Index

Abe, Masaki, 145, 239

Abel, Richard, 115-16

Abu-Lughod, Lila, 110-11

ACL Network, 259-60

Act Governing the Recovery of Damage of Individual Rights, Taiwan, 301-2 activism

Adivasis activists, in India, 210-12 in China, as post-dispute activism, 219-20 feminist, 201-3

LGBT activism, in Myanmar, 192-6 as human rights issue, 193-6 negative feeling rules and, 195-6 performance artivism as, 201-3 in theory of subversive disruption, 201-2 Adat School

in Indonesia, 7, 84-5

of Islamic law, 54

legal pluralism and, 77, 80

in Malaysia, 51, 84-5

Adivasis activists, in India, 210-12 Administration of Islamic Law Act, 55-7 ADR processes.

Advocates Act, India (1961), 233

Africa

alternative dispute resolution processes in, 129 legal pluralism in, colonial influences on, 80 alternative dispute resolution processes (ADR processes), 129-36

in Africa, 129

in Asia, 129

community mediation, in Sri Lanka, 130-6 Conciliation Boards, 131-2 gender inequality in, 133-4 history of, 131-2

as hybrid practice, 135 mediation boards, 130-5 under Mediation Boards Act No. 72, 132 conceptual development of, 129-30 modern versions of, 130

American Sociological Association, 6 analogical reasoning, in Islamic law, 52-3 Anglo-Muslim law

Islamic law and, 54-6

in Malaysia, 51 anti-clericalism, 48-9 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 246 Anwar, Zainah, 170-1 Aquino, Benigno, 318-19 Armenia, communal clashes in,

23-64 Asia. See also specific countries

alternative dispute resolution processes in, 129

religious conflict in, 59-60 Asian Journal of Law and Society, 8 Asian Law and Society Association, in China, 8 Asian legal systems. See also specific countries

black letter law in, 2

colonialism as influence on, 1

norms and practices as distinct from, 1-2 Aung Aung, 193 Aung San Suu Kyi, 193, 243

Azerbaijan, communal clashes in, 23-64

Bai, Husna, 220-4 Baxi, Upendra, 8-9 Bedner, Adrian, 7 belonging and acceptance as proper child/ parent.

von Benda-Beckmann, Franz, 7 von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet, 7, 76, 81-2, 120 bengoshi (lawyers, in Japan), 237-41 Bhushan, Shanti, 235 black letter law, 3-4

Bourdieu, Pierre, 4 Boxer Rebellion, 48-9

Brunei, state religion in, interpretation of,

59^-60 Bucheon Branch Court, in South Korea,

33^1-2

Buddha. See Gautama, Siddhiartha Buddhism, 19. See also Gautama, Siddhiartha;

Vinayas

causality and, 24

contributory negligence in, 41 dharma and, 23-4

cause and effect in, 25

as law, 25-6

in Europe, 25

guardian spirits, 36-8 identity, 38-9 injury and, 39-40 khwan, 38-9 winyan, 39

injuries delocalized causes of, 41-3 identity and, 39-40 phi tai hong, 40

karma and, 24 negligence and, 41-2

law of sacred centers, 35-43 household as sacred center, 36-8 temples as sacred center, 37-8 legal pluralism in, 83 as legal tradition, 23-8 cakravartin kings, 25-6 dharma as law, 25-6 Vinayas and, 24-5 monasticism in, 26-7 sangha and, 26 negligence and, 41-3 karma and, 41-2

Sasana, in Sri Lanka, 64-9

sati, 41

in Thailand, 35-43, 152 household as sacred center, 36-8 temples as sacred center, 37-8

Villagers' Buddhism, 35, 39

Buddhist Constitutionalism, 64-9 protections for Buddhism under, 65-8 under supreme law, 65

Buddhist law codes. See Vinayas

Burma. See Myanmar

Burnouf, Eugene, 25

Butler, Judith, 201-2

cakravartin kings (wheel-turning kings), 25-6 Casanova, Jose, 47 caste panchayats, 106-8

causality, 24

cause and effect, in Buddhism, 25 CCP. See Chinese Communist Party

Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, in India, 8-9

de Certeau, Michel, 4

Chan, Johannes, 268

Chang, Denis, 268

Chang Tao-ling, 31

Chaudhry, Iftikhar, 263-4. See also Lawyers’

Movement

Chen Yingning, 48

Chen Yinque, 48

Cheung, Fernando Chiu-hung, 270 Chi Susheng, 204

Chiangmai Provincial Court, in Thailand,

147-9, 352-3

Chiba, Masaji, 7, 77 child custody, in People’s Republic of China,

122-5

China, law and society in.

Asian Law and Society Association, 8

Boxer Rebellion, 48-9

after Communist takeover, 48 courts in, as embedded institutions,

288-93 administrative review as part of, 290-1 cultural capital for women and, 295-6 external influences on, 289-90 female judges in, 293-6 feminization of, global influences on,

293-6 institutional environment of judging,

288-9

judicial bureaucracy, 290-1 juridical field and, 289 as state organ, 292-3 evolution of, 8 informal law in, 100-1

Islamic law as, 98-101 legal pluralism and, 98-101

Islamic law in, 93

as informal law, 98-101

judges in, 248-9

female judges, 293-6

promotion of women, 294

reverse attrition for, 294-5

“leftover women” in, 155

legal consciousness in, development of, 139-41, 153-61

through acquisition of strategic knowledge, 216-18

informed disenchantment and, 216-20 post-dispute activism and, 219-20 through social support networks, 218-19 legal pluralism in, 92-101

governance structures for, 93-4 informal law and, 98-101 legal professions

Anti-Rightist Campaign and, 246 judges, 248-9

justice bureaus, 248

lawyers in, reappearance of, 246 legal services markets, 246-9 lianggu practice in, 153

qing and, 155-8

Maoism and, 50

Marxism and, 49

Muslim mandarins and, 92-3 neo-Kantianism and, 49 one-child policy, 156-7 performance artivism in, 201-5 scholarship on

ethnographic studies on social media users, 376-83

Islamic law in, 356-61

secularism in, 47-51

as anti-clericalism, 48-9 rationalism and, 49-50 scientism and, 49-50 “smash temples, build schools,” 48 social Darwinism and, 49

