Index

Ableiges, Jacques d^,, 39 absolutism

decline of, 32-3 development of, 30, 184 and Roman law, 73 academic law, 172 Accursius, 50, 51 administrative law

in France, 176 advocates

abolition of, 131-2

and case law, 96

and the judiciary, 177

and the learned law, 75

training, 79-80 Agobard of Lyon, 24 Alciato, Andrea, 56, 57 Alexander III, Pope, 62, 63 Alfonso X, King of Castille, 88 Alfred the Great, 85 n Alsace, 89, 94 ancien regime

and change in law, 182 courts and procedure, 10 criticismsof, 115-16, 128 and legislation, 86 social organization, 187 Anglican Church, 3 Anglo-Saxon law, 19, 85 n, 183 Ansegisus, abbot of St Wandrille, 23 Anselmo, Antoine, 44 Ant∞n, Philippe, count Merlin de Douai, 148

appeal procedure

in England, 163-4 Argentre, Bernard d*, 41 Aristotle, 47, 107-8 Artois

and customary law, 37-8 Aubry, C., 149-50 Augustine, St, 62

Austin_jJohn, 161

Austria

codification, 124-5

Austrian Netherlands, 151

and the Enlightenment, 121, 122 judicial reform, 35, 129

marriage law, 195

�authentic* documents, use of, 189-90 Avignon, University of, 78n

Bacon, Francis, 123n, 138n

Baldus de Ubaldis, 54

Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, 88, 191 Bartholomew of Brescia, 64

Bartolist School, 44, 56, 57, 72

Bartolus of Saxoferrato, 54, 83

Batavian Republic (United Provinces), 152 Baudry-Lacantinerie, G., 149

Bavarian code, 123

Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 38-9

Belgium, 148

Codejudiciaire (1967), 92

Courde Cassation, 131, 175, 176

and the French Code civil, 1, 178-9 judicial reform, 129 law of evidence, 190 nineteenth-century developments, 151-5 Belleperche, Pierre de, 54 Benedict XV, Pope, 64 Bentham₁Jeremy, 13, 137-9, 160, 177 Bernard of Parma, 64 Bigot-Preameneu, F., 5

Blackstone, SirWilliam, 136, 137, 138 Blois, Ordormance of, 194-5

Bologna, 181, 190

School of Law, 189

Univtrsity of, 78 n

Boniface VIIl, Pope, 64, 87, 183

Bourges, university of, 56-7

Bouijon, Franςois, 6-7 Boutillier₁Jean, 39-40

Brabanςon Revolution, 122, 133 Brabant

Council of, 43, 8on, 98

customary law, 38, 43, 45 Bracton, Henry, 71, 72 Braem, Hendrik, 75 n Britain

and judicial review, 175-6

see also England; Scotland

Brougham, Henry, 1st Baron, 138, 161, 162 Bruges, 94

Brussels, 133-4

Bude, Guillaume, 41, 56

Bugnet,J.-J., 139 Byzantium, 16

Calvin, John, 192

Cambaceres, J.

in the early Middle Ages, 24, 27

in England, 3, 135

and learned law, 65, 66

and marriage law, 61-2, 62-3, 195

and national law, 178

and Roman law, 46, 58-67, 72, 81 capitalism, development of, 30-1 capitularia Iegibus addenda, 22 capitularia missorum, 22 capitularia per se scribenda, 22 capitularies

in the early Middle Ages, 21-4 Carmer, J.

advantages and disadvantages, 172-3 Beaumanoir on, 38-9

and codification, 14

in England, 13, 96, 70, 135, 159, 160

and the Enlightenment, 122

in France, 6, 150

in the French Code civil, 8-9

and legislation, 86

and marriage law, 194-5

and the School of Exegesis, 151

and statutes, 170

Castro, Paulus de, 54

casus, 50

Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Church

change is law, 181-3 Charlemagne, King, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 83,

