Index

absolutism, 4, 10-12, 17, 20, 37, 106-7,

112, 115, 129, 138, 140, 154, 196,

207, 227, 229, 231, 261, 278, 283,

289, 296-97, 298, 308, 310, 314 Acemoglu, Daron, 8, 14, 15, 155, 196,

202, 309

Adams, Julia, 20, 173, 177 Alfonso X (Castile), 124, 202 anachronism (idol of origins), 10, 88, 93,

104, 303-5

Anderson, Perry, 106, 179, 232 appendices (online), 95

Arendt, Hannah, 11 Arjona, Ana, 4

Athenian democracy, 154

Bacon, Francis, 318 Bailey, Mark, 267, 269

Barkey, Karen, 233, 249, 282 Bates, Robert, 19, 107, 198, 199 Beaumanoir, Philippe de (France), 50, 90 bellicist theories.

Besley, Tim, 4, 48

Bisson, Thomas, 4, 67, 184, 190-94 Blaydes, Lisa, 48

Bloch, Marc, 10, 238

Blockmans, Wim, 28, 34, 35, 122, 172 Boix, Carles, 14, 153

Brenner, Robert, 200, 266-68 Brewer, John, 16, 196

Buchanan, George, 235 bureaucracy, 60, 66, 68, 77, 80-84, 165,

196, 235-39, 287, 294, 295 Byzantium, 26, 162, 290, 300, 301

Campbell, Bruce, 79, 144

Carruthers, Bruce, 130 Casimir the Great (Poland), 221

Castile, 105-29

Church, 120, 122, 123

collective responsibility, 125

Cortes, 117-18, 119, 122-28

functional layering and institutional fusion, 123-28

land regime, 118-22

legislation, 124-25

Mesta, 115, 202-3

nobility, 121-22, 123-25

petitions, 125-26

representation, 117-18

resource curse, 116, 128

taxation, 122-23

territorial anchoring, 117, 123-28 Catalonia

Church, 185, 194

Corts, 181-82, 185-86, 187-93

functional layering and institutional fusion, 185-90

land regime, 183-85

legislation, 188-89

nobility, 184-85, 188-89, 190

representation, 181-82

taxation, 190-91

territorial anchoring, 185-90

Centeno, Miguel, 6

Charles I (England), 312

Charles I (Hungary), 208, 214-16

Charles VII (France), 105

China, 7, 38-39, 56, 154, 164, 281, 288, 308

Church

Dominican order, 90

legal change, 70

papacy, 53, 70

Peace of God, 31, 166, 228, 305 separation from state, 305

Cicero, 5 city-states

differences from representative regimes, 155-58

similarities with representative regimes, 151-79

Coleman, Edward, 159

collective action problem, 5, 8, 19, 21, 62-68, 110-12, 169-70, 175, 201-2, 223, 281-87,313

collective responsibility, 21-22, 77, 166, 168-69, 173-76, 213, 227, 228, 260,

262, 275-301, 304

comparison, 24-27

of England with larger entities, 39, 120-21, 234, 255, 285

compellence, 9, 19, 20, 21, 26, 68-69, 112, 115, 131, 133,140, 150, 198, 259, 293 conditionality, 8, 19, 21, 29-32, 51, 160, 166-67, 174, 183-85, 205-30, 313, 317-18

modern, 315

consent, 6, 11-12, 50, 53, 72, 91-93, 99-101, 105, 110, 113, 122-23, 130, 141, 198, 223

constitutionalism, 12, 16, 33, 60, 87, 91, 117, 201, 231-32, 295-97

corporations, 245-48, 276, 288, 298-300 guilds, 156, 164, 170, 199, 202, 279, 284, 299-300

Darling, Linda, 283, 284, 301 de Pizan, Christine, 138 de Vries, Jan, 174, 178 debt and loans, 13-14, 21, 115, 157, 175-76, 190,314-15

English nobility, 131-38

Eumenes paradox, 130, 190 democracy

difference from representation, 36-37, 92-93, 156

Denmark, 224-27

Dincecco, Mark, 12, 15

Downing, Brian, 24, 41, 106, 139, 176, 207-8

Drelichman, Mauricio, 14, 134

Dumolyn, Jan, 168, 169

Eastvs.

