Index

Abscam, influence use in, 80

Accusatorial system, Watergate hearings and, 85

Adelman, Roger, 102

Adler, Friedrich (Fritz), act justified by, 163; amnesty for, 165; closing remarks by, 164; father’s influence and, 180; sentence of, 164–165; trial of, 163–165

African National Congress (ANC), apologies by, 74; election of, 73; trials of, 30; vs.

Afrikaners, as defendants, 30; martyrs and, 31

Agnew, Spiro, 80

American Indian Movement (AIM), broken treaty grievances, 221; ethnic autonomy in, 36; FBI infiltration of, 230–231; as national movement, 36; vs. SWAPO, 36; vs. technical society, 36; Wounded Knee demands, 224. See also Wounded Knee trial

Anthony, Susan B., higher law obeyed, 123; as key dissenter, 122; speech by, 123

Apartheid, collapse of, 30; ethnic isolation of, 35; internment without trial, 29; pain and suffering from, 74; racist domination of, 35–36; silence broken, 75; transition away from, 73; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 75

Aquinas, Thomas, 277

Armstrong, Karlton (Karl), bomb preparations, 169–170; bombings by, 166–167; Canada extradition and, 167; childhood of, 168; defense witnesses, 171–174; demonstration participation, 169; disillusioned and betrayal feelings, 168; federal hearings, 177–179; final arguments, 176–177; idealist frustrated, 176; political violence ethics, 169; prosecution case, 175–176; rehabilitation of, 178–179; sentencing hearing of, 170–175; violence as morally right, 180

Assassination of Chief Elifas, court sentences in, 36–37; defendant role in, 38; detentions from, 40; Namibia hindered by, 35; police, 37–38; as political crime, 35; Proclamation R.17, 39; state role in, 38; SWAPO leadership and, 35; Terrorism Act and, 37, 38–39; vigilantes activities, 36, 37–38

Assassinations, Colonel Brown, 3; Lord Kilwarden, 3; Chief Elifas, 35; Daniel McNaughtan, attempt by, 95; President Garfield, 98; Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Milk, 100; John Hinckley, attempt by, 102; by Friedrich Adler, 163

Authoritarianism, defined, 29

Bacon, Francis, accomplishments of, 81; impeachment of, 81; punishment of, 81; trial of, 81; vs.

Bad Heart Bull, 222

Baker, Bernard, Dr. Fielding break-in, 86; β€œplumbers” trial, 86

Banks, Dennis, SWAPO and, 36; trial of, 225 ff.

Barbie, Klaus, 288

Barshak, Ed, 152

Bartlett, Calvin, 152

Bazelon, David, 150

Bellingham, John, 92

Bernstein, Carl, Watergate and, 88

Berrigan, Daniel, higher law obeyed, 123

Berrigan, Phillip, higher law obeyed, 123

Berrigans’ trial, actions of, 153–154; civil disobedience, 153; conscience vs. law, 155–156; kidnapping conspiracy, 154; Vietnam war issues, 154–155; war challenged symbolically, 154

Biddle, Francis, 271

Biehl, Amy, 75

Biko, Steve, 74–75

Black Panthers trial, characteristics of, 208–210; goals of, 208; jury nullification, 210; as nationalists, 208; twenty-one trial, 210–213

Blackstone, William, 276

Blinder, Martin, 100–101

Boer War, 31

Boleyn, Anne, charges against, 83; death of, 83; marriage of, 124; partisan nature of, 82; trial of, 3, 82–83

Bonner, Yelena, 29

Boorstin, Daniel, 92

Booth, John Wilkes, 102

Borden, Lizzie, 107

Boston Five trial, actions of, 146; appeals courts and, 148; appellate court opinion, 149; conscience and, 149; conspiracy of, 146; judge’s charge to jury, 148–149; jury conflicting messages to, 151–152; members of, 147; national petition by, 146; prosecution message, 153

