quoted by Donald Woods, Biko (New York, Paddington Books, 1978), p. 22.
101. James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (New York, Harper & Row, 1978), p. 426.
102. Martin, Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising, p. 251.