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 48, 97-8 Cho, John, 269

Cho Young-sook, 213-14

Chou Jan-chuen, 261

Christianity, 19

in Sri Lanka, 67-8

Chu, Tung-Tsu, 8

Chua, Lynette, 176, 192-3 citizenship rights, in Nepal, as women's rights, 189-92

Civil Justice Research Project, 145-6 civil law, in Java, 84-5

Civil Procedure Law, PRC, 96-7 Clancy, John, 268

Classical Taoism, 29-31 collective order, in dispute-based law, 119 colonialism

Asian legal systems influenced by, 1 law and society influenced by, 10, 12 legal pluralism and, 78-80

in Africa, 80

customary law and, 80-1 modern law and, 78 primitive law and, 78

legal professions influenced by, in India, 232-3

Communist Party, in China, 48, 97-8 community mediation, in Sri Lanka, 130-6

Conciliation Boards, 131-2

gender inequality in, 133-4

history of, 131-2

as hybrid practice, 135

mediation boards, 130-5

under Mediation Boards Act No.

humanistic elements of, 29

Taoism and, 28-9

T'ien, 29

wu-wei, 29

Constitution of 1947, India, 361-4 Constitutional Court, in Taiwan, 297-303 constitutional law

in Java, 84-5

in Thailand, as legal pluralism, 86 Constitutionalism. See Buddhist

Constitutionalism

corruption, in People’s Republic of Kampuchea, 305-6

courts. See also China; judges; lawyers; Taiwan

in People’s Republic of Kampuchea, 304-6 judicial corruption, 305-6

as political battleground, 296-306

shari’a courts, women’s treatment in, 281-2

as social organizations, 282-96

in Thailand, 283-8 judges’ role in, 283-8 Khru juling case, 286-7 trials in, increase in, 285 crime and punishment, as social concept criminal processes in, 334-45 in India, rape trials in, 343-5 in Japan, benevolent paternalism of criminal justice system in, 310-15 police forces, 311-15

justice dynamics in, 323-34 repressive law, 323

in Philippines, war on drugs in, 315-19 drug use rates, 317-19 homicide rates, 317 state killings, 315-16

punishment dynamic, 310-23 in South Korea, restorative justice in,

329-34

Bucheon Branch Court, 331-2 under Criminal Procedure Act, 330 justice agencies, 330 victim protection, 330 theoretical approach to, 309-10 in Vietnam

criminal sentencing in Vietnamese courts, 334-6

judicial corruption in, 337-43 lab results issues, 342 Narcotic Drug and Psychotropic Substances Law, 341-3 narcotics cases, 341-2

Criminal Procedure Act, South Korea (1954), 330

critical legal studies (Crits), law and society as distinct from, 4

customary law, colonialism and,

80-1

Daly, Mark, 268

danda (punishments), 22-3 democracy, in Timor-Leste, establishment of, 88-92

Deng Xiaoping, 326-7

Deolalikar, Ganesh Bhikaji, 362

Derrett, J. Duncan M., 8-9 descriptive view, of legal pluralism, 75

Devi, Kaushalya, 220-1 dharma

Buddhism and, 23-4 cause and effect in, 25 as law, 25-6

in Hindu legal tradition, 22-3 dharmasastras, 20-2, 44-7 Diamond, Shari, 3 digital age, law and society scholarship during, 376-83

ethics in online groups, 377-82 ethnographic studies on social media users, in China, 376-83

Dinh, Le Cong, 255-7 dispute resolution forums.

in comparative law scholarship, 114-15 conceptual approach to, 114-16 in dispute-based law, 115 litigation and, 120-9 panchayats, 45-6

in Rajasthan, India, 106-11

in semi-autonomous social fields, 116 dispute-based law

dispute resolution processes in, 115 harmony ideology, 117 in Ladakh, India, 116-19

collective order as focus of, individual rights compared to, 119 mediators in, role of, 118-19 public nature of conflicts, 117-18 Disputing Behaviour Survey, 146 divorce, in People’s Republic of China, 121-9 domestic violence, in People’s Republic of China, 126-9

Durkheim, Emile, 323 Duterte, Rodrigo, 315-19 Dutton, Michael, 329 Dykes, Philip, 268, 270

Egypt, women’s rights in, 170-1 Ehrlich, Eugen, 7, 142

Engel, David, 176 entitlements, rights consciousness and, 161-2 Epp, Charles, 186

Eu, Audrey, 268

factual legal pluralism, 82 Feeley, Malcolm, 334 feminist activism, performance artivism and,

201-3

Fiji, communal clashes in, 23-64 fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)

definition of, 32

Islamic law and, 53-4, 58-9

usul al-fiqh, 58-9

legal consciousness and, in Malaysia, 171-5

in Malaysia, 52

shari'a and, 33

Fitzpatrick, Peter, 43 flighty spiritual essence. See khwan Foucault, Michel, 4

Galanter, Marc, 8, 115-16

Garland, David, 325-6

Gautama, Siddhiirtha (Buddha)

early life of, 24

in sangha, 24-5

teaching career of, 24-5

Geertz, Clifford, 20

gender inequality

community mediation and, 133-4

in Indian legal professions, 249-53

in People's Republic of China, 121-9 gender roles, reinforcement of, in South

Korea, 214-15 Ghosh, Amitav, 369 ghosts. See phi tai hong globalization

legal consciousness influenced by, 152-81

legal professions influenced by, in Myanmar, 244-5

Gluckman, Max, 80 Goffman, Erving, 97, 201-2 Goh Chok Tong, 63

Gomantak Maratha Samaj organization,

222

Grand Advocates, in India, 234-5 guardian spirits, in Buddhism, 36-8 Gutschow, Kim, 119

Gyo Kyar, 196

Haley, John, 142, 146

Han Fei, 30-1

Hanafi school, of Islamic law, 52-3 Hanbali school, of Islamic law, 52-3 harmony.