Boudin, Leonard, 152

Bradshaw, John, vs. King Charles, 263-265

Bribe, defined, 81

Bribery trials, responsibility and, 80. See also Responsibility

Broomfield, R.S., 204

Brown, John, 123

Bukharin, Nikolas, vs. public prosecutor, 28

Bushell, Edward, 140

Butterfield, Alexander, 85

Byrne, Matthew, Ellsberg-Russo trial, 84; mistrial by, 84; political pressure of, 84

Casement, Roger, trial, 199

Catonsville Nine, 123

CBS, libel trial against, 79; responsibility of, 79

Cecil, Robert, 18, 120

Cecil, William, 18

Chapman, Mark, 103

Charles I, King, trial, authority for, 263; Cromwell’s concerns with, 261– 262; execution of, 265; high court’s authority over, 262; impact of, 265–266; indictment of, 262–263; verdict of, 265; vs.

Chief Elifas trial, accused in, 42; accused vs. SWAPO, 46; appeals denied, 68; church involvement in, 45; court officers, 43; cross-examination vs. state security, 46; culture vs. language in, 44; defense case summary, 59–62; defense issues in, 44–45; defense strategies, 53–54; defense witnesses, 54–58, 63–65; demonstrators at, 45; Dippenaar testimony, 51–52; Ferreira testimony, 53; final arguments, 58–62; guilty verdicts, 65; Ihuhua testimony, 55; judgement and sentencings, 62–68; mercy vs. vengeance requested, 66–67; Namunjebo testimony, 48–49; nurses’ testimony, 49, 58; opening of, 42–46, 45–46; police methods, 49–51; police-state mood in, 47; pre-sentencing testimony, 65–66; prosecution case summary, 59; prosecution witnesses, 46–54, 62–63; Schoon testimony, 52–53; security police officers, 43–44; sentencing, 67–68; Shikongo testimony, 55–58; Shivute testimony, 47–48; solitary confinement witnesses in, 62–63; starting date of, 43; storekeeper testimony, 55; Supreme Court and, 42–43; SWAPO songs, 52; witness refusing testimony, 51

Christian churches, attacks on, 40

β€œClass expediency,” vs. individual guilt, 27

Cockburn, Alexander, 95–96

Coffin, William Sloane, 146, 147

Coke, Edward, 120, 276; as prosecutor, 22–23

Colson, Charles, Dr. Fielding break-in and, 86

de Condorcet, Marquis, 266

Connally, John, trial of, 82

Conscience, joint knowledge as, 126; meaning of, 126

Cooke, Edward, Bacon trial and, 81

Corruption trials, Conclusions, 112–114; political scandal trials, 81–83; Watergate trials, 83–92. See also Insanity trials; Responsibility

Cotton, John, Anne Hutchinson and, 128–129; orthodox cause arguments, 129–130; vs. Roger Williams, 128

Cradock Four, trial of, 75

Criminal trials, individual vs. societal tensions, 290; law and religion in, 290; social fabric touched by, 291

Cromwell, Thomas, Thomas More and, 125–126

Czolgosz, Leon, 102

Darst, David, 154

Davis, Angela, trial, accused of, 213; political view of, 213; verdict in, 213–214

D.C.

Dean, John, moral odyssey of, 91; vs. White House denials, 85; Watergate cover-up story, 84

Debs, Eugene, higher law obeyed, 123; as key dissenter, 122; speeches by, 123

DeKlerk, Frederick, 74

Dershowitz, Alan M. 110

DeSeze, Raymond, 269–270

Dietz, Parker E., 104

Dissenter trials, Anne Hutchinson, 128–129; Berrigans, 153–156; Boston Five, 146–149, 151–153; conclusions, 156–157; conscience questions, 119–121; D.C. Nine, 149–151; John Lilburne, 133–143; John Peter Zenger, 143–146; Roger Williams, 126–128; Socrates, 121–124; Thomas More, 124–126

