Index

adjudication, 137-52; and judicial review 152-5

Administrative Court, 78, 89, 119, 195, 219

allocation of powers, xxx, xxxvii, 20-1, 24-5, 29, 97, 240-1

Ambedkar, B.R., Chairman of the Drafting Committee, xl-xli, 110-11, see also under freedom of speech

Amnesty International, 224

Anderson judgment, 78, 119, 218 anti-terrorism legislation, 164-5, 172

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, 2001 (ATCSA), 68-9, 88, 170-1, 220

Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004, 67

Baiai, 71, 87

Bank Nationalization case, 43, 111

Basic Structure case, 43, 45-7, 53-4, 99, 242; see also Golak Nath

'basic structure' doctrine, 46, 55-6, 58

Bellinger, 77, 126, 152, 155, 157, 159, 162-3, 220; and Transsexual Relationship Rights 155-7

Belmarsh Prison Case, 68-9, 82, 88, 100, 119, 126, 164-5, 170-4;

see also, Kartar Singh case Bharatiya Janata Party, 107-8 bicameral legislatures, xl bill of rights, xxxi-xxxii, 3, 5, 7, 10,

240; attempts to enact xxxii;

Labour Party and, xxxii

Bingham, Lord, Chief Justice, xxxvi,

90, 171, 209

Blair, Tony, xxx

breach of: Convention rights, 91; declaration of incompatibility, 145;

international obligations, 99-100, 129, 183; rules of natural justice, 136

British Parliament Immigration and

Asylum Act, 1999, 68-9

Brown, Lord Justice, 68, 70-1, 87, 209, 213

Cabinet Office, Guide to Making

Legislation of, 89

Calcutta High Court, 53 Care Standards Act, 2000, 72 Carswell, Lord, 210

Chandrachud, Chief Justice, 57 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 5 Clift, 71-2, 85

'collateral institutions', 190 Commissions, 139-40, 142-3, 147, 226, 228-30, 239; appointment of members, 140

common minimum programme, 146 comparative constitutional law, xlvii-xlviii, li

Congress Party, 60, 107-8, 243 Conservative Party, xxxix, 15, 74, 114, 239-41, 243

Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government, 83-4

Constituent Assembly, xl, xliii, 31, 45, 109-10

constitutional amendments, xlvii,

14, 24, 30-1, 33-4, 36-51, 53-7, 96, 107-8, 112, 180; Thirty-fourth Amendment, 111

Constitutional Convention or constitutional power, 65, 91-5, 105-8

constitutional provisions, misinterpretation of, 111

Constitutional review, xlix constitutional rights, xxix, xl, xlv, xlix,

12, 39, 110, 170, 174, 187, 239 constitutionalism, models of, 5, 10,

12, 115, 124

convention rights, xxxiii-xxxviii, 8-9, 67-9, 72-3, 75-6, 88-93, 128, 130-1, 175, 208-9, 213-17; in domestic courts, xxxiii

Council of Europe (CoE), xxxii, xxxiv, 197, 207

'countermajoritarian difficulty', 4 Court of Appeal (England and Wales or Northern Ireland), 133 court of appeal, 68-71, 86-7, 113, 136, 145, 148, 156, 203-4, 221

Court of Protection, 133

Court of Session (Scotland), 133

Criminal Justice Act, 1991, 70, 204 Criminal Justice Act, 2003, 135 Criminal Records Bureau, 69 decisional space, India and UK, 98-101 declaration of incompatibility,

64-70, 72-89, 91-102, 113-15, 119-23, 183-4, 187-90, 192-9, 201-8, 216-21, 237-41; and British courts, xxx, 211; and British Parliament, xxix; and constitutional rights, xlix; and HRA debate in Parliament, 121; JCHR role in, 193-4; and Parliamentary sovereignty, xxxvii; and political options, 95, 108; and political responses in United Kingdom to, 64-91, 254-85; spaces for responding to, 97; Strasbourg Court and, 90-1; in transsexuality, 76; under section 4 of the HRA, 174; UK Parliament and, 102

delegated legislation, 27, 39, 106-7 'democratic dialogue' model, 5 Deshmukh, P.S., 109 dialogue model, 7