Ebu's-su'ud (Ottoman Empire), 235, 249 Edward I (England), 2, 3, 49, 52, 57, 63, 65, 83, 100-3, 111, 132, 135, 262,

263, 290

Edward III (England), 195, 200, 268 England

Church, 31, 43, 71, 270, 305

CivilWar, 93, 144,312 collective responsibility, 77, 290-93 common law, 31, 47, 49, 59, 69-74,

239-44, 269, 272, 311

Commons, 45, 56-57, 65, 102

First Reform Act of 1832, 79 Franchise Act of 1430, 79 functional layering and institutional fusion, 61-66

Glorious Revolution, 8, 14, 16, 93-94, 131,315,317

Labour Statute of 1351, 268 lack of corporate privileges, 42, 297-98 land expropriations, 135, 249-50 land regime, 29-32, 48, 235, 239-50 Mirror of Justices, 57, 111, 306-7 Norman Conquest, 30, 250, 306-7 Normans, 31, 74, 270, 307 Parliament, 44-49, 50-51, 55, 62-66, 98-103, 133-35, 156 parliament as court, 44 petitions, 53-58, 64-66, 283-84 representation, development of, 44-47, 87-104

serfdom, end of, 266-70 state power, 16-17, 131-38 Stuartperiod, 93, 99, 144, 251, 314-15 taxation, 93-103, 131-38, 142-49, 196-201

territorial anchoring, 19-21, 69-74, 298-300

Tudorperiod, 117, 144, 314-15 Epstein, Stephen, 11, 157

Ertman, Thomas, 24, 41-43, 70, 74, 106, 139, 207-8, 218, 221, 222, 226, 228 estates (corporate bodies), 104, 127, 228, 252, 259, 276, 295-98 privilege, 296-98

Faroqhi, Surayia, 283, 301 Ferdinand (Castile), 116, 121 feudalism

“bastard,� 200, 314 historiography, 32 Italy, 159-62 scutage, 95 wardship, 95, 315

Flanders, 157-58, 163-73 collective responsibility, 169 functional layering and institutional fusion, 172-73

judicial institutions, 171 land regime, 166-67 legislation, 167-68 nobility, 167 petitions, 169 representative institutions, 170-73 role of counts, 165-73 taxation, 170-71 territorial anchoring, 171

Urbaninstitutions, 167-69, 170 urbanization, 163

France

Brittany, 40, 69, 112-13, 311

Burgundy, 52, 67, 138, 140, 166, 172 Church, 31, 42, 52

Estates-General, 11, 42, 45-46, 57, 69, 107-12, 113, 115, 125, 138-41, 271 functional layering and institutional fusion, 66-68

intendants, 238, 310, 313 land regime, 31, 49-50, 51-52 Languedoc, 80, 111, 112-13, 311

Normandy, 52, 112-13, 311

Parlement, 40, 44-46, 49-50, 51-53, 54, 57-58, 61-62, 66-68, 69, 72-73, 83-84

paulette, 83

petitions, 53-58, 66-68 provincial assemblies and parlements, 112-13

representation, development of, 42,

44-47, 105-15, 138-41

taxation, 138-49 territorial anchoring, 49-50, 51-52, 69-74, 80-81

third estate, 42, 50, 105, 109, 111, 114 Francis I (France), 83 Fukuyama, Francis, 4, 292, 305 functional layering and institutional fusion, 228

and separation of powers, 13, 59 defined, 43

England and France compared, 43-58 explained, 59-84

Gallia Regia, 81, 82

Gelderblom, Oscar, 164, 168, 175 Gennaioli, Nicola, 6

Gerber, Haim, 238, 244

Glaeser, Edward, 72

Goody, Jack, 292

Grafe, Regina, 15

Greif, Avner, 158, 291-92, 296, 298

Guicciadini, 116

Gustav Vasa (Sweden), 226-27

Haber, Stephen, 8, 199

Hall, John, 39, 305

Hayek, Friedrich A.