Dissenters, critical task of, 156; independent mind vs. mindless orthodoxy, 121; key trials of, 122–123; law changing methods, 124; legal issues of, 140–41; nuclear submarines and, 119; power of, 156; punishment vs. persecution, 130–131; representatives of society and, 156–157 Rosenbergs’ trial, 119–121; symbolic struggles in, 121, 156; vs. government, 119. See also Frustrated dissenters

Dow Chemical, 149

Dreyfus trial, exoneration, 25; history of, 25; as partisan trial, 25

Ehrlichman, John, bribes and, 80;

β€œplumbers” trial, 86

Elifas, Chief Filemon, assassination of, 35; as political crime, 35. See also

SWAPO trial

Elifas, Chief Emmanuel, 47

Ellsberg, Daniel, pentagon papers and, 83; psychiatrist of, 84

Emmet, Robert, 197

English revolution trials, King Charles I, 261–266; Thomas Wentworth, 256–259; William Laud, 259–261

Ervin, Sam, Robert Vesco hearings, 87–88; Watergate hearings, 84–85

Expediency, vs. justice, 15

Fenian Brotherhood, founding of, 198; purpose of, 198

Ferber, Michael, 147

Fifth amendment, vs. Star Chamber procedures, 16

Finkielkraut, Alain, 288

Flood, Daniel, 80

Follett, William, 96

Foster, Jodie, 103, 104

Frankfurter, Felix, 276, 292

Freisler, Roland, 27

Frey, John, 208

Fromme, Lynette, 102

Frustrated dissenters, conclusions, 180–181; conscience vs.

Fuchs, Klaus, 120

Fuhrman, Mark, 109

Galileo trial, symbolic meaning, 122; trial of, 121–122

Gandhi trial, guilty plea by, 203; as nationalist trial, 203; non-cooperation theory of, 204; writings of, 203

Garfield, President James, 98

Garnet, Henry, trial, as martyr, 24; Popish plot and, 24–25; trial of, 23–24

Geneva Conventions, 271

George, King, 92

Goebbels, Joseph, Knut Hamsun meeting, 205

Goetz, Bernard, subway vigilante, 79, 112

Goldman, Thomas, 103–104

Goniwe, Matthew, 75

Goodman, Mitchell, 147

Gordian knots, political and legal issues as, 7, 9, 283, 289

Government, vs. tyranny, 277

Griswold Investigation, accused vs. detainees, 41–42; history of, 40–41;

purpose of, 40; results of, 42

Griswold, Irwin. See Griswold investigation

Guatemala, amnesty spectrum for, 73; National Reconciliation, 73

Guiteau, Charles, trial, assassination reasons, 98; characteristics of, 98; insanity rejected, 99; news media and, 98; psychiatrists battle in, 99; trial of, 98–99

Gunpowder Plot trials, conspirators history, 21; Garnet trial, 23–24; history of, 18–20; indictments in, 21–22; Jesuit provocation plot, 23; Jesuits, knowledge of, 20–21; nature of, 19; people framed in, 20; Popish plot, 24–25; prosecutor for, 22; treason as crime, 22–23

Hadfield, James, 92; trial of, 97

Haldeman, H. R., bribes and, 80; clemency requested by, 91

Hamilton, Allen, 99

Hamilton, Andrew, 143

Hamsun, Knut trial, accused of, 205; Ezra Pound trial and, 205; Hitler meetings, 205; ideas of, 206–207, writings of, 207

Hani, Chris, 75

Harvard Law School, 40

Haywood, Bill, higher law obeyed, 123; as key dissenter, 122; speeches by, 123

Heresy, evidence of, 17–18; standards of, 17–18; types of, 17; vs. suspicion of, 17

Hill, Paul, trial, abortion doctor shooting, 165; actions resolved, 180; jus-

tifiable homicide, 165; martyrdom and, 165–166

Hinckley, John, trial 101–107; extremist politics of, 102; judge instructions in, 102–103; motives of, 102; prosecution responsibility in, 102; psychiatric evaluations, 103–105

Hitler, Adolf, peoples’ court and, 27; premises of, 26; Reichstag fire and, 26–27; See also Peoples’ Court

Hobbes, Thomas, 132, 277

Hoche, Lazare, 196

Hogan, John, 154

Holdsworth, William, 274

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 276, 277–278

Hoover, J.