Harris, Paul, 268

Hatoyama, Kunio, 239 Hatoyama Yukio, 71 hegemony school, of legal consciousness,

140-1

Herriman, Nick, 90 hierarchies, in law and society, 11

of living law, 11

of social class, 11

Hinduism, 19 danda in, 22-3 law and society in India and, 8 legal pluralism in, 83 as legal tradition, 20-3 dharma in, 22-3 dharmasastras, 20-2, 44-7 prayascitta, 22-3

HKBORO. See Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance

Ho Chun-yan, 268-70 Hobsbawm, Erik, 56 Hodgson, Brian, 25

Hong Kong, legal professions in, cause lawyering and, 267-71

Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (HKBORO), 267-8

Hooker, M. B., 75 household of sacred center, 36-8 Hu Jintao, 329

Hui customary law, 94

in autonomous regions, 94 informalization of, 95-8 human rights

LGBT activism and, in Myanmar, 193-6

vernacularization of, in South Korea, 212-15

criminalization of sex workers, 212-15 reinforcement of gender roles, 214-15 victimhood and, of prostitution,

212-14 Women for Human Rights, in Nepal,

186-9

Human Rights and Gender Violence (Merry), 192-3

humanism, Confucianism and, 29 The Hungry Tide (Ghosh), 369

identities, construction of, 12 in Buddhism, 38-9 injury and, 39-40 khwan, 38-9 winyan, 39

law and society scholarship and, 367-76 legal consciousness and, 180 rural, 12

urban, 12

identity school, of legal consciousness, 140 iemoto laws, in Japan, 77

Ihromi, Tapi Omas, 7

India, law and society in. See also Rajasthan, India

Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, 8-9 communal clashes in, 23-64 dispute-based law, in Ladakh, 116-19 collective order as focus of, individual rights compared to, 119 mediators in, role of, 118-19 public nature of conflicts, 117-18 evolution of, 8-9

Gomantak Maratha Samaj organization,

222

Hinduism and, 8

Indian Council of Social Science Research, 8

indigenous law in, restoration of,

44-7

nationalist movement and, 45-6 panchayats, 45-6 legal mobilization in

Adivasis activists in, 21°-12

for constitutional rights litigation, 22°-4 for indigeneity, 21°-12 for legal pluralism, 21°-12 legal pluralism in, 1°2-11, 367-71 legal professions, 232-7

under Advocates Act, 233 basic structure of, 233-4 colonial influences on, 232-3 English-style barristers, 232 gender inequality in, 249-53 Grand Advocates, 234-5 indigenous practitioners, 232-3 meritocracy in, 251-3 women in, 236, 249-53 rape trials in, 343-5

scholarship on, 371-6 scholarship on

Constitution of 1947, 361-4 indigeneity and, 367-71 legal pluralism and, 367-71 for rape trials, 371-6 Supreme Court of India, 362-3 secularism in, 47-51 Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act of 1956, 22°

Indian Council of Social Science Research, 8 indigenous law, in India, restoration of, 44-7 nationalist movement and, 45-6 panchayats, 45-6

Indonesia, law and society in

Adat School, 7, 84-5

Dutch role in, 7 evolution of, 7 legal professions, 228-32

colonial influences on, 229-31 ethnic Chinese in, 231-2 native lawyers, 229 the Netherlands and, 229-31 social status and, in Java, 23°-1 inequality, in law and society, 11 informal law, in China, 1°°-1

Islamic law as, 98-1°1 legal pluralism and, 98-1°1 informalization of adjudication, in People's

Republic of China, 95-1°1 Chinese Communist Party Oversight of,

97-8 informed disenchantment, in China, 216-2° injuries, Buddhism and delocalized causes of, 41-3 identity and, 39-4° phi tai hong, 4° injury narratives, in Thailand, 148-52 International Sociological Association, 6 Iran

communal clashes in, 23-64 women’s rights in, 17°-1

Iraq, communal clashes in, 23-64 Islam, 19

legal pluralism in, 83 Islamic Family Law Act, 55-6 Islamic jurisprudence. See fiqh Islamic law,52-9. See also usul al-fiqh

Adat School, 54

Administration of Islamic Law Act,

55-7 analogical reasoning in, 52-3 in China, 93

as informal law, 98-1°1

law and society scholarship on, 356-61 consensus in, 52-3

consideration of public interest in, 52-3 in Egypt, 17°-1

fiqh and, 53-4, 58-9

usul al-fiqh, 58-9

Hanafi school, 52-3

Hanbali school, 52-3

in Iran, 17°-1

Islamic Family Law Act, 55-6

legal consciousness and, in Malaysia, 172 as legal code, 173-5 as legal method, 173-5 plurality of, 174

shari'a and, fiqh compared to, 171-5 Shari'a Criminal Offenses Act, 172-3 for women's rights, 169-76

legal pluralism and, 85

in Malaysia, 51-9 law and society scholarship on, 354-6 secularism in, 57-9 shari'a law in, 56 under state law, 57-9