191

Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, 22,

23

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 59, 82, 101

Charles V, Emperor, 36-7, 195 Chatelet, case law of the, 39, 96 Christianity, 32

Christynen, Paul van, 98 church, the in the ancien regime, 116 and case law, 95 in the early Middle Ages, 21-2, 24-5 and English law, 3 and the law of succession, 185 and marriage law, 193-4, 195-6 and modernization of the law, 107, 108 power of the papacy, 30, 183-4 and Roman law, 72 and usury, 191-2 see also church courts; popes church courts, 25, 102-4, 126 curia episcopalis, 100, 102 Curia Romana, 101 and the law of evidence, 106, 189 loss of power, 105

officialities, 99-100, 102, 103, 189 cities, 184

and the development of capitalism, 31 and modernization of the law, 107, 108 and municipal legislation, 94 and restrictions on the sale of land, 186-7 civil law

in France, 150 reforms in England, 164-5 Clement V, Pope, 64 Clito, William, 94 Clovis (Merovingian king), 19 Cocceji, Samuel von, 123-4 Code civil des franςais (1804), 1-2, 4—10, 14, 148, 149, 187 in Belgium, 178-9 criticism of, 150 and case law, 8-9 fundamental principles, 7 and judges, 130 and the law of evidence, 190 and the law of succession, 185, 186 and legislation, 90, 91, 92 and lending, 192 and marriage law, 194, 195-6

Code de procedure civile (1806), 91-2 Codex (Corpus iuris), 18, 48, 49 codification

advantages and disadvantages, 13-14,

171 in Belgium and the Netherlands, 152-3 Bentham on, 137-9 of civil law, in France, 92-3 and civil procedure, 91-2, 132-4 in the early modern period, 35 in England, 159, 165 in the Enlightenment period, 122-8 in Germany, 155, 156-8 merits of, 11-12

Napoleonic, I, 147, 152, 153; see also Code cioil

opposition to, 13-14

Savigny on, 173, 174 Coke, Sir Edward, 135 Colbert₁Jean-Baptiste, 91 collections

of capitularies, 23-4 Cologne, University of, 78 n commentators

of Roman law, 52-5 commercial law

in England, 135-6, 182

in Germany, 155 and Roman law, 83-5 common law

American, 59 and case law, 95 and commercial law, 85 in England, 3, 34, 35, 59, 70, 106, 107, 134-5, ¹3θ> 138-9, 160, ¹^2, 163, 164, >78

in France, 6

Conciliarist theories, period of, 87 constitutional law

in France, 176 Consulat de Mar, 84 Coquille, Guy, 41 Corpus iuris canonici, 64 Corpus iuris civilis (Justinian), n, 17-18 commentators of, 52-5 criticisms of, 41, 121 glossators of, 47-52

and the Historical School, 143 and the Humanist School of Roman law, 55-8

influence of, 42

and the law of evidence, 189 and natural law, 117, 118, 140 rediscovery of, 45-7 see also Roman law

Council ofBrabant, 43, 80 n, 98

Council ofFlanders, 43, 80n, 98, ιoι, 121 CouncilofNicaea, 191

Council of Trent, 87, 194 county courts

in England, 163

Cour de Cassation, 129, 131

Court of Appeal

in England, 163-4

Court of Common Pleas (England), too courts

and case law, 172 centralization, 100-2 in the early Middle Ages, 25-6 in the early modern period, 35, 99-107 in England, ιoo-ι, 135, 161, 163-4 in the Enlightenment period, 128-34 in France, 101

and the French Code civil, ιo-ι 1 in the late Middle Ages, 99-107 and Roman law, 34 specialization and professionalization,

102-4

see also church courts

Coutume de Paris, 6, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 95 criminal law

in the ancien regime, 116, 187

and canon law, 67

and debt, 141 n

in England, 165

and the Enlightenment, 141 criminal procedure

in canon law, 66

Cujas, Jacques, 56-7 customary law

in the early modern period, 35-45

in England, 135, 138

and the Enlightenment, 122

in France, ι, 2, 6, 9, 27, 33, 68-9, 81-2 in the Germanic kingdom, 17 homologation of, 36-8

and the law of evidence, 190

and legal education, 80 modernization of, 33-4 and natural law, 140 in the Netherlands, 35, 36, 37, 82, 152; commentators on, 42-5; homologation of, 33, 36-8

and Roman law, 2, 34, 38, 71

and the School of Exegesis, 150, 151 Cynus of Pistoia, 54

Dabin, Jean, 154

Daguesseau, Henri Franςois, 6, 92 Damhouder, Joos de, 44

Dampierre, Guy de, 74

Decretales, 11 decretals, 60 n, 62-4, 95

Decretum Gratiani, 60-2, 63, 64, 65 Dekkers, R., 154

Demolombe, J.-C.-F., 149, 150 Descartes, Rene, 119, 127

Dicey, A.