Hopper, John, 103

Hus, John, 192

Hutchinson, Anne, trial, John Cotton follower, 128; John Wheelwright and, 128; John Wilson and, 129; trial of, 128–129; vs. John Winthrop, 128

Illinois v. Allen, 212

Inquisition. See Medieval inquisition; Spanish inquisition

Inquisitorial procedures, confession, 16; deceit in, 17; defined, 18; heresy and, 17; indeterminate prison time, 17; oath importance of, 16; omniscience assumption in, 16; origins of, 18; overthrowing of, 18; partisan trial prototype, 16; repentant actions in, 16–17; secular authority and, 16; spies in, 17; steps in, 16; torture in, 17; Watergate hearing as, 85

Insanity, defined, 102

Insanity defense, expectation of law, 105; experts’ conflicting testimony, 106; political agenda ubiquity, 107; vs. formula, 105

Insanity plea, problems of, 105–107

Insanity trials, Charles Guiteau, 98–99; conclusions, 112–114; Dan White, 99–101; Daniel McNaughtan, 94–98; Ezra Pound, 93; historical examples of, 92–93; insanity plea, 92–101; John Hinckley, 101–107; legal test for, 94; O. J. Simpson, 107–112; political agenda inescap-

able in, 112; public outcry over, 92; responsibility vs. cynicism, 114; two agendas in, 113. See also Corruption trials; Responsibility

Intellectual freedom, vs. inquisitorial procedure, 18

Internal Security Act, 30

Irish nationalists, Act of Union, 198–199; British political issues, 195–196; Catholic causes of, 195; characteristics of, 193–194; Easter Rising, 199–200; France support of, 196–197; IRA and, 200–202; protestant ascendancy and, 195; religion inseparable from, 194–195; revolutionary tradition of, 197–198; selfish motives and, 194; vs. Irish nation, 193; vs. Orange Unionists causes, 195

Irish People, The, 198

Irish Republican Army (IRA), goals of, 196; origins of, 196; terrorism and, 200–202

Jackson, Robert, 271

Jesus trial, 2, 3, gospel writers accounts of, 183–184; insurrection appearance, 184; Pontius Pilate and, 185; anti-Roman uprisings, 184; threats of, 184; vs. Sanhedrin, 184–185; as a Zealot, 184

Joan of Arc, trial, 2, 3, 188; anarchy and, 188–189; capture of, 188; threats of, 188; voices vs. pope, 188

Johnson, Sally A. C., 105

Jordan, David, 269

Jury nullification, Black Panthers trial and, 210; judge instructions and, 149–150; O.J. Simpson trial and, 111

Legitimacy, mysterious nature of, 85; Nixon administration and, 85; vs. impeachment hearings, 86

Lewis, Anthony, 73

Lewis, Thomas, 154

Liddy, G. Gordon, autobiography of, 90–91; blind obedience of, 89; bribes and, 80; code of war vs. rule of law, 90; Dr. Fielding break-in, 86; hiring of, 84; kidnapping plans, 89; overt plans of, 89; personal code of, 89–90; β€œplumbers” trial, 86; rule of law challenged by, 88; vigilante justice, 90; Watergate break-in conviction, 84

Lilburne, John trial, 111; arbitrary power vs. rule of law, 132; burden of proof, 139; freedom of speech and, 132; high treason law and, 141; history of, 132, 133; jury judging facts and law, 139–140; legal issues raised, 137–138; legal representation denied, 138–139; popularity of, 143; prison release of, 136; prison returning to, 136; self-incrimination, 139; verdict of, 141–142; writings of, 135