Maliki school, 52-3

in Morocco, 170-1

in People's Republic of China, 93-4

Muslim mandarins, 95-8

politics of, 57-9

in Qur'an, 54-5 secularism and, 57-9

Shafi�i school, 52-3

shari'a as, 31-4, 53-4

as legal rules, 33-4

in Malaysia, 56 sources of, 32

in Southeast Asian legal systems, 85

in Sunna, 54-5

Syariah Criminal Offenses Act, 55-6

Syariah Criminal Procedure Act, 55-6 transformation of, 54-9

Anglo-Muslim law, 54-6 through codification of law, 54-5 through naming, 55-6 pluralism and, 54-5

through state monopoly on religious law, 56-7

women's rights as part of, 55

Islamic legal theory. See usul al-fiqh

Japan, law and society in

benevolent paternalism of criminal justice system in, 310-15

Civil Justice Research Project in, 145-6 conventional wisdom in, in postwar era, 69-72 Disputing Behaviour Survey, 146 evolution of, 7

iemoto laws, 77

legal consciousness in, 142-7 dynamic state of, 147 Kawashima on, 142-4, 146 Rokumoto on, 144-5

legal professions

control of, 237-41

corporations in, 239-40

National Legal Examination, 237-8, 241 reform movement for, 239-40 legal professions, control of, bengoshi, 237-41

Litigation Behaviour Survey, 146 myth of reluctant litigant, 142 Shintoism, 69-72

Yasukuni shrine, 69-72 shrine communities in, 77

Japanese Association of Sociology of Law

(JASL), 6-7

Java

civil and constitutional law in, 84-5

legal professions in, social status and, 230-1 Jethmalani, Ram, 235

Ji, Weidong, 8

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 236-7

JRF. See Judicial Reform Foundation

Judaism, 19

judges

in China, 248-9

female judges, 293-6

institutional environment of judging, 288-9

promotion of women, 294

reverse attrition for, 294-5

in Taiwan, 260-1

in Thailand, 283-8

Judicial Reform Foundation (JRF), 259-60 justice bureaus, in China, 248

Kang Youwei, 48

karma, 24

negligence and, 41-2

Kashgar Islamic Association, 98

Kato, Masanobu, 145

Kawashima, Takeyoshi, 7, 142, 146

Khawaja Sira community, in Pakistan, 162-9 Khorakiwala, Rahela, 360-1

Khru juling case, in Thailand, 286-7 khwan (flighty spiritual essence), 38-9 Kidder, Robert, 8

Kim Hyunsun, 213

Kirkland, Russell, 28

KMT regime. See Kuomintang regime Knowledge and Opinion about Law (KOL), 144-5

Koizumi Jun'ichiro, 69, 238

KOL. See Knowledge and Opinion about Law Kottiswaran, Prabha, 221

K'ung Ch'iu, 29

K'ung-tzu, 29

Kuomintang (KMT) regime, in Taiwan, 297-8, 300-2

Kwok, Dennis, 270

Kyaw Kyaw, 193

labour law

law and society scholarship on, 364-7 in Vietnam, legal mobilization for, 196-9 rightful resistance, 196-9

LASSnet. See Law and Social Sciences

Research Network

law and development, as legal concept, law and society as distinct from, 4

Law and Social Sciences Research Network (LASSnet), 8-9

law and society, as legal concept. See also China; India; Indonesia; Japan black letter law and, 3-4 colonialism as influence on, 10, 12 critical legal studies as distinct from, 4 definition of, 2-6

empirical research and, 3 evolution of, 6-9

traditional legal education, 6 hierarchies in, 11

of living law, 11

of social class, 11

identity construction in, 12 inequality in, 11

law and development as distinct from, 4 law and social science compared to, 5-6 legal and political transformations in, 10-11 methodological approaches to, 2, 9-17 rights theory and, 11-12 skepticism in, 4

theoretical foundations of, 3-4

law and society scholarship in China

ethnographic studies on social media users, 376-83

Islamic law in, 356-61

in digital age, 376-83 ethics in online groups, 377-82 ethnographic studies on social media users, in China, 376-83

identity construction and, navigation of, 367-76

in India

Constitution of 1947, 361-4 indigeneity and, 367-71 legal pluralism and, 367-71 for rape trials, 371-6

Supreme Court of India, 362-3 in Malaysia

Islamic law in, 354-6

liberal rights in, 354-6 methodological approaches to, 350 in Thailand, legal consciousness in, 350-3

Chiangmai Provincial Court, 352-3 pyramid model of litigation, 351-2 in Vietnam, labour law in, 364-7 law of sacred centers, 35-43 household as sacred center, 36-8 temples as sacred center, 37-8 lawyers

bengoshi, in Japan, 237-41

in China, reappearance of, 246

in Indonesia, native lawyers and, 229

in Myanmar, foreign corporate lawyers and, 242-5

in Taiwan, 258-60

in Vietnam, cause lawyers and, 254-5 Lawyers' Movement, in Pakistan, 262-7 active resistance phase, 265 confrontation phase, 264-5 emergency measures, 265 initial mobilization, 264 pivot and reorientation phase, 266 retreat and revival phase, 266-7 Lebanon, communal clashes in, 23-64 Lee, Martin, 270 Lee Hsien Loong, 62 “leftover women,” in China, 155 legal coercion, 77 legal consciousness. See also qing

development of, in China, 139-41, 153-61 through acquisition of strategic knowledge, 216-18

informed disenchantment and, 216-20 post-dispute activism and, 219-20 through social support networks, 218-19 globalization as influence on, 152-81 hegemony school of, 140-1 identity school of, 140 Islamic law and, in Malaysia, 172

