Notes

1. Minneapolis Star & Tribune, August 13, 1982, p. 3A; Mankato (Minn.) Free Press, August 13, 1982, p. 4.

2. See Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth (New York, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1983), pp.

3. Ibid., Ch. 1. See also Walter Schneir and Miriam Schneir, Invitation to an Inquest: Reopening the Rosenberg �Atom Spy” Case (Baltimore, Penguin, 1973), Ch. 9.

4. Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File, pp. 99–102, 448.

5. Ibid., p.284.

6. See Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York, Knopf, 1978). Weinstein, who concluded that Hiss was guilty of perjury, met with a strong reaction from Victor Navasky. See Nation, April 8, 1978, pp. 393–401; April 22, 1978, pp. 450–452; May 6, 1978, pp. 523–526; June 17, 1978, pp. 718–724; See also New Republic, April 8, 1978, pp. 27–29; April 29, 1978, pp. 16–21. A preview of the 1978 controversy can be found in the 1976 exchanges in New York Review of Books: April 1, 1976, pp. 14–20; May 27, 1976, pp. 32– 48; September 16, 1976, pp. 52–61. A follow-up to the 1978 controversy is the petition for a writ of error, In Re Alger Hiss, which was denied in 1982, see: Edith Tiger, ed., In Re Alger Hiss: Petition for a Writ of Error Coram Nobis (New York, Hill & Wang, 1979); William A. Reuben, Footnote on an Historic Case: In Re Alger Hiss (New York, Nation Foundation, 1983); Fred J. Cook, “Alger Hiss: A New Ball Game,” Nation, October 7, 1978, pp. 336–340.

7. See Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan, The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti (New York, Harcourt Brace, 1948); Francis Russell, Tragedy in Dedham: The Story of the Sacco-Vanzetti Case (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1962); Herbert B. Ehrmann, The Case That Will Not Die (Boston, Little, Brown, 1969); Brian Jackson, The Black Flag (New York, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981).

8. See I. F. Stone, The Trial of Socrates (Boston, Little Brown, 1988); A. E. Taylor, Socrates (London, Peter Davies, 1932), Ch. 3.

9. Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe (New York, Macmillan, 1959), pp. 436ff.

10. See Karl Jaspers and Rudolf Bultmann, Myth and Christianity: An Inquiry into the Possibility of Religion without Myth (New York, Noonday, 1958); Rudolf Bultmann et al., Kerygma and Myth: A Theological Debate (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1961).

11. Newsweek, October 31, 1983, p. 94; Washington Post, October 22, 1983, p. C1; Andrew Kopkind, “Passion Play,” Nation, November 5, 1983, pp. 420–421.

12. Many of the cases taken by Clarence Darrow chronicle the rise of labor. See Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow for the Defense (New York, Doubleday, 1941); Arthur Weinberg, ed., Attorney for the Damned (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1957).

13. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, History of Woman Suffrage, 6 vols. (New York, Source Book Press, 1970, originally 1861–1876), Vol. 2, pp. 687–689.

14. See David Karaner, Debs: His Authorized Life and Letters (New York, Boni & Liveright, 1919); Eugene V. Debs, Writings and Speeches (New York, Hermitage Press, 1948).

15. Daniel Berrigan, The Trial of the Catonsville Nine (Boston, Beacon, 1970); William VanEtten Casey, ed., The Berrigans (New York, Avon, 1971).

16. Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (New York, Mentor, 1963), Ch. 5; Alan F. Weston and Barry Mahoney, The Trial of Martin Luther King (New York, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1974).

17. Plato, Apology, 20–21.

18. Stanton, Anthony, and Gage, History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 2, p. 689.

19. Debs, Writings and Speeches, p. 434.

20. “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; Why We Can’t Wait, pp. 79–80.