Locke, John, 277

Lopez, Roderigo, trial of, 22

Louis XVI trial, choices of, 268–269; defense issues, 269–270; execution of, 270; innocent plea by, 268; law and, 267–268; national convention debate, 266; vs. King Charles, 266

Luther, Martin trial, agenda in, 191; national politics influenced by, 191; papal condemnations withstood by, 191–192; representation issues, 192–193; vs. papal indulgence selling, 191

Lutheran World Federation, Chief Elifas assignation, 40

McCarthy, Joseph, 17

McCord, James, congressional testimony by, 85; Watergate break-in conviction, 84

McIlwain, Charles, 261

McIntyre, Alasdair, 287

McNaughtan, Daniel, assassination intention by, 95; as Chartists member, 94; delusions of, 97; insanity findings, 97–98; insanity test, 95; trial of, 94; vs. Lancaster trials, 96–97, 98

β€œMcNaughtan rule”, 94

McWhirter, Ross, 201

Magruder, Jeb, congressional testimony by, 85; history of, 91; moral stumbling block of, 91; Watergate coverup story, 84

Mandel, Marvin, 80

Mandela, Nelson, 214; freeing of, 72; trial of, 30

Mardian, Robert, 154

Martinez, Eugenio, Dr. Fielding break-in, 86; β€œplumbers” trial, 86

Mau, Carl, 40

Mead, William, 111, 140

Means, Russell, SWAPO and, 36; trial of, 225 ff.

Media, accuracy of, 108; court behavior changes from, 108; partisan trials and, 112; selectivity of, 108; truth responsibility for, 113

Medieval inquisition, purpose of, 189; vs. episcopal courts, 189

Melville, Marjorie, 154

Melville, Thomas, 154

Milk, Harvey, 100

Mische, George, 154

Mitchell, John, trial, 154; bribes and, 80; Robert Vesco trial of, 85–86; Watergate cover-up story, 84

Moore, Sara Jane, 102

More, Thomas, obligation of conscience, 125; partisan trial, 125; resignation by, 125; trial of, 3, 124–126

Morgan, Richard, 95

Morgenthau Plan, 272

Morrison, Charles, 266

Moylan, Mary, 154

Mushimba, Aaron, 36

β€œMutt and Jeff” techniques, 17

Nagle, Pierce, 198

Namibia, Chief Elifas assassination, 36; history of, 36; independence of, 36, 72; UN responsibility for, 36; vs. separate tribal homelands, 36

National Party, apologies by, 74

Nationalism, religion inseparable from, 194

Nationalists trials, Angela Davis, 213–214; Black Panthers, 207–213; conclusions, 214–216; Gandhi, 203–204; Irish nationalists, 193–203; Joan of Arc, 188–189; judgment of history and, 214; Knut Hamsun, 204–207; Martin Luther, 191–193; political bond of, 183; political identity from, 183; power sources of, 215; religious trials from, 183; Roman Empire, 183–188; Spanish Inquisition,189; as transforming leaders, 215–216; vs. societal values, 214–15

Native Americans, Roger Williams and, 127. See also Wounded Knee trial

Nazi Party, 27

Nelson, Ruth Youngdahl, 119

New York Times, pentagon papers and, 83

New York Times v. Sullivan, 79, 145

Newton, Huey, 208

Nixon, President Richard, impeachment hearings, 86; legitimacy of, 85; resignation of, 87; Watergate break-in and, 83–92; Watergate cover-up, 86

Non-cooperation Theory, 204

Norman, Thomas, 100

Norris v. Alabama, 111

Northern Star, 97

Nuremberg Principle, 272

Nuremberg trials, Allied misdeeds and, 271; flaws in, 271–272; innocence presumption in, 271; legal basis for, 271; outcomes of, 272; rule of law for, 272

Oath, inquisitor use of, 16

O’Connor, Feargus, 96–97, 98

O’Farrell, Patrick, 195

O’Leary, John, 198

Orange Union, British political issues, 195–196; protestant ascendance effects of, 195; vs. Irish nationalist, 195