as legal code, 173-5

as legal method, 173-5

plurality of, 174 shari'a and, fiqh compared to, 171-5 Shari'a Criminal Offenses Act, 172-3 for women's rights, 169-76

in Japan, 142-7

dynamic state of, 147

Kawashima on, 142-4, 146

Rokumoto on, 144-5

Knowledge and Opinion about Law and, 144-5

mobilization school of, 141 in Myanmar, 242-5 relational, 176-81 research scope of, 140 sociology of law in, 142-7 in Taiwan, 177-81

culture concepts in, 179-80

emotional element of legal consciousness, 179-80

identity and, 180

interpretation of family conflict, 178-9

in Thailand, 152-81

Chiangmai Provincial Court and, 147-9 ideoscapes and, 150 injury narratives, 148-52 law and society scholarship

on, 350-3 mediascapes and, 150 under People's Constitution of 1977, 151 remediation systems and, 151

for third gender category, in Pakistan, 162-9 benefits and costs of, 166-7 family influences on, 163-4 Khawaja Sira community, 162-9 religious benefits of, 164-5 legal mobilization

conceptual approach to, 183-5

definition of, 183

effects of, 208-24

myth of rights, 208-9

for gay collective action, in Singapore, 199-201

in India

Adivasis activists in, 210-12 for constitutional rights litigation, 220-4

for indigeneity, 210-12

for legal pluralism, 210-12

for labour law, in Vietnam, 196-9 rightful resistance, 196-9 legal pluralism and, 184-5

in India, 210-12 of LGBT activism, in Myanmar, 192-6 as human rights issue, 193-6 negative feeling rules and, 195-6 litigation dilemmas and, in Philippines, 205-8

SELDA (NGO), 206-8

in Nepal, for women's rights, 186-92

for citizenship, 189-92

at local level, 189-92

Sangam (NGO), 189-92

support structure for legal mobilization, 186

for widows' rights, 186-9

Women for Human Rights, 186-9 through performance artivism

in China, 201-5

for feminist activism, 201-3

in online contexts, 203-5 rights mobilization and, 184 scope of, 185 tactics for, 185-201

for gay collective action, in Singapore, 199-201

for labour law, in Vietnam, 196-9 of LGBT activism, in Myanmar, 192-6

performance artivism, 201-5 vernacularization of human rights and, in

South Korea, 212-15 criminalization of sex workers, 212-15 reinforcement of gender roles, 214-15 victimhood and, of prostitution, 212-14 legal pluralism

Adat School and, 77, 80

in Buddhism, 83

in China, 92-101

governance structures for, 93-4 informal law and, 98-101 during colonial era, 78-80

in Africa, 80

customary law and, 80-1 modern law and, 78 primitive law and, 78 complexity of, 78-9, 81-2 conceptual approach to, 74-7

evolution of, 77

legal political conception, 76 definition of, 74-5 descriptive view of, 75 early history of, 78-9

during colonial era, 78-80

legal pluralism (cont.)

factual, 82

as global doctrine, 83-7

in Hinduism, 83

in Islam, 83 local knowledge and, 83-7 in Malaysia, 85-6

Manchester School and, 80 negotiating forums and, 109-11 normative, 81-2 origins of, 78-82 in People's Republic of China, 93-4 during postcolonial era, 79-80 prescriptive view of, 75 Sartori on, 75-6 in Singapore, 85-6 social theory and, 78-82 in Southeast Asian legal systems, 75, 83-7 globalisation-law, 86 Islamic law, 85 native law and, 84-5 as state policy, 82-3 in Thailand Constitution, 86 in Timor-Leste, 87-92

state-based system of, 91-2 legal procedure. See vyavahara legal professions. See also specific countries administrative state and, relationship with,

228 in China

Anti-Rightist Campaign and,

246 judges, 248-9 justice bureaus, 248 lawyers in, reappearance of, 246 legal services markets, 246-9 conceptual approach to, 227-8 in Hong Kong, cause lawyering, 267-71 Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance,

267-8

in Indonesia, 228-32 colonial influences on, 229-31 ethnic Chinese in, 231-2 native lawyers, 229 the Netherlands and, 229-31 social status and, in Java, 230-1 in Japan, control of, 237-41 bengoshi, 237-41 corporations in, 239-40 National Legal Examination, 237-8, 241 reform movement for, 239-40 in Myanmar, 242-5 foreign corporate lawyers in, 242-5 globalization as influence on, 244-5 legal consciousness and, 242-5

in Pakistan, as Lawyers’ Movement, 262-7 active resistance phase, 265 confrontation phase, 264-5 emergency measures, 265 initial mobilization, 264 pivot and reorientation phase, 266 retreat and revival phase, 266-7

in Taiwan, 258-62

ACL Network, 259-60

judges, 260-1 Judicial Reform Foundation, 259-60 lawyers, 258-60

Prosecutor Reform Association, 261

in Vietnam

cause lawyers, 254-5 juridification of cause advocacy, 253-7 legal case study, 255-7 legal system reform, 254-5

legal services markets, in China, 246-9

legal studies. See critical legal studies; sociolegal studies

Leung, Jocelyn, 268

Lev, Daniel S., 7

Li Jinxing, 205

Li Yan, 202-3

Li Zhuang, 203-5

Liang Qichao, 48 lianggu practice, in China, 153

qing and, 155-8

Ling Li, 97 litigation, dispute resolution processes and, 120-9 Litigation Behaviour Survey, 146