Dicey, A.V., 2

Directive Principles of State Policy, xl Divisional Court, 144-5, 148

Dixon, Rosalind, 9 domestic courts, xxxiii, 89-90, 183-4, 197, 208-9, 212-16, 219, 235 domestic law, xxxv, 90-1, 172, 210-11 Donaldson, Lord, 89 'dual democratic legitimacy', l

eclipse, doctrine of, 34-8, 43, 50 emergency and anti-terrorism legislation, 164-72; European Convention, xxxi, 8, 190

European Court of Human Rights, xxxii, 91, 158, 215, 242

freedom of speech, 40, 105;

Ambedkar and, 110 functionalism, lii-liii, 190 fundamental principle, xxxiv, xli, 70,

210

fundamental rights, xxxix, xlii,

xlvi, 11, 31, 33-7, 39, 44-5,

50-8, 127-9, 177-8; amendment,

30-48, 58, 61, 98-100, 102-7, 117, 121; to property, 42

Gandhi, Indira, Prime Minister,

xlix, 110, 165, see also national emergency, declaration of

Gandhi, Rahul, 60

Gender Recognition Act, 2004, 199 genuine rights reasoning, xxx, 164,

168-9, 174, 176, 181, 188-9, 238 genuine understanding of rights, xxx,

21, 23, 125-6, 149, 174, 188, 237-8

Gokhale, H.R., 112

Golak Nath, 43, 47, 182; in Basic

Structure case, 45

Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1969, 104

Hale, Baroness, 72, 74, 79, 172, 208 Hidayatullah, Justice, 45

Hoffman, Lord, 132, 210, 217 Hogan, Justice, 79

House of Commons, xxxi, xxxv, 18,

75, 86, 151, 191, 222, 240, 243 House of Lords, xxxi, 18-19, 76-8,

84-5, 89, 135-7, 156-8, 163, 170-1, 173, 217-19

Housing Act, 1996, 102, 202

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, 1990, 218-19

Human Rights Act (HRA), xxix- xxxvi, xxxviii-xxxix, 8-10, 15, 64-8, 72-5, 79-84, 128-31, 133, 206-8, 238-45; Conservative Party to repeal, xxxix; and declarations of incompatibility, xxxviii; Section 2(1) of 209-14

Human Rights Bill, 74, 174 human rights: law 91; protection

of, xxxi-xxxii, 8, 191, 223, 225; violations, 62, 226, 233; NHRC and violations of, 225

'hybrid model' of judicial review, 5

I.R.

69

Indian Constitution, xxx, xxxix, xli, xliii-xliv, xlvii-xlix, 10-12, 21, 25, 30, 178, 242-3

Indian courts, xxx, xl, xlii, xliv, 25, 124-6, 134, 137, 163-4, 187-9, 238; decision-making process and, 126

Indian Evidence Act, 1872, 229

Indian Parliament, 31, 47, 96-9, 101, 110, 115-16, 122, 130, 150, 188, 238; and judgments striking down legislation, 103

Indian Penal Code, validity of section 377, 152

Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931, 40, 105

Indian Supreme Court, xlv-xlvi, 60-1, 125-6, 128, 134-5, 137-9, 141-2, 147-9, 163-5, 173-4, 180-8

Information Commissions, 140-3, 147

inter-branch dialogue, 13, see also

'democratic dialogue' model; dialogue model

Interdepartmental Working Group on Transsexual People, 158

Iyer, Krishna, Justice, 57

Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) UK, xxxix, 183-4, 188-99, 201-7, 225, 232-3, 235, 241, 245; and declarations of incompatibility 193-207; and NHRC, 232; resource allocation of, 198

