Notes

1. Catherine Drinker Bowen, Francis Bacon: The Temper of a Man (Boston, Little, Brown, 1963), p. 188. See also Jonathan L. Marwil, The Trials of Counsel Francis Bacon in 1621 (Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1976).

2. Ibid., p. 190.

3. Ibid., p.209.

4. New York Times, April 4, 1975; April 15, 1975; April 18,1975; August 7, 1975.

5. Ibid., February 21, 1973, at 42.

6. James Anthony Froude, The Reign of Henry the Eighth, 3 vols. (London, Dent, 1909), Vol. 2, pp. 146–171.

7. Peter Schrag, Test of Loyalty: Daniel Ellsberg and the Rituals of Secret Government (New York, St. Martin’s, 1980), Ch. 7.

8. G. Gordon Liddy, Will (New York, St. Martin’s, 1980), Chs. 15–22.

9. Jeb Stuart Magruder, An American Life: One Man’s Road to Watergate (New York, Antheneum, 1974), Ch. 12; John Dean, Blind Ambition: The White House Years (New York, Pocket Books, 1976), Ch. 5.

10. John J. Sirica, To Set the Record Straight: The Break-in, The Tapes, The Conspirators, The Pardon (New York, W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 88.

11. Ibid., p. 96.

12. Schrag, Test of Loyalty, Ch. 7; John Ehrlichman, Witness to Power: The Nixon Years (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1982), pp. 374–375.

13. Theodore H. White, Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon (New York, Dell, 1975), p. 297.

14. Dean, Blind Ambition, Ch. 10.

15. Richard Nixon, RN: Memoirs, Vol. 2 (New York, Warner, 1978), p. 432.

16. Maurice H. Stans, The Terrors of Justice: The Untold Side of Watergate (New York, Everest House, 1978), p. 291.

17. Congressional Quarterly, Watergate: Chronology of a Crisis, Vol. I (Washington, Congressional Quarterly, 1974), pp. 46, 71–72.

18. See Richard Ben-Veniste and George Frampton, Jr., Stonewall: The Real Story of the Watergate Prosecution (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1977), Ch. 15.

19. Gladys Engel Land and Kurt Lang, The Battle for Public Opinion: The President, the Press, and the Polls during Watergate (New York, Columbia University Press, 1983), p.

20. Raymond Price, With Nixon (New York, Viking, 1977), p. 186.

21. Ibid., p. 187.

22. Stans, Terrors of Justice, p. 7.

23. Ibid., p. 53.

24. Ibid., p. 201.

25. Ibid., Ch. 16.

26. Ibid., p. 270.

27. Ibid., p. 278.

28. Liddy, Will, pp. 194, 128.

29. Ibid., pp. 146, 170.

30. Ibid., p. 200.

31. Ibid., pp. 207–213.

32. Ibid., p. 210.

33. Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 at 485 (1928).

34. Liddy, Will, pp. 299, 258.

35. Magruder, American Life, p. 10.

36. Dean, Blind Ambition, p. 21.

37. Magruder, American Life, p. 322.

38. Ehrlichman, Witness to Power, p. 408.

39. Congressional Quarterly, Watergate, p. 170.

40. Ibid.

41. E. Fuller Torrey, The Roots of Treason: Ezra Pound and the Secret of St. Elizabeths (San Diego, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), pp. 174–196. See also Stanley I. Kutler, The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War (New York, Hill & Wang, 1982), Ch. 3.

42. See Kutler, The American Inquisition, Ch. 1. For accounts of the trials of Mildred Gillars (“Axis Sally”) and others tried for treason after World War 11 see William G. Schofield, Treason Trial (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1964).

43. Torrey, Roots of Treason, Ch. 8.

44. Ibid., pp. 234–235, 254–255. See George Steiner, “The Scandal of the Nobel Prize,” New York Times Book Review (September 30, 1984), p. 38.

45. Richard Moran, Knowing Right from Wrong: The Insanity Defense of Daniel McNaughtan (New York, Free Press, 1981), p. 21. See also Nigel Walker, Crime and Insanity in England, Vol. 1, The Historical Perspective (Edinburgh, University Press, 1968), Ch. 5.

46. The Queen against Daniel McNaughton, Reports of State Trials, New Series (London, Professional Books, 1970 reprint), Vol. 4, p. 848. Hereafter cited as State Trials, New Series.

47. Moran, Knowing Right from Wrong, Ch. 2.

48. Ibid., pp. 38, 87–90, Appendix E.

49. Ibid., p. 40.

50. Ibid., p.115.

51. State Trials, New Series, Vol.

52. See Donald Read and Eric Glasgow, Feargus O’Connor: Irishman and Chartist (London, Edward Arnold, 1961).

53. State Trials, New Series, Vol. 4, p. 925.

54. Charles E. Rosenberg, The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau: Psychiatry and the Law in the Guilded Age (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1968). See also James W. Clarke, American Assassins: The Darker Side of Politics (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 198–214.