Liu, Qian, 161-2

Liu, Sida, 245

living law, 11, 142

Long March, 266-7

Lu, Annette, 302

Lu Tai-lang, 261

Maintenance of the Religious Harmony Act, Singapore, 60-2

creation of, 61-2

Malacca, maritime law in, 84-5

Malaysia

Adat School in, 51, 84-5

Anglo-Muslim law in, 51

fiqh in, 52

Islamic law in, 51—9

law and society scholarship on, 354-6 secularism in, 57—9

shari'a law and, 56 under state law, 57—9

law and society scholarship in

Islamic law in, 354—6 liberal rights in, 354—6

legal pluralism in, 85—6

secularism in, 51—9

state power in, 51—9 regulation of religion and, 51—2

Malik, Munir, 265

Maliki school, of Islamic law, 52—3 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 80

Manchester School, for legal pluralism, 80 Maoism, 50

Marcos, Ferdinand, 206—8

Marriage Law, PRC (1950), 121—2, 126 Marxism, 49

Mather, Lynn, 3 maulavi (Muslim religious teacher/healer),

102—3, 105—6, 110—11

McCann, Michael, 223 mediation boards, in Sri Lanka, 130—5 Mediation Boards Act No. 72, Sri Lanka

(1988), 132

Mediation Law, PRC (2010), 96—7 mediators, in dispute-based law, 118—19 Merry, Sally Engle, 192—3 mindfulness. See sati

mobilization school, of legal consciousness,

141

modern law

colonialism and, 78

legal pluralism and, 78

project of modernity, 43

secularism and, 43—4

Mohammad, Mahathir, 57 monasticism

in Buddhism, 26—7 sangha and, 26

Vinayas and, 27—8

Moore, Sally Falk, 100, 115—16

Mori, Yoshiro, 238

Morocco

Islamic law in, 170—1

women's rights in, 170—1

Moustafa, Tamir, 98—9

Muller, Dominik M., 59—60

Murayama, Masayuki, 146

Murayama Tomiichi, 71

Musharraf, Pervez, 263—4. See also Lawyers'

Movement

Muslim mandarins, 92—3

in PRC, 95—8

Muslim religious teacher/healer. See maulavi Myanmar

legal professions in, 242—5 foreign corporate lawyers in, 242—5 globalization as influence on, 244—5 legal consciousness and, 242—5

LGBT activism in, 192—6 as human rights issue, 193—6 negative feeling rules and, 195—6 myth of reluctant litigant, in Japan, 142 myth of rights, 208—9

Nader, Laura, 115—16

Narcotic Drug and Psychotropic Substances Law, Vietnam (1993), 341—3

National Legal Examination (NLE), 237—8, 241 native law

legal pluralism and, 84—5

in Southeast Asian legal systems, 84—5 negligence, in Buddhism, 41—3

karma and, 41—2 negotiating forums, in Rajasthan, India, 109—11 Nehru, Motilal, 236—7

Nehru, Rameshwari, 221 neo-Kantianism, 49 Nepal, legal mobilization in, for women's rights, 186—92

for citizenship rights, 189—92

at local level, 189—92

Sangam (NGO), 189—92 support structure for, 186 for widows' rights, 186—9

Women for Human Rights, 186—9 the Netherlands, Indonesian law and society influenced by, 7

Nihon Bunka Kaigi, 145

Ng, Margaret, 268

NLE. See National Legal Examination non-action/non-doing. See wu-wei normative legal pluralism, 81—2 Northern Ireland, communal clashes in, 23—64

Obuchi, Keizo, 238

Oki, Masao, 146 one-child policy, in China, 156—7

Ozaki, Ichiro, 145

Pakistan

Lawyers' Movement in, 262-7 active resistance phase, 265 confrontation phase, 264-5 emergency measures, 265 initial mobilization, 264 pivot and reorientation phase, 266 retreat and revival phase, 266-7

Long March, 266-7

rights consciousness in, for third gender category, 162-9 benefits and costs of, 166-7 family influences on, 163-4 Khawaja Sira community, 162-9 religious benefits of, 164-5 panchayats (dispute resolution forum), 45-6 in Rajasthan, India, 106-11 caste panchayats, 106-8 penances. See prayascitta People’s Constitution of 1977 (Thailand), 151 People's Republic of China (PRC)

Civil Procedure Law, 96-7 crime and punishment concept in capital punishment in, 319-23 criminal justice system in, 323-9 ideological reform, 324 philosophical foundations for, 328-9 secrecy about death penalty, 322-3 Supreme People's Court, 319-21 traditional notions of injustice, 326 dispute resolution processes in by basic-level legal workers, 122 for child custody, 122-5 for divorce, 121-9 for domestic violence, 126-9 for gender inequality, 121-9 initiation stage, 126-9 manipulative interpretation of state law, 125-6

under Marriage Law, 121-2, 126 normalization of abuse in, 126-8 for spousal abuse, 126-9

Hui customary law, 94 in autonomous regions, 94 informalization of adjudication in,

95-101

Chinese Communist Party Oversight of, 97-8

Islamic law in, 93-4

Muslim mandarins, 95-8 legal pluralism in, 93-4

Marriage Law in, 121-2, 126

Mediation Law, 96-7

People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia), 304-6

judicial corruption, 305-6 performance artivism

in China, 201-5

for feminist activism, 201-3

in online contexts, 203-5 phi tai hong (ghosts), 40 the Philippines

communal clashes in, 23-64

legal mobilization in, for litigation dilemmas, 205-8

SELDA, 206-8

war on drugs in, 315-19 drug use rates, 317-19 homicide rates, 317 state killings and, 315-16

Pirie, Fernanda, 34 pluralism. See also legal pluralism; religious pluralism

Islamic law and, 54-5 police forces, in Japan, 311-15 Pospisil, Leopold, 77 postcolonialism, legal pluralism and, 79-80 Pound, Roscoe, 7, 142

