Notes
1. Attempts to define political trials are valuable but ultimately unsatisfying. The near-definitive work, Otto Kirchheimer’s Political Justice, suggests that political trials are those in which “the courts eliminate a political foe of the regime according to some prearranged rules.” Otto Kirchheimer, Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1961), p.
6: see also pp. 46–49, 419. Both Judith Shklar and Theodore Becker follow Kirchheimer’s lead. Judith Shklar, Legalism (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 149. Theodore Becker, “Introduction,” in Becker, ed., Political Trials (Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), pp. xii–xiii. For a discussion of the range of definitions of political trials, see Norman Dorsen and Leon Friedman, Disorder in the Court: Report of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Special Committee on Courtroom Conduct (New York, Pantheon, 1973), Ch. 5. See also Fowler Harper and David Haber, “Lawyer Troubles in Political Trials,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 60 (1951), 1–56; Nathan Hakman, “Political Trials in the Legal Order: A Political Scientist’s Perspective” Journal of Public Law, Vol. 21 (1972), 73–125; Stephen Schafer, The Political Criminal: The Problem of Morality and Crime (New York, Free Press, 1974); Michal Belknap, ed., American Political Trials, Revised Edition, (Westport, Conn., Praeger, 1994); Austin T. Turk, Political Criminality: The Defiance and Defense of Authority(Beverly Hills, Sage, 1982).2. A.E. Taylor, Socrates, (London, Peter Davies, 1932), Ch. 3; I.F Stone, The Trial of Socrates (Boston, Little Brown, 1988).
3. See Matthew 26–27; Mark 14–15; Luke 22–23; John 18–19; see also S. G. F. Brandon, The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (New York, Stein & Day, 1968), Ch. 4, 5.
4. W. P. Barrett, The Trial of Jeanne d’Arc: A Complete Translation of the Text of the Original Documents (London, George Routledge, 1931), pp. 270–279; Albert Bigelow Paine, Joan of Arc: Maid of France, 2 vols. (New York, Macmillan, 1925). Vol. 2, Pt. 9, Chs. 1–27.
5. G.R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 400–420.
6. George de Santillana, The Crime of Galileo (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1955), Chs.11–12; Pietro Redondi, Galileo: Heretic (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987).
7. Michael Walzer, ed., Regicide and Revolution: Speeches at the Trial of Louis XVI (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1974), Ch. 5.
8. Thomas Howell (comp.), A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783 (London, R. Bagshaw, 1809–1826), vol. 28, pp. 1169– 78. Hereafter cited as State Trials.
9. Rebecca West, The New Meaning of Treason (New York, Viking, 1964).
10. Nicholas Halasz, Captain Dreyfus: The Story of a Mass Hysteria (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1955); Jean-Denis Bredin, The Affair (New York, George Braziller, 1986).
11. Felix Frankfurter, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti (Boston, Little, Brown, 1962); Francis Russell, Tragedy in Dedham: The Story of the Sacco-Vanzetti Case (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1962).
12. Rosenberg v. United States, 346 U.S. 273 (1953).
13. Walter Schneir and Miriam Schneir, Invitation to an Inquest (Garden City: Doubleday, 1965), p. 248. See also Ronald Radish and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth (New York, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1983).
14. Walzer, Regicide and Revolution, p. 138.
15. Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station (Garden City, Doubleday, 1953), p. 72. See also David Thomson, The Babeuf Plot: The Making of a Republican Legend (Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 1975).
16. Leonard W. Levy, Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History: Legacy of Suppression (New York, Harper Torchbook, 1963), p. 133. See also Paul Finkelman, “The Zenger Case: Prototype of a Political Trial,” in Belknap, ed., American Political Trials.
17. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford, Clarendon, 1963), Ch. 5.
18. Thomas Bulfinch, Bullfinch’s Mythology (New York, Modern Library, n.d.), p. 44.
19. Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 7–10.
20. Ibid., p. 9.
21. Aristotle, Politics, Bk.3, Ch. 6, Sec. 11, trans. by Ernest Barker (New York, Oxford, 1958), p. 112.
22. Zhores Medvedev and Roy Medvedev, A Question of Madness (New York, Knopf, 1971), p. 67.