Hechter, Michael, 131, 306

Henry I (England), 42, 307

Henry II (Castile), 120

Henry II (England), 47-51, 95, 96, 102,

167, 217,305, 307

Henry III (England), 98, 99-103, 136, 217

Henry V (England), 268

Henry VIII (England), 227, 250, 263,

305

Hintze, Otto, 16, 37, 41

Hoffman, Philip, 7, 15

Holland, 157-58, 165-66, 173-77

collective responsibility, 175-76

functional layering and institutional fusion, 176-77

judicial institutions, 175, 176-77

land regime, 174

nobility, 174-75

petitions, 176 representative institutions, 176-77 Rijnland Water Board, 165 role of strong counts, 165-66 taxation, 176

territorial anchoring, 174-75

urban institutions, 174

urbanization, 163

Holy Roman Empire, 36, 104, 227-29

Holy Roman Emperor, 74, 104, 155, 159, 160, 161, 177

Prussia, 15, 228, 229

Hungary, 209-20

collective responsibility, 213

Diet, 210-11, 216, 218-19

functional layering and institutional fusion, 212-13, 216-18

land regime, 210-13

petitions, 213

representation, 210, 213-20 second-best constitutionalism, 211-14 taxation, 212, 218, 219

territorial anchoring, 209, 211-20 Huntington, Samuel, 318

Imber, Colin, 234-35, 243

][nalcιk, Halil, 232, 236 inequality, 137-38, 162-63, 226, 264-66,

316-17

inheritance, 31, 193, 213, 217, 234,

236-37, 241-42, 243, 245-46, 255-56, 294, 300

primogeniture, 120, 234, 235, 241, 243, 293, 300, 307-8, 318

institutionalism

historical, 18, 43-44, 60 neo-institutionalism, 14-15, 134, 164,

195, 288

Isabella (Castile), 116, 120, 121

Italian city-states

assemblies, 159-60

bishop, 159, 160

Italian city-states (cont.)

differences from representative regimes, 155-58

feudalism, 159-62

Florence, 156-57, 161, 163 judicial institutions, 158-59, 161

Milan, 157, 160, 162 nobility, 161, 162

Peace of Constance, 155 power over the most powerful, 161 shift to “despotism,� 161 taxation, 156-57, 159, 163 territorial anchoring, 157, 162-63 Venice, 128, 156, 162-63 itineration, royal, 3, 51, 73, 74-75, 126, 169, 176, 210, 213, 217, 225, 313 Ivan III (Russia), 256, 262

Ivan IV (Russia), 252, 253, 258, 287

James I the Conqueror (Catalonia), 182, 187, 188

John I (England), 94-95, 144

John II (France), 140 justice

English and French compared, 52-53, 69-74

English judicial system, 74-80

French judicial system, 70-71, 72-73, 80-81, 83-84

jury vs. inquest, 72

king as judge, 13, 18, 51, 52, 124, 168, 176, 177, 188, 212, 223, 225, 227, 283, 285

writs vs.

Karaman, Kivanς, 15, 123, 127, 148, 248, 266

kinship, 262, 276, 289-90, 292-95, 307-8

Kivelson, Valerie, 78, 253, 259, 275, 286, 293-94

Kleimola, Anne, 257, 264, 276, 289, 294

Knight, Jack, 60

Kollmann, Nancy, 253, 276

Kuran, Timur, 233, 245-48, 277

land redistribution, 316-17 legislation

English and French compared, 47-50 Legal Origins, 69-74

Levi, Margaret, 5, 9, 36, 38, 94

Locke, John, 111

Louis I (Hungary/Poland), 216-18, 221-22

Louis IX (France), 49, 51, 114

Louis XII (France), 139

Louis XIV (France), 11, 313

Loyseau, Charles, 73

Macfarlane, Alan, 292 Machiavelli, 5

Maddicott, John, 4, 53, 136 Magna Carta, 3, 17, 71, 73, 93-103, 184,

188, 191, 210, 212, 286 Mahoney, James, 24, 35, 60 Maitland, Frederic, 72, 93, 290 Major, J. Russell, 139 Manin, Bernard, 92-93 Mann, Michael, 11, 16, 29, 142, 264, 308 Marcel, Etienne, 111