PRA. See Prosecutor Reform Association Prasad, Nita Verma, 221

Pratimoksa, 28

prayascitta (penances), 22-3 prescriptive view, of legal pluralism, 75 primitive law

colonialism and, 78

legal pluralism, 78

Prosecutor Reform Association (PRA),

261

Pun, Hectar, 268, 270

Punishment and the Protection Act, South

Korea (2004), 212-13 punishment dynamic, in crime and

punishment context, 310-23 punishments. See danda Pyae Soe, 193-5

qing (sense of humanity), in China,

153-61

alliance with state law, 159-61 as embrace of state law, 159-60 weakness of state law, 160-1

lianggu practice and, 153, 155-8 opposition to state law, 155-9 through avoidance of state law, 155-6 lianggu practice and, 155-7 as mitigation for undesirable legal results, ¹5^6-7

resistance to state law, 157-8

scope of, 154

state law and

in alliance with qing, 159-61 dismissal of, 158-9 interactions between, 154-5 one-child policy, 156-7 in opposition to qing, 155-9 resistance to, 157-8

Qur'an, 31-4. See also shari’a

Islamic law in, 54-5

Rahardjo, Satjipto, 7

Rajasthan, India, legal pluralism in, 102-11 for conflict resolution, 103-4 maulavi in, 102-3, 105-6, 110-11 negotiating forums in, 109-11 panchayats in, 106-11

caste, 106-8

somatization of conflict, 105

state courts in, 109

Ramseyer, J. Mark, 146

rape trials, in India, 343-5

scholarship on, 371-6

rationalism, 49-50

relational legal consciousness, 176-81 religion, religious tradition and

conceptual approach to, 19-20 modernization of, 59-60 religious harmony, in Singapore, 60-4

under Maintenance of the Religious Harmony Act, 60-2 religious law

in Singapore, 62-4

in Sri Lanka, religious litigation in, 64-9 Buddhism and, 68-9 under supreme law, 65

religious pluralism, in Singapore, 60-4 remediation mechanisms, in Thailand, 151 repressive law, 323

Research Committee on Sociology of Law, 6 restorative justice, in South Korea, 329-34

Bucheon Branch Court, 331-2

under Criminal Procedure Act, 330 justice agencies, 330

victim protection, 330

Reynolds, Frank, 25

rightful resistance, 196-9

rights consciousness

entitlements and, 161-2

for third gender category, in Pakistan, 162-9

benefits and costs of, 166-7 family influences on, 163-4

Khawaja Sira community,

162-9

religious benefits of, 164-5

rights theory, law and society and,

11-12

Roff, William, 56

Rokumoto, Kahei, 144-6

Rudolph, Lloyd, 8

Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, 8

rural identities, 12

Sangam (NGO), 189-92

sangha

Buddha in, 24-5

in Buddhism, 26

Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, 100

Sartori, Paolo, 75-6

Sasana, in Sri Lanka, 64-9

sati (mindfulness), 41

scientism, 49-50 secularism

in China, 47-51

as anti-clericalism, 48-9 rationalism and, 49-50 scientism and, 49-50 “smash temples, build schools,” 48

in India, 47-51

Islamic law and, 57-9

modern law and, 43-4

stability of, 43-4

Seidel, Anna, 30

SELDA (NGO), 206-8

sense of humanity. See qing

sex workers, criminalization of, 212-15

Shafi�i school, of Islamic law, 52-3

Shapiro, Martin, 290

Sharafi, Mitra, 221

shari’a

courts, women’s treatment in, 281-2 definition of, 32 fiqh and, 33

definition of, 32

implementation of, 32-3

shari’a (cont.)

as Islamic law, 31-4, 53-4

as legal rules, 33-4

in Malaysia, 56 sources for, 32

legal consciousness and, in Malaysia, 171-5 non-legal elements of, 32

as principal values, 33-4

Shari’a Criminal Offenses Act, 172-3

Shintoism, 69-72

Yasukuni shrine, 69-72

shrine communities, in Japan, 77

Singapore

legal mobilization in, for gay collective action, 199-201

legal pluralism in, 85-6

Maintenance of the Religious Harmony Act,

60-2

creation of, 61-2

religious harmony in, 60-4 under Maintenance of the Religious

Harmony Act, 60-2

religious law in, 62-4

religious pluralism in, 60-4

Singhvi, Abhishek Manu, 235

Skandhaka, 28

skepticism, in law and society, 4 “smash temples, build schools,” 48 social Darwinism, 49 social hierarchies, 11 social theory, legal pluralism and, 78-82 sociolegal studies, 5-6 sociology of law, 5-6

in legal consciousness, 142-7 somatization of conflict, 105 South Korea

legal mobilization in, 212-15

Punishment and the Protection

Act, 212-13

restorative justice in, 329-34 Bucheon Branch Court, 331-2 under Criminal Procedure Act, 330 justice agencies, 330 victim protection, 330 vernacularization of human rights in,

212-15 criminalization of sex workers,

212-15 reinforcement of gender roles,

214-15

victimhood and, of prostitution, 212-14

Southeast Asian legal systems. See also specific countries

legal pluralism in, 75, 83-7 globalisation-law, 86 Islamic law, 85 native law and, 84-5

SPC. See Supreme People's Court

spirits. See guardian spirits spousal abuse, in People’s Republic of China, 126-9

Sri Lanka

Buddhist Constitutionalism in, 64-9 protections for Buddhism under, 65-8 under supreme law, 65

Christian organizations in, 67-8 communal clashes in, 23-64, 68-9 religious litigation in, 64-9

Buddhism and, 68-9

under supreme law, 65

Sasana in, 64-9

state courts, in Rajasthan, India, 109 state monopoly on religious law, 56-7 structural interpenetration, 100 Suehiro, Izutaro, 7, 142