Joint Parliamentary Committee, 189 Jowell, Jeffrey, 79

Judicial Committee, xxxvii; of Privy

Council, 133 judicial review, xxx, xlii-xliv, xlviii-l,

1-3, 5, 9-10, 12-13, 24-8, 103-4, 124-6, 242-5; new model of, 7, 12, 16, 97, 188; Ninth Schedule insulates statutes from, 103 judicial supremacy, xxix-xxx,

xxxvii, xlix-l, 2, 4, 9-10, 12-15, 24-5, 28-30, 112-15, 238-9; and legislature, 14; and understanding of rights, 24 judicial: observations, 88;

recommendations, 190, 223, 225, 231-3, 235, 245

Kay, Justice, 78, 82 Kelly, James B., 192 Kerala Agrarian Relations Act, 1961,

117; Supreme Court striking down, 42

Kerala High Court, 42, 52-3 Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963, 52, see also Kerala Agrarian Relations Act

Kerr, Lord, 39, 213

Klug Report, 197; and JCHR, 232 Kothari, Jayna, 185 Kunjukutty Sahib case, 117

Labour government, 76, 84

Labour Party, xxx-xxxii

Law Commission of India, 158, 229

Leckey, Robert, xlviii legislation in India, political

responses to, 30-64 legislative judgments, 16 legislatures, 5, 10; and courts, 14, 88;

and understanding of rights, 24 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT), 152, 154 Lester, Lord, 195

Liberal Democratic Party, 239

Lok Sabha (House of People), xl, 19,

33, 107, 110, 243; Nehru's speech during debates in, 109

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, 19

Madras Maintenance of Public Order

Act, 1949, 40

Malankara Rubber case, 117 Mance, Lord, 73-4, 175 'margin of appreciation' doctrine, 91,

207, 214-17, 221

Mascarene, Annie, xlii Matrimonial Causes Act, 1973, 76,

156, 158, 160

May, Theresa, 86

Mental Health Act, 1983, 71, 78, 117, 119, 195, 199

Mental Health Review Tribunal, 71 Modi, Narendra, 108

Mudholkar Justice, 45

Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister, 224 national emergency, declaration of,

xlix

National Food Security Act, 2013, 19

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), 189-90, 223-35, 245; and executive cooperation, 228; functions of, 225, 233;

and legislative review, 232; and primary legislations, 235

National Human Rights Commission, India, 223-26; and Executives, 226-28; and amendments to legislation, 228-35

Naz Foundation, 126, 138, 152, 157, 159, 161-4, 174, 176, 181, 185, 187, see also Bellinger; Delhi High Court on, 162; section 377 of IPC in, 160; and Sharma cases, 169

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Prime Minister, 35, 109-10

Neuberger, Lord, 73, 175-6

New Zealand Bill Rights Act, xxxv- xxxvi, 5

Nicholls, Lord, 39, 73-6, 156, 160, 171, 175

Ninth Schedule, 31, 48-55, 57-8, 62, 98-107, 116-17, 121; as 'all or nothing' tool, 104; amendments of, 30-1, 48-58, 62, 98-100, 102-3, 105-7, 121 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), xxxi, 192, 207, 224-5; public interest litigation petition by, 152

obstructionism, 19, 108 optional protocols, 223

Pandian, Justice, 166, 169 'parliamentary bill of rights' model, 5 Parliamentary Business and

Legislation Committee, 89-90 parliamentary debates, xliii, 75, 79, 84, 88, 97, 108-15, 122, 150, 193; Twenty-fifth and Thirty­fourth Amendments, 111 parliamentary sovereignty, xxix-xxx, xxxiv-xxxv, xxxvii, xliii, 2-4, 9, 14-15, 24, 222, 239; as fundamental principle, xxxiv Patna High Court, 40-1 Phillips, Lord, 70-1, 145 police custody, 183, 229; prisoners deaths in, 228, see also prisoner's voting rights political capital, 93-4, 98 politics, criminalization of, 19 power to strike down legislation, xxix-xxx, xxxvi-xxxvii, xli-xlii, xlix, 11, 25, 125-6, 164, 181-2, 189, 237-9; invocation of, 149, see also under Supreme Court Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2005, 69, 79, 173

primary legislation, 2-7, 12, 26-7, 65-6, 83, 99-100, 133, 175-8, 183-4, 186-7, 193-4; judicial review of, 27, 39; power to review, xlix; in UK, 26

prisoners, voting rights for, 93 'prospective overruling', 45, 177, 181-2

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, 161 Protection of Freedoms Act, 2012, 199

Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (PHRA), 223-6, 232 Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 (Convention), 8, 191 public order, 40, 166

Rajya Sabha (Council of States), xl, 19, 33, 60, 230

Ramaswamy, Justice, 168

Randhawa, Jasdeep, 55, 57

'reading down' or 'severability in application' doctrine, 43, 129, 131, 134, 139, 178

remedial spaces, 65, 84-5, 87, 95, 97, 101-5, 122, 237

Remedies of Duty or Discretion, 174­76; under Indian Constitution, 176-87

Representation of People Act, 1951, 60

response mechanisms and supermajorities, 58-64

review process, 127-37

Right to Education Act, 2009, 19

Right to Information Act, 2005 (RTIA), 139-44, 146-51, 164, 181

rights protection, models of, xxix, xxxvii, 1-16, 21, 25, 85; evaluation of, 16-25; scope and typology of, 26-29; UK model of, 27, 238

rights resolution, 3, 10, 24

'rights test', 54, 56-7, 103

Rodger, Lord, 146, 210

Romesh Thapar, 41

Sabharwal, Chief Justice, 57, 106

Sahai, Justice, 169

Salwa Judum, 62-3

Samuels, Alec, 131

Sastri, Patanjali, Justice, 44

Scalia, Justice, xlvii

Scott, Lord, 82, 172

Scottish Registration Appellate Court,

93

section 377, 152-5, 158-63, 181; consensual sexual activities, 153; sexual assault and, 162 severability doctrine of, 129-30 sexual assault, see also offences: statutory provision punishing, 161; of women, 160; of woman in Delhi, 161-2

sexual harassment, prevention of, 182

sexual offences, 126, 144, 146, 161

Sexual Offences Act (Remedial)

Order, 2012, 149

Sexual Offences Act, 2003 (SOA), 70, 86, 114, 144-6, 148-50, 161, 242

Sexual Offences Bill, 151

Shaila Bala Devi, 41

Sharma cases, 125-6, 138, 140, 142, 147-8, 158-9, 164, 169, 174, 176, 181; judgment in, 141

Singh, Kartar case, 126, 138, 164-70, 173-4, 176, 181, 185; judgment in, 126

social rights, xl

South African Constitution, 178

Steyn, Lord, 131

Strasbourg Court, xxxii-xxxiii, xxxv, 75-8, 89-92, 99-100, 158, 183-4, 188-90, 207-23, 240-2, 244-5; accords of, 91; decisions by, 78, 94, 207; judgments of Grand Chamber of, 209-10, 212; jurisprudence of, 90, 209-13; and transsexuals, 158

striking down of legislation, 30-1, 58-9, 63-4, 97-108, 115-17, 122-3, 147-8, 161-3, 168, 237-9, 244-5; Congress Party and, 244; political responses to,

246-53, see also under Indian

Parliament

Suicide Act, 1961, 73

Supreme Court, xliv; of India vs. UK, xlv; and power to strike down,

157- 64; transformation of, 108

Supreme Court of UK, xlv, 151, 185, 242

Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (TADA), 165-6, 168-70, 173-4, 181, 233-4 'third way' or 'third wave' bill of rights, 5, 7

Thompson case, 70-1, 86, 138, 146-9,

158- 9, 163, 242

transfer of power, xxxi, see also allocation of powers transsexuals, 76, 157-8; rights to marry, 126; and UK courts, 158, see also under Supreme Court

Tushnet, Mark, 6, 9, 14, 24, 88, 115 understanding of rights, xlix, 10, 21, 24-5, 29-30, 125, 176; and new Commonwealth model, 124

United Progressive Alliance as coalition government, 146

universal adult suffrage, 18

Vidhan Parishad (Upper House), xl Vidhan Sabha (Lower House), xl

'weak-form bills of rights', 5-6 'weak-form judicial review', 5-7, 13 West Bengal Land Development and

Planning Act, 1948, 41

West Bengal Land Holding Revenue Act, 1979, 53

Westminster Parliament, xxxiv- xxxv, 10, 18, 26, 29, 65, 88, 96-7, 101, 115, 122; and genuine understanding of rights, 21

Wilson, Lord, 73-4, 175, 214