Notes
1 On Danzig, see J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, â€?Danzig (Gdańsk): Seeking stability and autonomy’, in W. Blockmans, M. Krom, and J. Wubs-Mrozewicz (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade Around Europe, London: Routledge, 2017, pp.
247–72; B. Możejko (ed.) New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk, Poland and Prussia, London: Routledge, 2017, and M. Bogucka, Baltic Commerce and Urban Society, 1500–1700: Gdańsk/Danzig and Its Polish Context, Aldershot: Routledge, 2003. On the Baltic and North Sea from a maritime regional perspective, see D. Kirby and M.-L. Hinkkanen, The Baltic and the North Seas, London: Routledge, 2013.2 T. Johnson, â€?Medieval law and materiality: Shipwrecks, finders, and property on the Suffolk coast, ca. 1380–1410’, The American Historical Review 120(2), 2012, 407–32.
3 M.G. di Renzo Villata (ed.) Succession Law, Practice and Society in Europe across the Centuries, Berlin: Springer, 2018, and P. Heady and H. Grandits (eds) Distinct Inheritances: Property, Family and Community in a Changing Europe, Münster: LIT Verlag, 2003.
4 VIDI grant 2018–2023, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).
5 For a description of the project, see J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, �Conflict management and interdisciplinary history. Presentation of a new project and an analytical model’, The Low Countries Review of Social and Economic History/TSEG 15(1), 2018, pp. 89–107.
6 R.W. Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600–1600, London: Croom Helm, 1980, and R.W. Unger, �Ships and sailing routes in maritime trade around Europe 1300–1600’, in Blockmans, Krom, and Wubs-Mrozewicz, Maritime Trade, pp. 17–35.
7 K. Fritze and G. Krause, Seekriege der Hanse, Berlin: Brandenburgisches Verlaghaus, 1997, p. 44.
8 There is no comprehensive study of this aspect of shipbuilding and the sale of ships.
Some indications in S. Jenks, Das Danziger Pfundzollbuch von 1409 und 1411, Cologne: Böhlau, 2012, pp. XXXVI–XLVI, and B. Możejko, â€?Shipping and maritime trade in Gdańsk at the turn of the 14th century: The maritime and commercial background of the sinking of the copper ship in 1408’, in W. Ossowski (ed.) The Copper Ship: A Medieval Shipwreck and Its Cargo, Gdańsk: Naradowe Muzeum, 2014, pp. 57–74, at p. 59.9 J. Bill, â€?Viking ships and the sea’, in S. Brink and N. Price (eds) The Viking World, London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 170–80 and G. Larsson, â€?Ship and society: Maritime ideology in Late Iron Age Sweden’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Uppsala, 2007.
10 M.O.H. Carver and A.C. Evans, Sutton Hoo: A Seventh-Century Princely Burial Ground and Its Context, London: British Museum Press, 2005 and Bill, �Viking ships’.
11 J.C. Flatman, Ships and Shipping in Medieval Manuscripts, London: British Library, 2009; R.W. Unger, Ships on Maps: Pictures of Power in Renaissance Europe, London: Palgrave, 2010; and S. Rose, Medieval Naval Warfare, 1000–1500, London: Routledge, 2002.
12 J. McDermott, England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
13 J. Glete, Swedish Naval Administration, 1521–1721: Resource Flows and Organisational Capabilities, Leiden: Brill, 2010; J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, �Neutrality before Grotius: A City, a State and Seven Salt Ships in the Baltic (1564–1567)’, Journal of Early Modern History 22(6), 2018, pp. 446–74; and J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, �Witnessing the sea: Testimonials of seamen in the �Seven Salt Ships’ case (1564–1567) as sources for maritime, social, and legal history’, International Journal of Maritime History 30(4), 2018, pp. 701–23.
14 Unger, The Ship; E. Frankot, Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen: Medieval Maritime Law and Its Practice in Urban Northern Europe, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. On war, piracy and privateering in northern Europe, see, for instance, K.
Friedland, â€?Maritime law and piracy: Advantages and inconveniences of shipping in the Baltic’, in A.I. Macinnes, T. Riis, and F.G. Pedersen (eds) Ships, Guns, and Bibles in the North Sea and Baltic States, c.1350–c.1700,East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000, pp. 30–8; T.K. Heebøll-Holm, Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic c. 1280–c.1330, Leiden: Brill, 2013; and L. Sicking, â€?Naval warfare in Europe, c. 1330–c. 1680’, in F. Tallett and D.J.B. Trim (eds) European Warfare, 1350–1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 236–63. An exciting new approach is Maria Fusaro’s ERC project on general average.15 R. Ward, The World of the Medieval Shipmaster: Law, Business and the Sea, c.1350–c.1450, Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009; C. Deggim, â€?Zur Seemannsarbeit in der Handelsschiffahrt Norddeutschlands und Skandinaviens vom 13. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter 119, 1999, pp. 10–15; M. Kowaleski, â€?The shipmaster as entrepreneur in medieval England’, in B. Dodds and C. Liddy (eds) Commercial Activity, Markets and Entrepreneurs in the Middle Ages, Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011, pp. 165–82; R. Lee, â€?The seafarers’ urban world: A critical review’, International Journal of Maritime History 25(1), 2013, pp. 23–64; and K. Friedland, Mensch und Seefahrt zur Hansezeit, Cologne: Böhlau, 1995.