Oswald, Lee Harvey, 102

Oxford, Edward, 92

Paisley, Ian, 195

Parket, Barrington, 102

Partisan justice, as propaganda, 29; vs. justice, 29

Partisan trials, characteristics of, 10; defined, 10; Dreyfus case, 25–26; evidence lacking, 26; examples of, 10; gunpowder plot trials, 18–25; inquisitor prototype of, 16; inquisitorial procedures, 16–18; media attention in, 112; political expediency in, 26; purposes of, 15–16, 25– 26; South African trials, 29–31; Stalin trials, 26–29; vs. no trial, 15; vs. political trials, 11

Penn, William, 111, 140

Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg and, 83; β€œplumbers” established, 84; psy-

chiatrist office break-in, 84; theft trial of, 84; Watergate break-in and, 83–84

Peoples’ Court, defense attorneys in, 27; Hitler and, 26–27; judges chosen in, 27; Nazi Party control of, 27

Peters, Edward, 18

Police state, partisan courts and, 28

Political liberty, vs. inquisitorial procedure, 18

Political scandal trials, Anne Boleyn, 82–83; corruption trials and, 83; entanglement difficult in, 83; Francis Bacon, 81; John Connally, 82; judicial system confidence in, 82; nature of, 82–83; Watergate, 83–92

Political trials, examples of, 1, 303–319; free society served from, 292; functions of, 285; heroes prosecuted in, 2; judgments sensible in, 2; law and politics, 1–8; learning from, 7; legacy of, 7; public identity tensions, 291; public understanding crystallizing, 286; realist vs. legalist perspectives, 283; rethinking concepts from, 286–287; society changes from, 285; society redefining from, 290; society’s own judicial review, 286; Stalin and, 29; stories contain political agendas, 287; stories as threats to society, 288–289; synopsis of, 10–13; tension between legal, 7–8; types of, 11; typology of, 8–10; understanding civilizations from, 291– 292; values collision in, 289–290; vs. partisan trials, 11

Political trials typology, dissenters, 9; dual agendas in, 8; insanity cases, 12; law understanding from, 13; nationalists, 9; public responsibilities, 9; regimes, 9; unique cases, 10; vs. ordinary trials, 8

Pollock, Frederick, 96

Pound, Ezra, accomplishments of, 93– 94; famous rally support, 93; trial of, 93; vs. Soviet Union, 93

Popish plot, 24–25; Henry Garnet and, 23–24; Jesuit provocation plots, 23

Porter, J.K., 99

Powell, Adam Clayton, 80

Powell v. Alabama, 111

Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 201

Price, Raymond, 87

Proclamation R.17, 39; limitations of, 39; powers of, 39; vs. Terrorism Act, 39

Public office, power temptations of, 82; vs. private life, 82

Quisling, Vidkun, 205

Raskin, Marcus, 147

Ray, James Earl, 102

Raynal, Abbe, 195

Realist, law and order, 284; rules of law vs. rule of law, 283–284; vs. legalist perspectives, 283

Red Cloud, Edgar, 241–242

Regimes trials, civil religion and, 274; conclusions, 272–278; difficulties of, 255; English revolution, 256–266; governments dual in, 273; law from, 272–273; legitimacy of, 275–277; Louis XVI, 266–270; Nuremberg, 270–272; as political trials, 273; rule of law vs. revolution, 255; self-help vs. rule of law, 273–274; support for, 274–275

Religion, nationalism inseparable from, 194

Religious trials, political bond of, 183

Religious truth, vs. inquisitorial procedure, 18

Responsibility, bribery trials and, 80; influence and, 80; political questions and, 80; self-help and, 79–80; trial types of, 79; vs. insanity, 81; vs. legitimacy, 80; Watergate and, 87