Matthew Paris, 98-99, 107, 136 Matthias Corvinus (Hungary), 218-19 Mehmed II (Ottoman Empire), 249 Migdal, Joel, 11, 106,309

Military Revolution, 38, 41, 139

Mirror of Justices, 57, 111, 306-7 modernity

passages to, 312

Moore, Barrington, 106, 229, 296, 312

necessary conditions, 24-26, 29-32, 125, 127, 278

Netherlands. See Holland

North, Douglass, 7-8, 13-16, 36, 47, 164, 195, 232, 245, 267, 277, 288, 291

O'Brien, P. K., 15,314

obligation, 19-21, 30, 52, 62, 63-64, 67,

69, 77-79, 82-83, 87-104, 124, 126, 133-35, 150, 157, 169, 172, 190-91, 210, 213, 235-36, 247, 252, 257, 259, 261, 272, 277, 280, 288-95, 298, 302-3, 318

Ogilvie, Sheilagh, 164, 199, 300 Olson, Mancur, 3, 8, 288

Ormrod, Mark, 54, 133, 138, 144 Ottoman Empire, 7, 12, 13, 29, 32, 231-51,

278-80, 282-85, 289-90 collective responsibility, 289-90 comparison of states with empires, 285 land expropriations, 249-50 land regime compared to England,

234-50

law (Hanafi and state), 234-35 petitions, 282-85

principle of representation, 278-80 sultanism, 231-33, 235, 237, 249, 301 taxation, 248-49 vakιfs, 244-49

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

(ODNB), 63-65, 80, 133-35

patrimonialism, 29, 60, 83-84, 231-33, 235-39, 252

petitions, 169, 176, 189, 223, 227-29

and English nobility, 64-66

and French nobility, 66-68

English and French compared, 53-58 Philip Augustus (France), 51, 144, 311 Philip II (Spain), 135

Philip of Alsace (Flanders), 165, 167

Philip the Fair (France), 90

Pipes, Richard, 257, 258, 261, 262, 270 Pirenne, Henri, 153

Poland, 220-24

functional layering and institutional fusion, 223

second-best constitutionalism, 220 power, 306-12

defined, 8, 29-32

despotic vs.

property rights, 8, 21-22, 31, 135, 199, 231-51, 253, 260-64, 293

absolute vs. relational, 317

tenurial, 174, 239, 246, 314

Rady, Martyn, 209, 216 religious communities

Christian Orthodox, 249-50, 280

Jewish, 49, 100, 279

Muslim, 280

representation

as obligation, 9, 22, 291

bargaining model, 5-7, 36-39, 87-88, 93, 111, 123, 140, 141, 191, 279-80, 302,315-16

bicameral vs. tricurial, 41-43, 223

Church, 24, 33, 55, 90, 116, 280 compellence model, 8-9, 17-24,

89-93

election of representatives, 42, 68-69, 79-80, 92-93, 102, 111, 116, 137, 223, 258, 259, 286

frequency, 34, 45, 102, 107, 113, 117, 119, 182

geopolitical explanations, 5-7, 18, 22, 37-41,45-47, 54, 67, 110, 111, 117-18, 183, 193-94, 218, 221, 224, 258, 271, 277

historical institutionalist explanations, 41-43

institutions vs. practice, 21, 28-29 origins and normative/empirical inver­sion, 9-16, 39, 44, 254, 262, 303-5 plenipotentiary powers vs. imperative mandate, 19, 35, 89-91, 107, 109-11, 116, 127, 140, 171-73, 176, 224, 278-81