in the French Code civil, 9-10 distinctio, concept of, 49-50, 60-1 divine law (ius divinum), 118, 171 divorce, 141, 165, 193, 196 Domat, Jean, 6, 120 Doneau, Hugues₁ 57 Du Moulin, Charles, 40-1 duels, judicial, 26, 88, 105, 188 Durant, Guillaume, 103 Duranton₁ A., 149 economic considerations

and the codification movement, 126-7 economic development

early Middle Ages, 16-17 early modern period, 30-1, 32 and modernization of the law, 108 education of lawyers

in England, 79-80, 160-1 see also universities

Edward I, King of England, 88 Eichhorn, K., 142n, 156 �Elegant School’, 58

England

Anglo-Saxon law, 19, 85 n, 183 case law, 13, 70, 96, 135, 159, 160 and change in law, 181, 182 and codification, 13 commercial law, 182

Common Law, 3, 4, 35, 59, 70, 106, 107, 134-5, 136, 138-9, 160, 162, 163, 164, 178

courts, ιoo-ι, 135, 161, 163-4 customary law, 135, 138 decline of absolutism, 32-3 in the early Middle Ages, 27 economic considerations, and the law, 127

education of lawyers, 79-80, 160-1 and the Enlightenment, 134-9 and the ius commune, 70-1, 81 judicial procedure, 134 judiciary, 177

kings as legislators, 87-8, 90 law of evidence, 190 learned law, 3, 70-1 legal development, 3 local legislation, 94 and national law, 178 nineteenth-century developments, 159-65 procedure, 104 and Roman law, 3, 73, 135 see also Britain

Enlightenment, the, 32-3, 115—17 and codification, 12, 122-8 courts, 128-34 and criminal law, 67 and customary law, 122 and freedom of contract, 192 and French legal writers, 7 equity

in England, 135, 163, 164

in France, 151

Esmein₁ A., 150

Esprit des Iois (Montesquieu), 121, 123n Estates General (France), 91, 172 European law, 2 evidence, law of, 19, 187-90 rationalization of, 105-7, 188-90

Exegetical School, 8, 142, 148, 149-51, '53-5> �58

family, the, 184, 185 family law

in the German BGB_i 157 in the Middle Ages, 193 feudal bonds, 184 feudal courts, 25, 105 feudal lands

and the disposal of personal property, 186

feudal law, 20, 25, 76, 80, 88, 178 evolution of, 181-2 and the law of succession, 185 feudalism

and learned law, 81

Fierlant, Goswin de, 121

Flanders, 88, 179

Council of, 43, 8on, 98, ιoι, 121 courts, ioi and customary law, 38, 42 legists, 74 local legislation, 94

Fortescue, Chief Justice, 172n France

and Belgian law, 178-9 case law, 96-7

Code de procedure civile (1806), 5, ιo-ιI,

91-2 codification, 92-3, 125, 147; see also Code civil

commercial law, 83-4 courts, 101

Coutumiers'.

customary law, ι, 2, 6, 9, 27, 33, 68—9,

81- 2

economic considerations, and the law, 127

and the Enlightenment, 122

Estates General, 91 judges, and statutes, 130-1 judicial control of statutes, 176 judicial reform, 129-30 kings as legislators, 88 legal dichotomy in, 68-9 legislation, 90-3 legists, 74 local legislation, 94 marriage law, 194-6 mos gallicus, 54-5, 56, 58 and national law, 178 nineteenth-century developments, 147-51 Ordonnanctcivile (1667), 10, ιι, 134 political system, 33 procedural codes, 134

and Roman law, 27, 73, 81, 82 royal ordinances, 89, 90-3 School OfNatural Law, t20-1 sixteenth-century humanists, 54-5 south of: and Roman law, 2, 17, 27, 36, 68

universities, 4, 128, 147—51 see also French Revolution

Frankish kingdom, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23n, 182 courts, 25

Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), 52, 73, 78

Frederick II, Emperor, 75> 88

Frederick II, King of Prussia (the Great), 123, 132, 133

Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 123 French Revolution, ι, 4, 9, 105, 122, 127, 163, 172-3

and judicial reform, 129-30

and lending, 192

and marriage law, 195-6

French School of Exegesis, 149-51, 153-5, 158

Friesia

and customary law, 37

Gaius, 18

Galileo, 119 Geny, Fr, 150 Germanic kingdoms, 16, 17

courts, 104

and legislation, 20-1, 88 national laws, 18-19, 20

Germany

ancient German law, 156

Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), 157-8,

174

case law, 96, 98

code of civil procedure (1877), 155 codes, 171

courts, 102

and learned law, 34, 40, 69

legislation, 90 nineteenth-century developments, 155-9 Pandectist School, 143, 155, 156 and Roman law, 3, 33, 156, 158

School ofNatural Law, 119-20 universities, 128

and the Volksgeist, 177-8

Ghent, 75 n, 94

Charter of (1191), 186-7 Ghewiet, Georges de, 44 Gierke, O. von, 157n glossators

of Roman law, 47-52, 73 glosses, 51

Gratian, 60-2, 63, 64, 65

Greece, ancient

and natural law, 117 Gregorian Reform, 62, 72, 86 Gregory IX, Pope, 62, 63 Gregory VII, Pope, 86-7, 122 Grimm, J., 142 n, 156

Groot, Hugo de (Grotius), 45, 118-19, ¹²θ>

HS* ¹9²

Hainaut

and customary law, 37-8 Hedemann, J.

in canon law, 66

Historical School, 14, 115, 142, 143 Hocsem, John of, 75 n

Holland, Sir Thomas Erskine, 161 Holland

economic considerations, and the law,

126

Napoleonic code, 152 see also Netherlands

Holy Roman Empire, 41, 59, 72, 88 Honorius III, Pope, 69, 82

Hotman, Franςois, 41, 82 House of Commons, 174

HouseofLords, 163, 164, 174 Huber, Eugen, 158n

Humahist School, 33, 41 Hungary, 178

Industrial Revolution, 32, 127, 136 Innocent I, Pope, 62

Innocent III, Pope, 190 Institutes (Corpus iuris), 18, 48 Institutes (Gaius), 18 intellectual factors

in the codification movement, 127—8 and developments in the law, 107-8 in the Enlightenment period, 127-8 Irnerius, 51

Isidore of Seville, 24

Italian jurists

in the School of Commentators, 54-5 Italian towns

democratization of political institutions, 187

and the law of evidence, 190

Italy

case law, 98-9

Codice civile, 125-6

and the Corpus iuris, 47

local legislation, 94

and Roman law, 2, 17, 27, 68, 75 ius commune

European, 45-85

and legislation, 86

and national law, 178

ius proprium (�particular’ law), 46

Japan

introduction of western law, 46-7 Jerome, St, 62

Jhering, Rudolfvon, 159 John, KingofEngland, 181, 182, 186 John XXII, Pope, 64

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 35, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134, 195

judges

attacks on �tyranny’ of, 176-7

and case law, 172

church courts, 99

critical approaches by, 174-5

in the early Middle Ages, 26

in England, ιoo-ι, 135, 136, 160, 161, 162

and the Enlightenment, 122-3

in the Frankish kingdom, 25

and the learned law, 75-6

and lending, 192

in the Middle Ages, 104

and the reforms of the Enlightenment, 129, ¹3^o

and the Rlglemenl de procedure civile, 133-4 and Roman-canonical procedure, 103 training, 79-80 judicial review, 175-6

juries, 26

in England, 88, ιoι, 104, 106, 107, 164 introduction of, 132

jurisprudence

and case law, 95

in the early Middle Ages, 24-5

German, 158

and the Historical School, 142

and legislation, 86

in the Netherlands, 152, 155

and Roman law, 71-2

Savigny on, 173

and the School of Exegesis, 151

Justinian, Emperor, ιι, 17-18, 45, 65, 72, 75

Kemper₁Johan Melchior, 152-3 kings

as legislators, 21, 87-91

in the Middle Ages, 21-2, 87-90

and Roman law, 72-4, 82 kinship bonds, 184 Klein, F., 133

Kluyskens, A., 154

Kreittmayr₁ W. A.