Revolutionary justices, Guatemala and, 73; SWAPO urge for, 73; types of, 73

Rhode, Deborah L., 109

Robespierre, Maximilien, 267

Roman Empire, Christians persecuted by, 185–186; Jesus and, 183–185; nationalists persecuted by, 188; St. Augustine and, 187–188; spirit of Constantine, 186–187

Rosenberg, Ethel, trial of, 119–121

Rosenberg, Julius, trial of, 119–121

Rule of law, revolutions and, 278

Russell, Conrad, 257

Russo, Anthony, pentagon papers theft, 84

St. Clair, James, 151

St. Just, Louis-Antoine-Leon, 267

Schmidt, Douglas, 100

Secret investigations, confessions from, 16–17; inquisitor use of, 16

Security police, defense case known by, 69; spying by, 69

Seymour, Jane, 83

Sharon, General Ariel, 79

Shikongo, Hendrik, 36–37

Sidney, Algernon, 261

Simpson, O. J., accused, 107; acquittal of, 108; celebrity status of, 110; domestic abuse, 109–110; jury nullification, 111; jury selection, 110–111; jury selection confidence, 111–112; media accuracy, 108; political trial, 108; prejudices, 109; race politics, 108; trial of, 107–112; vs. Southern justice, 109

Sirhan, Sirhan, 102

Sirica, John, integrity of, 82; sentencing postponements by, 84; Watergate trial, 84; White House tapes and, 85

Socrates, trial of, 121; writings of, 123

South African Terrorism Act, authority of, 37; defendants charged under, 37; vs. defense efforts, 44–45

South African trials, apartheid collapse and, 30; Boer War and, 31; history of, 30–31; Internal Security Act and, 30; as partisan show trials, 29; Terrorism Act and, 29–30

South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO), Chief Elifas assassination, 35–40; defense witnesses, 54–58; elections of, 73; ethnic identify in, 36; final arguments, 58–62; Griswold investigations, 40–42; judgment and sentencing, 62–68; national chairman, 45; as national movement, 35; political philosophy of, 35; prosecution witnesses, 46–54; revolutionary justice, urge for, 73; spying incident, 69–72; trial, 42–76; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 72–76; vs. AIM, 36

Sovereignty, 277

Spanish inquisition, groups persecuted by, 189–190; Jews and, 190; length of, 189; papacy independent of, 189;

papal admonition, 189; punishment types, 190

Spitzka, Edward, 99

Spock, Benjamin, 146, 147

Spying, appeal granted based on, 71; impact of, 72; judge decision on, 70–71 police by, 69; supreme court decisions on, 71–72

Stalin trials, as class struggle, 27; dual system of, 29; guilt irrelevant in, 27; jurisprudence of, 27–28; justice and, 29; partisan justice legacy, of 28–29; political prosecutions, 29; vs. dissidents, 29; vs. political cases, 29

Stans, Maurice, bribes and, 80; congressional testimony by, 85; media coverage of, 87–88; Robert Vesco trial and, 85–86; rule of law and, 87

Star Chamber, abolishment of, 135; inquisitor use of, 16; John Lilburne and, 134–135; media attention in, 112; origins of, 132–133; South African Terrorism Act and, 37; vs. fifth amendment, 16

Starr, Kenneth, 17

Strangman, J., 203

Suspicion of heresy, types of, 17; vs. heresy, 17

SWAPO trial, see South West African People’s Organization.

Szasz, Thomas, 101

Taylor, Stephen, 76

Terrorism Act, police powers and, 29–30; vs. Proclamation R.17, 39

Terrorist, defined, 37

Thomsen, Roszel, 155–156

Till, Emmet, 109

Time Magazine, libel trial against, 79; responsibility of, 79

Tone, Wolfe, as chef de brigade, 196; death of, 197; Irish nationalist revolution, 197

Torture, African National Congress, 74; African National Party and, 74; confession from, 17; inquisitor use of, 17