Sunna, Islamic law in, 54-5

Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act of 1956, India, 220

Supreme People’s Court (SPC), in PRC, 319-21 Sutravibhanga, 28

Swift, Robert, 206

Syariah Criminal Offenses Act, 55-6

Syariah Criminal Procedure Act, 55-6

Tahir, Juma, 98, 100

Taiwan

courts in, judicialization of politics in, 297-303

under Act Governing the Recovery of Damage of Individual Rights, 301-2

Constitutional Court, 297-303 expansion of judicial power, 298-9 during Kuomintang regime, 297-8, 300-2

lawmaking by, 303 structural division of, 298 during transition to democracy, 300 legal consciousness in, 177-81

culture concepts in, 179-80

emotional element of, 179-80 emotional element of legal consciousness, 179-80

identity and, 180 interpretation of family conflict, 178-9 legal professions in, 258-62

ACL Network, 259-60 judges, 260—1

Judicial Reform Foundation, 259-60 lawyers, 258-60

Prosecutor Reform Association, 261 zιjιren in, 178-81

Taixu, 48 Tamanaha, Brian, 93 Tamney, Joseph B., 61 Tanase, Takeo, 145-6 Tao te ching, 30-1

Taoism

Celestial Masters and, 31

classical, 29-31

Confucianism and, 28-9 legal tradition and, 28-31 as religious movement, 31

T’ien-shih movement, 31

sources of, 30 Taussig, Michael, 343-4 temples as sacred center, 37-8 Thai Law of the Three Seals, 84-5 Thailand

Buddhism in, 35-43, 152 household as sacred center, 36-8 temples as sacred center, 37-8

Chiangmai Provincial Court, 147-9, 352-3

courts in, 283-8 judges' role in, 283-8 Khru juling case, 286-7 trials in, increase in, 285

Islamic law in, women’s rights under, 169-76

law and society scholarship in, legal consciousness in, 350-3

Chiangmai Provincial Court, 352-3 pyramid model of litigation, 351-2

legal consciousness in, 152-81 Chiangmai Provincial Court and, 147-9 ideoscapes and, 150 injury narratives, 148-52 mediascapes and, 150

under People’s Constitution of 1977, 151 remediation systems and, 151

legal pluralism in, in Constitution, 86 Thapa, Lily, 186-9

Thero, Daranagama Kusaladhamma, 66-7 third gender category, in Pakistan, legal consciousness for, 162-9 benefits and costs of, 166-7 family influences on, 163-4 Khawaja Sira community, 162-9 religious benefits of, 164-5

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), 209

Thurnwald, Richard, 80

T’ien (Confucian text), 29

T’ien-shih movement, 31 Timor-Leste

democratic culture in, establishment in,

88-92

legal pluralism in, 90-2 state-based system of, 91-2

traditional social systems in, 87-8 witch killings in, 87-92

as customary punishment, 89-90 early reports on, 88-9

Tin Hla, 193

Tu, Nguyen Phuong, 196-9

Tun Tun, 193-4, 196

Tung Chung-shu, 32

TWAIL. See Third World Approaches to International Law

Ubink, Janine, 76-7

Upham, Frank, 146 urban identities, 12

usul al-fiqh (Islamic legal theory), 52-3, 58-9

Vidler, Michael, 268-9

Vietnam

criminal sentencing in, in Vietnamese courts, 334-6

judicial corruption in, 337-43 lab results issues, 342

under Narcotic Drug and Psychotropic Substances Law, 341-3

for narcotics cases, 341-2 law and society scholarship in, for labour law, 364-7

legal mobilization for labour law in, 196-9 rightful resistance, 196-9

legal professions in cause lawyers, 254-5 juridification of cause advocacy, 253-7 legal case study, 255-7

legal system reform, 254-5

Villagers’ Buddhism, 35, 39

Vinayas

in Buddhist legal tradition,

27-8

as law, 27-8

monastic rules in, 27—8

Pratimoksa, 28

preservation of, 27

Skandhaka, 28

structure of, 28

Sutravibhanga, 28

Vinayas (Buddhist law codes), 24—5 van Vollenhoven, Cornelis, 7 vyavahara (legal procedure), 22—3

Wada, Yoshitaka, 145 Wallschaeger, Christian, 146

Weber, Max, 29

on legal coercion, 77 wheel-turning kings. See cakravartin kings WHR. See Women for Human Rights widows' rights, in Nepal, 186—9 winyan, in Buddhism, 39 witch killings, in Timor-Leste,

87—92

as customary punishment,

89—90

early reports on, 88—9 women. See also gender inequality; gender roles; specific countries

cultural capital for, in Chinese courts,

²95^—6

in India

in legal professions, 236, 249—53

under Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act of 1956, 220 as judges

in China, 293—6

feminization of courts, global influences on, 293—6

in Malaysia, under Islamic law, 169—76 in Nepal, legal mobilization for rights of, 186—92

for citizenship rights, 189—92 at local level, 189—92 Sangam (NGO), 189—92 support structure for, 186 for widows’ rights, 186—9 Women for Human Rights, 186—9

in shari’a courts, 281—2

Women for Human Rights (WHR), 186—9

Wright, Warren, 90

wu-wei (non-action/non-doing), 29

Xi Jinping, 99, 326—7, 329

Yang Jinzhu, 204—5

Yasukuni shrine, 69—72

Yu Mei-nu, 259—60

Zardari, Asif Ali, 266

Zhang Binglin, 48

Zhou, Xueguang, 289—90

Zhu, Suli, 8

zιjιren (belonging and acceptance as proper child/parent), 178—81