Lamoignon₁ Guillaume de, 91, 93 landowners

and learned law, 80-1

Langton, Archbishop Stephen, 181 Latin language, 16, 56

Laurent, Franςois, 140, 151, 154, 177 Law Lords, 164

Law Reports, 96

lawyers

role in society, 197

Savigny on, 173-4 learned law

and canon law, 65, 66

and case law, 97

and customary law, 37- 38 development of, 34 in the Dutch couturmers, 43 in England, 3, 70-1 ofevidence, 106

in Germany, 34, 40, 69

Romanization of, 67-8

see also canon law; Roman law

Lecocq₁ Jean, 97

legal practice

influence of ius commune on, 67-85

legal scholarship, see scholarship legislation, 85-94

advantages and disadvantages, 170-1 criticism of legislators, 174-6 in the early Middle Ages, 20-4 in England, 135, 136, 159 and the Enlightenment, 122-3 in Germany, 90 municipal, 93-4 see also statute/statutes legists, 74, 75, 76 Leibniz, Gottfried von, 119, 183 Leiden, University of, 57 lending, 190-2 lex Rhodia, 84 lex Romana Visigothorum, 17 n, 24 Liber Augustalis, 88 Liber extra, 63, 64 Liege, 151 Lille, Coulumier of, 42 Littera vulgata, 48 logical system, law as, 120 Loisel, Antoine, 41-2 Lombard kingdoms, 23 n, 27 London, University of, 160 Louis VI, King of France, 94 Louis IX, King of France, 73n Louis XII, King of France, 91 Louis XIV, King of France, 83-4, 90, 91-2 Louis XV, King of France, 90, 92 Louvain, University of, 57, 75 Luxembourg

and customary law, 37

magistrates, 104 Magna Carta, 89, 162, 180-1, 182 Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 161 Maitland, F. W., 161 Maleville_jJacques de, 5, 148 Malines, Great Council of, 43, 98, ιoι,

104 Malines, Parlement of, 43, 101 Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, 135-6, 182

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 124 maritime law, 83, 84, 92 marriage law, 193—6

and canon law, 61-2, 62-3, 195

and case law, 195-6 in the Code civil, 9 in England, 164-5 and the Enlightenment, 141 and natural law, 143 Matthijssen, Jan, 42-3 MaxJoseph III, Elector of Bavaria, 123 Mayno, Jason de, 54, 56 Mediterranean regions

and learned law, 34

and Roman law, 27, 46, 67-8 Meijers, E. M., 153 Menger, A., 157 n Middle Ages, 16-28

commercial law, 84-5 economic development, 16-17 and the ius commune, 46-7 law of succession, 185 legislation, 85-90 lending policies, 190-2 marriage law, 193-4, 195 and municipal legislation, 94 and national law, 178 and natural law, 117 ordinances in France, 91 and Roman law, 17-18, 24, 27, 71 social organization, 186-7

Milan, 190 Moliere, 195 Mommsen, Th., 57 monarchy

absolute, 30, 32-3, 184 in the ancien regime, 116 royal ordinances, 6, 89-93 see also kings; sovereigns

Montesquieu, C. de, 121, 123n, 130, 133, i44> ¹77, 192

Montil-Iez-Tours, Ordonnance of, 90 Moulins, Ordonnance of, 90-1, 190 Mudaeus, Gabriel, 57 municipal legislators, 93-4

Namur

and customary law, 37

Naples, 99, 190

University of, 75, 77

Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor, 4, 5, 8, 130, ¹4^,

Napoleonic codes

in France, 1, 147; see also Code civil in the Netherlands, 152, 153 national codes, 125-6, 144 national laws, 2, 144, 177—9

in England, 3

Germanic kingdoms, 18-19, 20 nations, law of

and natural law, 118, 119 natural law, 9, 115, 117-21, 127, 140, 171, 173

and Austrian codification, 124 failure of, 141, 142-3 in Germany, 156, 159 see also School of Natural Law Netherlands

and Boutillieris Somme Rural, 39-40

courts, ιoι, 104

customary law, 35, 36, 37, 45, 82, 185; commentators on, 42-5; homologation of, 33, 36~8

and the French Code civil, 2

Holland, 126, 152

and the Humanist School of Roman law, 57

jurisprudence, 152, 155

and the law of evidence, 189 legal education, 80 local legislation, 94 marriage law, 195 medieval legislation, 89 nineteenth-century developments, 151—5 and Roman law, 2-3