Totalitarian regimes, political trials and, 1

Treason, constructive, 257; defined, 22, 256; meaning explained, 256–257

Treason trial, South African trials as, 30

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, apartheid officials and, 75; breakthroughs of, 74–75; chairman of, 74; committees of, 74; goals of, 73; moral dilemmas of, 75–76; purpose of, 30

Tutu, Desmond, 74

β€œTwinkie defense,” 101

United Nations, Namibia and, 36

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 276

Vesco, Robert, bribe by, 85–86; Watergate linkage, 88

Victoria, Queen, 92

Vigilantes, activities of, 37–38

Voltaire, imprisonment of, 15

Vorster, B.J., 40

Vyshinsky, Andri, 28

Washington Post, Watergate and, 88

β€œWatergate,” defined, 83; power use in, 80

Watergate congressional hearings, as inquisitor model, 84–85; witnesses testifying in, 85

Watergate trials, administration legitimacy, 85; clemency requested in, 91–92; congressional hearings, 84–85; cover-up ending, 84; cover-up story, 84; cover-up trial, 86; Ellsberg-Russo trial and, 84; G. Gordon Liddy and, 88–91; impeachment hearings, 86; Jeb Magruder and, 91–92; John Dean’s testimony vs. White House denials, 85; meaning from, 87; media and, 87–88; Mitchell-Stans trials, 85–86; pentagon papers and, 83–84; β€œplumbers” trial, 86; Robert Vesco and, 88; rule of law and, 83; rule of law vs. political allegiances, 87; as supreme political scandal, 83; victory in, 92

Wedgewood, C. V., 262

Weekly Journal, 144

Wentworth, Thomas trial, constructive treason doctrine, 257; treason and, 256–257

Westmoreland, General William, 79

Wheelwright, John, 128

White, Dan, assassinations by, 100;

council reappointment and, 100; diminished

capacity, 101; disease of,

100; history of, 99–100; jury findings,

101; political aspects of, 101;

trial of, 99–101; β€œtwinkie defense”,

101

White House, tapes from, 85

Williams, Roger, as minister, 127; Native Americans and, 127; Rhode Island founded by, 128; trial of, 126–128; vs. John Cotton, 128; vs. oath, 127

Wilson, John, 129

Wilson, Richard, AIM and, 224; impeachment hearing of, 222; ministers attacked by, 224; tribal chairman, 222

Windhoek Advertiser, 35

Winthrop, John, 128

Woodward, Bob, Watergate and, 88

Wounded Knee occupation, AIM demands, 224; events preceding, 221– 222; fighting at, 224–225; residents as hostages, 223–224

Wounded Knee trial, Agnes Gilder-sleeve testimony, 233–234; AIM and, 221, 222; BIA building seizure, 221; change of venue, 225; charges dismissed in, 226; conspiracy issues, 247–248; Dee Brown testimony, 235–238; defense issues, 246; defense position in, 226–230; defense rebuttal witnesses, 243–244; defense witnesses, 235–240; dilemma of, 251; dismissal of, 248–251; evidentiary hearing for, 234; FBI behavior, 234; FBI criticism, 250; final arguments, 245–248; Frank Kills Enemy testimony, 238–239; Gladys Bissonette testimony, 239–240; government issues, 245–246; government rebuttal witnesses, 241–243; government witnesses, 230–235; indictments, 225–226; jury prejudice, 246–247; jury profile, 295–302; Louis Moves Camp, 240–245; military involvement, 250–251; occupation at, 223–225; opening statements, 226–230; opposition vs. nature of law, 245; Paul Manhart testimony, 231–233; reactions to, 251; tribal impeachment, 222; Vine

Deloria testimony, 235; whole theory of law, 245

Yellow Thunder, Raymond, 221–222

Zenger, John Peter, accused, 145; factual errors vs. malicious errors, 145; freedom of the press, 144; history of, 143; interrogation, 133–134; jury perjured, 143; punishment of, 134–135; Star Chamber oath, 134; trial of, 111, 132, 133–143, 143–146; verdict, 145

Zimroth, Peter, 210