21. Plato, Crito.

22. Stanton, Anthony, and Gage, History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 2, p. 688.

23. Karsner, Debs, p. 33.

24. E. E.

25. Richard Marius, Thomas More (New York, Knopf, 1985), Ch. 26.

26. J. Duncan M. Derrett, “The Trial of Sir Thomas More.” The English Historical Review, 312 (July 1964), p. 459.

27. E. E. Reynolds, The Trial of St. Thomas More (London, Burns & Gates, 1964), pp. 70–77.

28. H. Maynard Smith, Henry VIII and the Reformation (New York, Russell & Russell, 1962), p. 27. See Henry Ansgar Kelly, The Matrimonial Trials of Henry VIII (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1976).

29. G.R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1972), p. 417.

30. Samuel Hugh Brockunier, The Irrepressible Democrat. Roger Williams (New York, Ronald, 1940), p. 1315.

31. Ibid., pp. 47–49.

32. Ibid., pp. 59–60.

33. Ibid., p. 68.

34. Selma R. Williams, Divine Rebel: The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson (New York, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1981), Ch. 5; Richard B. Morris, Fair Trial: Fourteen Who Stood Accused from Anne Hutchinson to Alger Hiss (New York, Knopf, 1953), Ch. 1.

35. Williams, Divine Rebel, pp. 148–151.

36. Morris, Fair Trial, pp. 15–16.

37. Williams, Divine Rebel, p. 113.

38. Morris, Fair Trial, pp. 23–24.

39. Ibid., p. 25.

40. Ibid., p. 29.

41. Perry Miller, Orthodoxy in Massachusetts. 1630–1650 (Boston, Beacon, 1959), pp. 250, 262.

42. “The Answer of Mr. John Cotton,” in Roger Williams, Complete Writings (New York, Russell & Russell, 1963), Vol. 3, pp. 46–47.

43. Williams, To Mr. Daniel Abbot, ibid., Vol. 4. p. 401; Bloody Tenent, ibid., Vol.3, p. 173.

44. Williams, Bloody Tenent Yet More Bloody, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 439.

45. Williams, The Examiner defended, ibid., Vol. 7, p. 263; Bloody Tenent. ibid., Vol. 3, p. 173.

46. Williams, Bloody Tenent Yet More, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 295; Bloody Tenent, ibid., Vol.

47. Williams, Bloody Tenent, ibid., Vol. 3, p. 83.

48. Ibid., pp. 136–137.

49. Ibid., pp. 81 and 217–218.

50. Ibid., p. 136.

51. Williams, Bloody Tenent Yet More, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 207.

52. See Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down. Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (New York, Viking, 1972); Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (New York, Atheneum, 1974).

53. Pauline Gregg, Free-born John: A Biography of John Lilburne (Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 1961), p. 53.

54. Edward Cheyney, “The Court of the Star Chamber,” American Historical Review (July 1913), pp. 747–748; Harold W. Wolfram, “John Lilburne: Democracy’s Pillar of Fire,” Syracuse Law Review (Spring 1953), p. 216.

55. Wolfram, “Lilburne,” p. 217.

56. Gregg, Free-born John, p. 56.

57. The same oath, however, had been refused over the years by Puritans called before the High Commission, the body which dealt with heretics as the Star Chamber dealt with seditious libelers and traitors.

58. Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment: The Right against Self-Incrimination (New York, Oxford University, 1968), pp. 275–278.

59. Wolfram, “Lilburne,” pp. 220–221.

60. George Burton Adams and H. Morse Stephens, ed., Selected Documents of English Constitutional History (London, Macmillan, 1918), p. 342.

61. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment, pp. 262–263.

62. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 11, pp. 1123–1124.

63. Don M. Wolfe, ed., Leveller Manifestoes of the Puritan Revolution (New York, Humanities Press, 1967), pp. 402–407. See George Burton Adams, Constitutional History of England (London, Jonathan Cape, 1921), p. 324.

64. State Trials, Vol. 4, pp. 1320–1321.

65. Ibid., p. 1329.

66. Ibid., p. 1324.

67. Ibid., p. 1301.

68. Ibid., p. 1300.

69. Ibid., p. 1296.

70. Ibid., p. 1297.

71. Ibid., p. 1305.

72. Ibid., p.

73. Ibid., pp. 1289–1291.

74. Ibid., p. 1340.

75. Ibid., p. 1373.

76. Ibid., pp. 1379–1380.

77. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment, p. 315; William Holdsworth, History of English Law (London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1955), 7th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 344–345.