Roman-Dutch law, 45, 70

United Provinces, 90, 121

see also Austrian Netherlands; southern Netherlands

Newton, Sir Isaac, 127

Nicaea, council of, 191

Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 11-12

Nicolai, Pierre Thomas, 153 nobility, legal status of, 187 northern France

and customary law, 35, 36

and the ius commune, 69-70 notaries, 189 Novels (Corpus iuris), 18, 48 Nuremberg, laws of, 197

ordinances, see royal ordinances Orleans, University of, 76, 78 n, 128 Oxford, University of, 70, 77, 136, 160, 161

Page, H. de, 154

Pandectist School, 69, 143, 155, 156

Paris, see Coutume de Paris', Parlement de Paris

Parlement de Paris, 39, 74, 78, 81, 82, 93 case law of, 95, 96, 97 and the church courts, 103-4 and the Estates General, 172-3 as supreme royal court, 101

Parlements (France), 6

and legislation, 93

Pascal, Blaise, 120, 144, 177

Penaforte, Ramon de, 63

Pepo, 51

Philip, Count of Alsace, 89, 94

Philip II, King of France (Philip Augustus), 88

Philip II, King of Spain, 37

Philip III, King of France, 81

Philip IV, King of France (the Fair), 73,

74> 7θ~9> 94 Philip of Leiden, 73 n Picard, Edmond, 154 Pigeau, E., 11 Planiol, M., 150 Plucknett, T. F. T., 180 political factors

in the codification movement, 125-6 political power

and legal history, 183-4 Pollock, F., 161

popes authority of, 50, 183-4 and canon law, 64, 65 and the church courts, ιoι as legislators, 86-7

PortalisJ., 5, 7-8, 9, 14 positive law, 9, 118, 140, 143, 171 positivism, 115

Pothier, RobertJoseph, 7, 128, 195 PriestleyJ., 138 primogeniture, law of, 185 procedure

and case law, 95-6

in church courts, 102-3 decline of popular participation, 104 in the early Middle Ages, 25-6 in the Enlightenment period, 128-34 and the French Code civil, ιo-ι 1

see also Roman-canonical procedure professors of law

in England, 160, 16t proof, 26, 188

rational means of, 105-7 by witnesses, 189-90 property

freedom to dispose of landed, 186-7 and the French Code civil, 8 right to private property, 187

Prussia codification, 8, 123-4, ^{, 2}5 judicial reform, 132

Pufendorf, Samuel, 199, 124, 128 Pussort, Henri, 91

Quesiiones (Lecocq)₁ 97

Rabelais, Franςois, 55 n Rau, F.-C., 149-50

Raymond, Lord Chief Justice of England,

174-5 reason, law of evaluation of, 139-41 and the Historical School, 142-4

Reglement de procedure civile, 133-4 religious discrimination, abolition of, 141 Renaissance, the, 31, 55

Revigny, Jacques de, 54 Reyvaert_jJacob, 57

Robespierre, M., 130, 132n Roman Catholic Church, 3, 16; see also church, the; popes

Roman empire fall of, 16 and legislation, 20 and natural law, 117

Roman law, 2, 17-18

and Austrian codification, 124 and Brabant law, 43

and canon law, 46, 58-67, 72, 81 and the Code civil, 148 commentators of, 52-5 and commercial law, 83-5 criticisms of, 121

and customary law, 2, 34, 38, 71 Du Moulin on, 40, 41

in the early Middle Ages, 17-18, 24, 27 in England, 3, 73, 135

and the Enlightenment, 117

in France, 6 and the French Code civil, 1, 6 in Germany, 3, 33, 156, 158 glossators of, 47-52 Humanist School of, 55—8 imperfections of, 41 in Italy, 2, 17, 27, 68, 75 and the law of evidence, 106 and marriage law, 193 medieval, 45-7 and medieval texts, 180-1 and national law, 178 and natural law, it7, 118, 119, 120, 140,

'43

in the Netherlands, 2-3 opposition to, 80-3 and Prussian codification, 123, 124 reasons for success of, 71-4 revival of, 33 vulgar law, 17, 19 see also Corpus iuris civilis

Roman Rota, 95 Roman-canonical procedure, 66, 70, 72, 81,

99, too, 102-4, '3'> '34 codification of, 133 criticisms of, 128 and the law of evidence, 106