55. Ibid., pp. 139–141, 173.

56. Ibid., pp. 148, 163–164.

57. San Francisco Chronicle, May 22, 1979, pp. A, B. 1, 18. White’s confession is found in the Chronicle, May 4, 1979, pp. 8–9. See also Mike Weiss, Double Play: The San Francisco City Hall Killings ( Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1984).

58. San Francisco Chronicle, May 2, 1979, p. 16.

59. Ibid., May 8, 1979, pp. 1, 14.

60. Ibid., May 25, 1979, p. 4; New York Times, May 23, 1979, p. 6.

61. Warren Hinckle, Hinckle’s Journal, San Francisco Chronicle, May 23, 1979, p. 6.

62. New York Times, August 4, 1979, p. 19. In his study of the sixteen assassination attempts since the one in 1835 on President Jackson, James W. Clarke concludes that “there is an unmistakable political bias toward a highly individualistic psychopathological explanation of the motives of assassins. Thus, at the official level there is a strong inclination to �explain’ assassinations in terms of the personalities of allegedly mentally ill individuals. To do otherwise would be to risk acknowledging the rationality of some political grievances.… Second, this political bias has been supported by a psychiatric bias that tends to view any deviation from social norms as ipso facto evidence of pathology…. The combination of such political and psychiatric biases results in highly reductionist explanations of American assassinations.” Clarke, American Assassins, p. 258. For a compelling account of psychiatrists on the witness stand as storytellers see Willard Gaylin, The Killing of Bonnie Garland: A Question of Justice (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1982).

63. For a discussion of these and other cases of assassins see Clarke, American Assassins.

64. United States v. John Hinckley, Jr., 81–306, Criminal Docket, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, transcript, June 17, 1982, pp. 8713– 8714, 8382. Hereafter cited as Hinckley Transcript.

65. Ibid., pp. 8714–8716.

66. Washington Post, June 12, 1982, p. 47.

67. New York Times, June 2, 1982, Sec. 4, p. 19; June 4, 1982, p. 1.

68. Hinckley Transcript, May 24, pp. 4764–65, 4776–81, 4796–97, 4817–18.

69. Ibid., pp. 4812–4815, 5152–56.

70. Ibid., pp. 5236–41.

71. Washington Post, June 12, 1982, p. 47.

72. Ibid., June 13, 1982, p. 45.

73. Lord Patrick Devlin, Trial by Jury, The Eighth Hamlyn Lecture, 1956 (London, Stevens, & Sons, 1966), p. 124.

74. See Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1977), Ch. 2, “The Model of Rules I.”

75. For an advocacy of diminished responsibility and a critique of the guilty-but-insane position, see Sheldon Glueck, Law and Psychiatry: Cold War or Entente Cordiale?(Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), pp. 23–38.

76. For an advocacy of the abolishment position see Norval Morris, Madness and the Criminal Law (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1982), Ch. 2.

77. Clarke, American Assassins, pp. 259–266.

78. Northern Securities Company v. United States, 193 U. S. 197 at 400 (1904).

79. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law, in The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes: His Speeches, Essays, Letters, and Judicial Opinions, ed. by Max Lerner (New York, Modern Library, 1943), pp. 51–52.

80. See Arnold R. Brown, Lizzie Borden: The Legend, The Truth, The Final Chapter (Nashville, Rutledge Hill Press, 1991).

81. Lincoln Caplan, “The Failure (and Promise) of Legal Journalism,” in Jeffrey Abramson, editor, Postmortem: The O. J. Simpson Case (New York, Basic Books, 1996), p. 200.

82. See Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky Lacour, editors, Birth of a Nation �hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case (New York, Pantheon Books, 1997).

83. See Stephen J. Whitfield, A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till (New York, Free Press, 1988).

84. Deborah L. Rhode, “Simpson Sound Bites: What Is and Isn’t News about Domestic Violence,” in Abramson, ed. Postmortem, pp. 77–86.

85. Ibid., p. 87.

86. Alan M. Dershowitz, Reasonable Doubts: The Criminal Justice System and the O. J. Simpson Case (New York, Touchstone Books, 1986), p.92. Italics in the original.

87. James Goodman, Stories of Scottsboro (New York, Vintage Books, 1994), p. 229.

88. Minneapolis Tribune, November 30, 1981, p. 3A.

89. Plato, The Republic, 514–521.

90. Ibid., pp. 555–561.