78. State Trials, Vol. 4, p. 1276.

79. Ibid., p. 1279.

80. Ibid., p. 1280.

81. Ibid., pp. 1293, 1297, 1307, 1312.

82. Ibid., p. 1373.

83. Ibid., pp. 1349–1350.

84. Ibid., p. 1352.

85. Ibid., p. 1381.

86. Ibid., p. 1405.

87. Quoted by Wolfram, “Lilburne,” p. 254.

88. Ibid., pp. 253–256.

89. Ibid. See also the Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 11, pp. 1128–1129.

90. See Paul Finkelman, “The Zenger Case: Prototype of a Political Trial,” in Michael R. Belknap, ed., American Political Trials (Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1981), Ch. 1.

91. Stanley Nider Katz, “Introduction,” James Alexander, A Brief Narrative of the Case and Trial of John Peter Zenger (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 18.

92. Ibid., p.19.

93. Ibid., p. 21.

94. Alexander, Brief Narrative, pp. 74–75.

95. Morris, Fair Trial, pp. 74–75.

96. Alexander, Brief Narrative, p. 111.

97. Ibid., p. 221, note 6 by Stanley Nider Katz.

98. Holdsworth, History of English Law, Vol. 8, p. 336.

99. New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 US 254 at 270 (1964).

100. Alexander, Brief Narrative, p. 99.

101. Leonard W. Levy, Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History: Legacy of Suppression (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1963), p. 133.

102. Alexander, Brief Narrative, p. 100.

103. Art. 3, Sec. 3. See Irving Brant, The Bill of Rights: Its Origin and Meaning (New York, Mentor, 1965), Ch. 2; Bradley Chapin, The American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National Origins (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1964); Holdsworth, History of English Law, Vol. 3, pp. 287ff.

104. Schenck v. United States, 249 US 47 (1919).

105.

106. United States v. Spock, 416 F.2d 165 (1969), at 193–194.

107. Ibid., 179.

108. Ibid., 180.

109. Mitford, Trial of Dr. Spock, p. 198.

110. U.S. v. Spock, 181.

111. Mitford, Trial of Dr. Spock, pp. 232–234.

112. Ibid., p. 235.

113. United States v. Dougherty, 473 F. 2d 1113, at 1132 (1972). See Lord Devlin, Trial by Jury, Chs. 4–5; Mortimer R. Kadish and Sanford H. Kadish, Discretion to Disobey: A Study of Lawful Departures from Legal Rules (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1973). pp. 45–66.

114. U.S. v. Dougherty, 1135.

115. Ibid., 1139.

116. Ibid., 1139–1140.

117. Ibid., 1140–1141.

118. Ibid.

119. Ibid., 1136–1137.

120. Ibid., 1143.

121. Ibid., 1135.

122. Mitford, Trial of Dr. Spock, p. 179.

123. Ibid., 185.

124. Ibid., p. 184.

125. Ibid., p. 188.

126. Ibid., p. 190.

127. Ibid., pp. 209–210.

128. See William O’Rourke, The Harrisburg 7 and the New Catholic Left (New York, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972); Garry Wills, “Love on Trial: The Berrigan Case Reconsidered,” Harpers (July 1972), pp. 63–71.

129. O’Rourke, Harrisburg 7, pp. 259–260.

130. Daniel Berrigan, The Trial of the Catonsville Nine (Boston, Beacon, 1970), p. 100.

131. Ibid., pp. 103–104.

132. Ibid., p. 105.

133. Ibid., 114–115.

134. Ibid.

135. Ibid., p. 114.

136. Plato, Apology, 36. For an analysis of the appeal to conscience in trials of Vietnam war protesters see John and Rosemary Bannan, Law, Morality, and Vietnam: The Peace Militants and the Courts (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1974). Chapter 9 contains some revealing anonymous interviews with judges who faced the issue of conscience in trials.