Notes
1. See S.G. Tallentrye, The Life of Voltaire, 2 vols. (London, Smith, Elder, 1903), Vol. 1, pp. 24–25.
2. H.C. Lea, The Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation (New York, Harper & Row, 1969, originally published 1887), p.
154.3. Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment: The Right against Self Incrimination (London, Oxford University Press, 1968), Ch. 2, 12.
4. Lea, Inquisition of the Middle Ages, pp. 160–163.
5. Ibid., pp. 169–183.
6. Ibid., p.187.
7. Edward Peters, Inquisition (New York, Free Press, 1988), pp. 2–3.
8. C. Northcote Parkinson, Gunpowder, Treason, and Plot (New York, St. Martin’s, 1976), pp. 14–22. See Antonia Fraser, Faith and Treason (New York, Doubleday, 1996).
9. Donald Carswell, ed., The Trial of Guy Fawkes and Others (London, William Hodge, 1934), Introduction, pp. 40–41.
10. Parkinson, Gunpowder, pp. 68–73.
11. Carswell, Trial of Guy Fawkes, p. 53; Samuel Gardiner, What Gunpowder Plot Wa s (New York, Greenwood, 1969; originally published 1897), pp. 121–125.
12. Gardiner, What Gunpowder Plot Was, pp. 198–199; Parkinson, Gunpowder, pp. 66–73.
13. Carswell, Trial of Guy Fawkes, pp. 16–20.
14. Ibid.
15. State Trials, Vol. 2, pp. 160–164.
16. Catherine Drinker Bowen, The Lion and the Throne: The Life and Times of Sir Edward Coke (Boston, Little, Brown, 1956), pp. 90–94.
17. State Trials, Vol. 2, p. 9; Bowen, Lion and Throne, Chs. 15–16.
18. State Trials, Vol. 2, pp. 167–68.
19. Ibid., p. 171.
20. Ibid., p. 175.
21. Ibid., pp. 255–256. See Gardiner, What Gunpowder Plot Was, pp. 193–199, for a discussion of Fr. Garnet’s position.
22. Philip Caraman, Henry Garnet, 1555–1606, and the Gunpowder Plot (New York, Farrar, Straus, 1964), p. 376.
23. State Trials, Vol. 2, p. 256.
24. Sir John Pollock, The Popish Plot: A Study in the History of the Reign of Charles II (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1944); Winston S.
Churchill, The New World, Vol. 2, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (New York, Dodd, Mead, 1956), Ch. 23; Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment, pp. 316–320.25. Nicholas Halasz, Captain Dreyfus: The Story of Mass Hysteria (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1955), p. 68. See also Alfred and Pierre Dreyfus, The Dreyfus Case (New Haven, Yale University, 1937); Jean-Denis Bredin, The Affair (New York, George Braziler, 1986).
26. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, Meridian, 1958), p. 93.
27. Halasz, Captain Dreyfus, pp. 37–43.
28. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York, Crest Books, 1959), pp. 267–273. See Georgi Dimitrov, The Reichstag Fire Trial (New York, Howard Fertig, 1969); Fritz Tobias, The Reichstag Fire, Introduction by A.J.P. Taylor (New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1964).
29. Shirer, Third Reich, pp. 369–378, 1389–1397.
30. Aleksandr I. Sozhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, Vol. 1, trans. by Thomas P. Whitney (New York, Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 306–309. See Lon L. Fuller, “Pashukanis and Vyshinsky: A Study in the Development of Marxian Legal Theory,” Michigan Law Review 47 (1949), pp. 1157–1166; Stephen J. Powell, “The Legal Nihilism of Pashukanis,” University of Florida Law Review 20 (1967), pp. 18–32.
31. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. by Rex Warner (Baltimore, Penguin, 1954), Bk. 5, p. 90.
32. George Katkov, The Trial of Bukharin (New York, Stein & Day, 1969), p. 192. For a transcript see Robert C. Tucker and Stephen E Cohen, editors, The Great Purge Trial (New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1965).
33. See Max Hayward, trans. and ed., On Trial: The Soviet State versus “Abram Tertz” and “Nikolai Arzhak “ (New York, Harper & Row, 1967). See also John E. Turner, “Artist in Adversity: The Sinyavsky-Daniel Case,” in Becker, ed., Political Trials, pp. 107ff.
34. Vladimir Bukovsky, To Build a Castle: My Life as a Dissenter (New York, Viking, 1979), p.
362. See Harvey Fireside, Soviet Psychoprisons (New York, Norton, 1979); Amnesty International, Torture in the Eighties (London, 1984), pp. 220–222; Amnesty International Report, 1982 (London, 1983), pp. 286– 288.35. Zhores Medvedev and Roy A. Medvedev, A Question of Madness (New York, Knopf, 1971), p. 175.
36. Walter Reich, “To Soviets, Sakharov Really Is Crazy,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune, August 12, 1984, p. 27A.
37. Louise I. Shelley, “Yelena Bonner meets Soviet Justice System,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, September 21, 1984, p. 13A.
38. See Ernest Fraenkel, The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (New York, Octagon, 1969).
39. Quoted by John Dugard, Human Rights and the South African Legal Order (Princeton, Princeton University, 1978), p. 118. Ibid., p. 121.
40. Ibid., p.121.
41. Dugard, South African Legal Order, pp. 208–209, 228.
42. Ibid., p. 237.
43. Ibid., p. 211. Newell M. Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, 1934–1948 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1974), Ch. 8.