polity-level vs. local, 4-5, 11, 22, 33, 48, 53, 57, 73, 87, 106, 115, 127, 129, 136, 154, 163, 173, 175, 178, 189, 227, 254, 259, 264, 291, 293, 294, 297 quod omnes tangit, 91, 224

radical demands, 110-12

regularity, 6, 8, 41, 43, 54, 98, 182, 219, 255, 281

Roman law, 50, 68, 89, 107, 109, 139, 140

rural vs. urban, 113-15, 127

Standestaat, 156, 295, 296

third estate, 28, 34, 50

towns, role of, 6, 19-20, 35, 42, 102, 110-11, 113-15, 116, 117, 125-29, 151-79, 186-87, 189, 191, 203, 219-20, 228-29, 258-59, 270, 295-97, 298-300

trade, role of, 151-79, 292 representative institutions, 170-73, 176-77, 221, 222-24, 225, 226-29 resource curse, 88, 128, 216 Reynolds, Susan, 32, 78, 160 Robinson, James, 8, 14, 15, 155, 196, 202, 298, 309

Roman law, 30, 71-74, 168, 239, 296, 305 Ruiz, Teofilo, 125, 128

Russia, 7, 12, 13, 29, 78, 218, 238, 252-72, 275-79, 280-81, 285-89, 293-95 Assemblies of the Land, 252, 258-60, 270-72

Church, 265, 281, 286

collective responsibility, 260, 262 institutional fragmentation, 270-72 land expropriation, 263-64 land regime, 255-60

modern, “oligarchs,� 309

petitions, 285-87

poor taxing capacity, 264-66 principle of representation, 280-81 second-best constitutionalism, 255-60 serfdom, 266-70

state weakness, 260-70

Schumpeter, Joseph, 5, 30, 36, 104 Searle, Eleanor, 307

second-best constitutionalism, 20, 27, 125, 208, 211, 213, 222, 227, 230, 255-60, 272, 294

Selim II (Ottoman Empire), 249, 280

Shleifer, Andrei, 72

Smith, Adam, 16, 28, 201, 269,317 Stasavage, David, 39-41, 113, 128, 130, 194, 302

Strayer, Joseph, 142, 311

Stubbs, William, 42, 49,51, 53, 56, 68, 297 Suleyman I (Ottoman Empire), 283, 284 Sweden, 224-27

Swiss Cantons, 34, 177-78

taxation, 228-29

Congo experiment, 87

England and France compared, 142-49 of English nobility, 131-38 of French nobility, 138-41

territorial anchoring, 19-21, 41, 59, 174, 175, 177, 224

Thelen, Kathleen, 60

Tilly, Charles, 36, 38, 154, 194

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 105, 109, 112, 113, 138, 141

trade, 151-79

collective responsibility, 291

English wool trade, 195-202

Mesta (Castile), 202-3

urbanization, 31, 151-79

van Bavel, Bas, 154

van Zanden, Jan Luiten, 116, 117, 155, 164, 173

Voth, Hans-Joachim, 6

war, 7, 36

legislation, relation to, 48 military extraction, England and France compared, 142-43

Weber, Max, 48, 60, 70, 154, 194, 232, 236, 237, 238, 279, 292, 295

Weickhardt, George, 253, 263, 293

Weigel, Jonathan, 87, 104, 316

Weingast, Barry, 7-8, 13-16, 36, 232, 245, 277

Wickham, Chris, 160, 179

William I (England), 30, 307

Zuijderduijn, Jaco, 175

ally below England.

³ van Zanden et al. 2012, 13; Bosker et al. 2013. ⁴ Pirenne 1925.

⁸⁶ Jones 1997, 581-650; Epstein 2000b, 287-90. Ofcourse, other factors also contributed;

¹⁰⁹ Bardach 1965, 266.

¹⁴⁴ Epstein 2000a; Ogilvie 2011; Stasavage 2014. ¹⁴⁵ Anderson 1974a; Bush 1983.