Roman-Dutch law, 2-3, 45, 70, 90, 152 Rothari, King, 19

Rousseau₁Jean-Jacques, 129

royal ordinances, 6, 89-93 Russia, 155

Savigny₁ F. C. von, 13, 14, 142₁ 143, 155n, '5⁶> '73-4> '77

Saxony, 155 scholarship

advantages and disadvantages, 171-2

and codification, 14

in England, 136, 159, 161-2

and the Exegetical School, 142

in France, 150₁ 151

in Germany, 158

and statutes, 170 scholasticism, 107 School of Commentators, 52-5 School of Germanists, 144 Sch∞l OfNatural Law, 45, 58, 118, 120-1,

143-4, 150, 173, 192

Schorer₁ Willem₁ 121 scientific method

and natural law, 120₁ 140 Scientific School, 154 Scotland, 40, 69, 178 Seigneurial courts, 25₁ 105 Sicily

medieval legislation, 88

social factors

in legal history, 180, 181 Somme Rural (Boutillier)₁ 39-40 South Africa, 45 southern Netherlands

case law, 97-8

commentaries on the law, 44-5

and customary law, 2, 35₁ 36₁ 37₁ 152 and the ius commune, 69-70 legislation, 90

sovereigns

and the codification movement, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126

enlighteneddespots, 116, 122, 126

and Roman law, 72-4

see also kings; monarchy

Spain

commercial law, 84

judicial procedure, 134

legislation, 90

and Roman law, 68 Spinoza, B., 120, 127 Staes₁ Ernest, 197n Stallybrass₁ W. T. S.₁ 160 state, the, 184

in the ancien regime, 115-16

and the codification movement, 126

control of the courts, 105

development of nation state, 30

and the law of succession, 185-6

and modernization of the law, 107, 108 statute/statutes

advantages and disadvantages, 170-1 and case law, 95

in England, 88, 89, 90, 135, 136, 138, 160, 164-5; abolition of obsolete, 162-3

in France, 9, 93, 147, 150, 151

in Germany, 159

judicial control of, 175-6

and the law of reason, 139-40

and the reforms of the Enlightenment,

130-1

Savigny on, 173—4

and the School of Commentators, 53

see also legislation

Stephen, SirJames Fitzjames, 165 Stockmans, Pierre, 98 succession, law of, 66, 184-6

Summa Codicis (Azo), 51

Svarez, C. G., 124

Tanerijen, Willem Van der, 43 technical factors

in legal history, 180 territoriality, principle of, 19 Teutonicus, Johannes, 64 Thibaut, A. F., 13, 142 n Thomasius, Christian, 119, 128 towns, development of

and the law of succession, 185 trade fairs, 84

Traite des obligations (Pothier), 7 treason, crime of, 66 Trent, Council of, 87, 194 tribes, 184, 185, 186 Tronchet, Fr., 5 Troplong, R., 149

United Nations, 183

United Provinces, 152

criticisms of Roman law, 121

legislation, 90

see also Netherlands

United States, 59

judges, 129

judicial control of statutes, 175-6 universities

in early modern times, 78-9

and the education of lawyers, 79-80

in England, 160-1

in the Enlightenment period, 127-8 founding of, 47

in France, 4, 128, 147—51

in Germany, 128

and intellectual development, 31

and learned law, 38, 74

medieval, 76-9

and Roman law, 58, 71, 75

and the School of Commentators, 52-3 usury, 191-2 utilitarianism, 137-8, 162

Venice

commercial law, 84 Verlooy_jJean-Baptiste, 44-5, 121 Villers-Cotterets, Ordonnance of, 90 Vincentius Hispanus, 64

Voltaire, F., 192 vulgar law, 17, 19

Wesembeke, Mattheus van, 57

Wielant, Philippe, 43-4, 130 William I, King of England (the

Conqueror), 87, 183

Windscheid, B., 69, 141, 156, 157 witnesses, 26

and learned proofs, 107

proof by, 189-90

and Roman-canonical procedure, 103 secret examination of, 131

Wolff, Christian, 119-20, 124, 128 women

in the French Code civil_i 9

and natural law, 143

written evidence, 189-90

Year B∞ks, 96

Ypres, 97-8

Zachariae, K. S., 148-9, 149

Zasius, Ulrich, 57

Zeiller, F. von, 124

Zype, Franςois van der, 44

37 The Epitome Juliani_i which was widely known in the early Middle Ages, was little used by the glossators.