16 Wubs-Mrozewicz, �Witnessing the sea’, 716.
17 Frankot, Of Laws of Ships. See also G. Landwehr, Das Seerecht der Hanse (1365–1614). Vom Schiffordnungsrecht zum Seehandelsrecht, Hamburg: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003 and A. Cordes, �Lex maritima? Local, regional and universal maritime law in the middle ages’, in Blockmans, Krom, and Wubs-Mrozewicz, Maritime Trade, pp. 69–85.
18 R. Häpke (ed.) Niederländische Akten und Urkunden (hereafter NAU), Lübeck: 1913–1923, vol. 2, nos 224, 228, 233, 340, 501 and Rijksarchief Brussels, 1074 no. 209 I 074, no. 149 fols 9–10.
19 B. Możejko, Peter von Danzig: The Story of a Great Caravel, 1462–1475,Leiden: Brill, 2019 (translation of a book in Polish of 2011) and B.
Możejko, â€?The seven voyages of the great caravel Peter von Danzig – A new type of ship in the southern Baltic in the late medieval period’, in G. Huber-Rebenich, Ch. Rohr, and M. Stolz (eds) Wasser in der mittelalterlichen Kultur/Water in Medieval Culture: Gebrauch – Wahrnehmung – Symbolik, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 229–41. As Możejko notes, there is a scientific debate whether it was a caravel or a carrack. The contemporary sources consistently refer to the ship as a caravel.20 Bottomry loans refer to the keel or bottom of the ship; when they are not repaid, the ship is forfeited.
21 On the role of the Hanse in the Baltic and North Sea regions, see R. Hammel-Kiesow, Die Hanse, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2014; S. Selzer, Die mittelalterliche Hanse, Darmstadt: WBG, 2010; and J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, �The Hanse in medieval Europe: An introduction’, in J. Wubs-Mrozewicz and S. Jenks (eds) The Hanse and Late Medieval Europe, Leiden: Brill, 2013, pp. 1–35.
22 J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, �The late medieval and early modern Hanse as an institution of conflict management’, Continuity and Change 32(1), 2017, pp. 59–84.
23 B.G. Lane, â€?The patron and the pirate: The mystery of Memling’s Gdańsk last judgement’, The Art Bulletin 73(4), 1991, pp. 623–40; R. De Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank 1397–1494, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963; and M. Walicki, Hans Memling Sąd Ostateczny [Hans Memling. Last Judgement], Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, 1990.
24 J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, â€?Mercantile conflict resolution in practice: Connecting legal and diplomatic sources from Danzig c. 1460–1580’, in H. Pihlajamäki, S. Dauchy, A. Cordes and D. De Ruysscher (eds) Understanding the Sources of Early Modern and Modern Commercial Law, Leiden: Brill, 2018, pp. 7–31; O. Gelderblom, Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013; and O.
Meltzing, â€?Tommaso Portinari und sein Konflikt mit der Hanse’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter 33, 1906, pp. 101–23.25 Archiwum Państwowe w Gdańsku (State Archives in Gdańsk), hereafter APG, 300,43/5B fols 283–6.
26 Wubs-Mrozewicz, �Danzig’, p. 260.
27 As suggested by research results from several northern European archives, consulted in the context of my current research project on conflict management. Both quantitative and qualitative changes took place.
28 I have discussed the communicative aspects of this case, including how the declaration of war was conducted, in â€?Die Städte an der Zuiderzee und IJssel in der Hanse: Informationsaustausch, Konflikte und Konfliktlösung’, Hansische Geschichstblätter 134, 2016, pp. 19–38.
29 J.D. Tracy, �Herring wars: The Habsburg Netherlands and the struggle for control of the North Sea, ca. 1520–1560’, Sixteenth Century Journal 24(2), 1993, pp. 249–72; J.D. Tracy, Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990; and M. ’t Hart, The Dutch Wars of Independence. Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands, 1570–1680, New York: Routledge, 2014.
30 Rijksarchief Brussels, Grote Raad van Mechelen, Beroepen uit Holland doss. no. 461. The dossier pages are numbered in a not entirely consistent way, and it is obvious that it is incomplete.
31 D. Ditchburn, �Piracy and war at sea in late medieval Scotland’, in T.C. Smout (ed.) Scotland and the Sea, Edinburgh: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992, pp. 35–58; S. Murdoch, The Terror of the Seas? Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713, Leiden: Brill, 2010; compare E. Frankot, �Aberdeen and the east coast of Scotland: Autonomy on the periphery’, in Blockmans, Krom and Wubs-Mrozewicz, Maritime Trade, pp. 411–27. On the relations between the Low Countries and Scotland in this period, see L. Sicking, Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance, Leiden: Brill, 2004.
32 M. Howell, Commerce Before Capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010; M. Danneel, Weduwen en wezen in het laat-middeleeuwse Gent, Gent: Garant, 1995; L.I. Hansen, �Inheritance, property and marriage in medieval Norway’, in C. Beattie and M.F. Steven (eds) Married Women and the Law in Premodern Northwest Europe, Woodbridge: Boydell, 2013, 11–30; B. Hanawalt, The Wealth of Wives: Women, Law, and Economy in Late Medieval London, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007; S. Cavallo and L. Warner (eds) Widowhood in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, London: Routledge, 2014; and M. Korpiola, �Testamentary freedom in law and practice in medieval Sweden: Conflicts and coexistence’, in di Renzo Villata, Succession Law, pp. 149–65.
33 On the role of chanceries and the various municipal books, see, for instance, for the Low Countries, J.F. Benders, �Urban administrative literacy in the northeastern low countries: A comparison of Groningen, Kampen, Deventer, and Zutphen, twelfth-fifteenth centuries’, in M. Mostert and A. Adamska (eds) Writing and the Administration of Medieval Towns, Turnhout: Brepols, 2014, 97–121.
34 K. Gottschalk, �Does property have a gender? Household goods and conceptions of law and justice in late medieval and early modern saxony’, The Medieval History Journal 8(1), 2005, pp. 7–24.
35 A.L. Erickson, Women and Property: In Early Modern England, London: Routledge, 2002, p. 62.
36 Howell, Commerce Before Capitalism. For the intensification of trade and migration in Europe in the period 1300–1600, see the contributions in Blockmans, Krom and Wubs-Mrozewicz (eds) Maritime Trade.
37 On Royal Prussia, see K. Friedrich, Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State, London: Palgrave, 2011, p. 201; K. Friedrich, The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; E. Kizik (ed.) Prusy Królewskie: Społeczeństwo, kultura, gospodarka 1454–1772 [Royal Prussia: Society, Culture, Economy 1454–1772] Gdańsk: Muzeum Naradowe, 2012, as well as B. Dybaś and D. Makilla (eds) Prusy i Inflanty miÄ™dzy średniowieczem a nowożytnością. Państwo – społeczeństwo – kultura [Prussia and Livonia between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. State, Society, Culture] Toruń: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2003.
38 Usually, among nobility the primogenitus was favoured. This was the main way to protect lineage among nobility in Europe, though this does not mean that there was no divergence from this policy line; see, for instance, the case of Zeeland nobility in A. van Steensel, �Noblemen in an urbanised society: Zeeland and its nobility in the late middle ages’, Journal of Medieval History 38(1), 2012, pp. 76–99.
39 E. Kizik, �Prawo w Prusach Królewskich [Law in Royal Prussia]’, in Kizik, Prusy, pp. 96–109, esp. 97.
40 S. Jenks, �Capturing opportunity, financing trade’, in Blockmans, Krom and Wubs-Mrozewicz (eds) Maritime Trade, pp. 56–76.
41 J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, �Kopieergedrag’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 127(4), 2014, pp. 603–24.
42 APG, Vv, 225.
43 P. Simson (ed.) Danziger Inventar 1531–1591: mit einem Akten-Anhang, Munich: Duncker & Humblot, 1913, no. 73 and note 5 p. 5, nos 221, 891, 1065, 1495.
44 E.Bojaruniec, â€?Social advancement among patrician families in Gdańsk in the Late middle ages and the Early Modern Period as exemplified by the Ferber family’, Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 29, 2015, pp. 150–70, and H.Zins, Ród Ferberów i jego rola w dziejach Gdańska w XV i XVI w [The Ferber Clan and Their Role in the History of Gdańsk in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries], Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1951.
45 Z. Rymaszewski, Sprawy gdańskie przed sądami zadwornymi oraz ingerencja królów w gdański wymiar sprawiedliwości XVI-XVIII w [Danzig Cases Before Royal Courts and the Intervention of Kings in Danzig’s Legal Proceedings in the Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries], Warsaw: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1985, and J. Wubs-Mrozewicz and A. Wijffels, â€?Diplomacy and advocacy. The case of the King of Denmark v. Dutch Skippers before the Danzig City Council (1564–1567)’, The Legal History Review 84(1–2), 2016, pp. 1–53.
46 APG, 300,27/35 fols 136r–-137v.
47 APG, 300,53/795, fols 17r–17v.
48 From a different angle, examined in J. Wubs-Mrozewicz, â€?Mercantile conflict resolution in practice: Connecting legal and diplomatic sources from Danzig c. 1460–1580’, in Pihlajamäki, Dauchy, Cordes and De Ruysscher (eds) Commercial Law, pp. 7–31.
49 APG, 300,27/11, fols 268r–268v; APG, 300,27/35 fols 136r–137v; APG, 300 D 20/401, 403, 405; APG, 300, 27/10 fols 129–30; APG, 300,27/11 fols 18r–19v; APG, 300,27/11 fols 321v–322r; Hanserecesse/Hanserezesse, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot 1870–1970 (hereafter HR) series 3: volume 8, 794 note 1; HR 3:9 no. 133 § 5; HR 3:9 no. 598; HR 3:9 no. 598 § 39; NAU, vol. 1 no. 58.
50 APG, 300,53/795 fol. 1.